The purpose of this study was to investigate how some elected established coaching models works in practice, and how the respondents perceived the situation of having a coach. There were three participants in the study, two men and one woman.   The first part of the study was to investigate how some established coaching models work in practice, which was inspired by action research. The coaching process was grounded in Höigard and Jörgensens (2002) four-stage model, while the transtheoretical model was used as a complement to describe and analyze the participants incline to change. Both of these models emphasize the weight of using a good goal setting strategy and the SMART-model (Faskunger, 2002) was used to meet this. The data collection was performed on qualitative grounds when notes of the coaching interviews were taken to notice the participants willingness to change. This could for example be something that the participants had sad or something they’ve done to move between the different stages according to the transtheoretical model. The second part of the study was to investigate how the participants experienced the situation of having contact with a coach. This part was executed on qualitative grounds were an interview met the purpose.   The result indicated that the coaching process might have influenced the participants motivation to change their behavior. This was presumed to depend on the techniques and methods that had been used (i.e., target strategies, empowerment and the confidence shown from the coach). Initially it was shown that the participants motivation to change seems to be extrinsic. During the process the motivation factors changed and the participants seems to have acquired a motivation of a more internal character. This because the participants after some time described that they changed their behavior for their own sake. According to the transtheoretical model the participants advanced from the preparation stage to the action stage, with hope to reach all the way to the activity stage. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur några utvalda etablerade coachingmodeller fungerar i praktiken, samt hur respondenterna upplevde situationen att ha haft kontakt med en coach. Tre respondenter deltog i studien, varav två män och en kvinna.   Första delen av syftet var att undersöka hur några utvalda etablerade coachingmodeller fungerar i praktiken, vilket var inspirerat av aktionsforskning. Coachingprocessen tog sin grund i Høigaard och Jørgensens (2002) fyrastegsmodell, medan den transteoretiska modellen användes som ett komplement för att beskriva och analysera respondenternas förändringsbenägenhet. Båda dessa modeller betonar vikten av att använda sig av en god målsättningsstrategi och SMART- modellen (Faskunger, 2002) användes för att tillgodose detta. Datainsamlingen skedde på kvalitativa grunder då anteckningar av coachingsamtalen togs för att notera respondenternas förändringsbenägenhet. Detta kunde exempelvis vara något som respondenterna sagt eller något som respondenterna gjort för att förflytta sig mellan de olika stadierna enligt den transteoretiska modellen. Den andra delen av syftet var att ta reda på hur respondenterna upplevt situationen av att ha haft kontakt med en coach. Även denna del genomfördes på kvalitativa grunder där en intervju tillgodosåg syftet.   Resultatet visar att coachingprocessen tycks ha haft en inverkan på respondenternas motivation till att förändra sitt beteende. Detta antas bero på de tekniker och metoder som har använts, exempelvis målsättningsstrategier, självbestämmande samt en upplevd trygghet från coachen. Till en början visade det sig att respondenternas motivation till förändring tycktes bestå av yttre karaktär. Allt efter processens gång förändrades motivationsfaktorn och respondenterna verkar ha skaffat sig en motivation av mer inre karaktär. Detta eftersom respondenterna efter en tid beskrev att de förändrade sitt beteende för sin egen skull. Enligt den transteoretiska modellen avancerade respondenterna från förberedelsestadiet till handlingsstadiet, med en förhoppning om att nå hela vägen fram till aktivitetsstadiet.

The future of Vermont’s 1.8 million hectares (4.5 million acres) of forest habitat will be largely determined by the decisions of family forest owners, who collectively own 60% of the state’s forested land. To promote management for wildlife habitat, government agencies and non-governmental partnerships provide technical and financial support to family forest owners in the form of conservation assistance programs. In Chapter 1, I qualitatively compared the efficacy of two types of conservation assistance programs available in Vermont: traditional programs offered through the Natural Resources Conservation Service, and a simplified, accelerated program offered through a non-governmental partnership called Woods, Wildlife, and Warblers. By conducting interviews with 20 Vermont family forest owners, I identified common motivation and barrier themes and compared these themes across programs using the Transtheoretical Model’s Stages of Change. Most motivations and barriers were described by landowners across all Stages of Change, but two motivations (professional recommendations and straightforward applications) and one barrier (independent forest management values) varied by either Stage of Change, program type, or both. I used the findings from the interviews to develop a mail survey, which was used to quantify patterns regarding motivations and barriers towards three habitat conservation actions: 1) arranging for a forestry professional to walk the land, 2) applying for cost-share funds, and 3) making a patch cut. The results from this survey, which was sent to 2,122 randomly selected Vermont family forest owners and had a cooperation rate of 38%, are presented in Chapter 2. Using logistic regression models, I identified multiple significant motivations or barriers for each of the three actions. Additionally, I used contingency tables to compare respondents’ levels of agreement for these motivations and barriers – as well as their level of trust for various information sources – with their Stage of Change. Overall, levels of agreement varied significantly across one or more Stages of Change for all motivations and barriers, and trustworthiness varied for 13 out of 14 information sources. Across both chapters, I provide recommendations to increase program efficacy with an emphasis on program attributes and tailored messaging.

Studiens inledning ger en övergripande bild av problemområdet och de konsekvenser som medföljer vid fysisk inaktivitet. Depression, övervikt, fetma, typ 2-diabetes och hjärt- kärlsjukdomar är några av de välfärdssjukdomar som individen kan drabbas av. Detta kostar samhället mycket pengar, tid och resurser. Problemet kan motverkas med hjälp av metoden Fysisk aktivitet på recept (FaR) som är en väletablerad metod, men som behöver utvecklas och användas mer konsekvent. Vår studie utgår från sjukvården och friskvården som hälsofrämjande arena. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur samarbetet mellan hälso- och sjukvården och friskvården fungerar vid förskrivning av Fysisk aktivitet på Recept, samt beskriva förskrivares upplevelser av att ordinera FaR i Skåne. För att kunna besvara studiens syfte valdes en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre stycken förskrivare samt två aktivitetsarrangörer. För att analysera det insamlade materialet använde författarna sig av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Det övergripande resultatet visade att det finns brister i samarbetet mellan sjukvården och friskvården vid ordinering och uppföljning av fysisk aktivitet på recept. Resultatet visar även att det är viktigt att förskrivaren förhåller sig till patientens motivationsgrad och anpassar receptet utifrån det beteendeförändringsstadiet patienten befinner sig i. Teorin som har använts för att analysera resultatet i diskussionen är den transteoretiska modellen. Slutsatsen som drogs utifrån studiens resultat var att: samarbetet mellan förskrivare och aktivitetsarrangörer i dagsläget inte fungerar och att det behövs tydligare riktlinjer från varje enskild region och kommun för uppföljning och samverkan mellan förskrivare och aktivitetsarrangörer. / The introduction of this study gives an overall review of the problem area and the consequences that come with physical inactivity. Depression, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease are some of the welfare disorders that physical inactivity can lead to. This costs society a lot of money, time and resources. The problem can be countered by the method Physical Activity on Prescription (FaR). Our study is based on healthcare and wellness as a health promotion arena. The aim of this study is to investigate how the collaboration between healthcare and wellness workers is functioning when prescribing physical activity on perception, as well as a description of prescribers experiences when organizing FaR in Skåne. In order to answer the purpose of the study, a qualitative method was chosen in the form of semi-structured interviews with three prescribers and two activity organizers. Qualitative content analysis was used when analyzing the material. The overall result showed that collaboration between healthcare and wellness workers is scarce when ordering and following up physical activity on prescription. The result also shows that it is important that the prescriber adheres to the patient's degree of motivation and adapts the prescription based on the behavioral change stage the patient is in. The theory that has been used to analyze the result in discussion is the transtheoretical model. The conclusion drawn from the study result was that there is a lack of collaboration between prescribers and activity organizers and each region needs to implement more direct guidelines concerning patient follow-up and collaboration between prescribers and activity organizers.

Introduction: Over 80% of the world’s one billion tobacco smokers reside in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); therefore, it is important to understand factors that promote intention to quit smoking in these countries. This study evaluated factors associated with three stages of intention to quit tobacco smoking among adults in LMICs. Methods: Data from 43,540 participants of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey in 14 LMICs were analyzed. Intentions to quit smoking were categorized into precontemplation (referent category), contemplation, and preparation stages based on the transtheoretical model. A multinomial logit model was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Approximately 82%, 14%, and 4% of the smokers were in precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages, respectively. Rural residents had increased odds of being in contemplation stage (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.09–1.83) compared to urban residents. Compared to homes where smoking was allowed, smoke-free homes were associated with increased odds of contemplation (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.41–2.23) and preparation (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.78–2.66). Exposure to anti-smoking messages in more than one media channel was associated with increased odds of contemplation (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.33–1.92) and preparation (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.28–2.33) compared to no exposure to anti-smoking messages. Conclusion: The results suggest that anti-smoking media campaigns and smoke-free policies may promote intention to quit smoking in LMICs. While these suggest the need for implementation of comprehensive anti-smoking campaigns and smoke-free policies, longitudinal studies are required to confirm these findings and to evaluate how intention to quit translates into quit attempts in LMICs.

The current study evaluated the initial feasibility, efficacy, and acceptability of a motivationally-tailored family-based intervention designed to promote the adoption of healthy lifestyle behaviors associated with physical activity and nutrition. Parents (N=132) of children 6 to 11 years old were randomly assigned to the intervention or control condition, and they completed a series of online questionnaires. Intervention participants (n=61) received a single motivationally-tailored feedback report via e-mail. Control participants (n=71) completed measures and immediately received information about a free online resource that provides information about healthy lifestyle behaviors (www.mypyramid.gov). Feasibility data indicate that an online feedback program has high dissemination potential (parents from 31 states participated). However, the current methodology is not sufficient in reaching families who are at greatest risk for developing chronic health conditions associated with obesity or low activity level. In general, the intervention was acceptable to parents. Outcome data revealed that the intervention and control groups did not differ significantly on most variables at one month follow-up. Exploratory analyses provided additional evidence for the importance of including parents and targeting parent-child interactions in the context of pediatric nutrition and physical activity interventions. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Syfte Syftet var att undersöka vad aktiva-motionärer anser om vardags-motionärer avseende livsstil, karaktärsdrag och hälsostatus. Metod För att inkludera vardags-motionärer på motionsanläggningar där motionärer finns bör man lösa upp barriärer till motion. Det kan därför vara av nytta att ta reda på om och i så fall vad aktiva-motionärer anser om vardags-motionärer. Detta för att kunna veta om förändringen ska ske hos aktiva-motionärer eller vardags-motionärer för att möjliggöra inkludering av vardagsmotionärer på motionsanläggningar där aktiva-motionärer finns. Detta genomfördes med en kvalitativt inriktad undersökning genom en intervjustudie i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultat Respondenterna anger att hälsa är en upplevd balans såväl psykiskt som fysiskt. I motsats till detta innebär ohälsa obalans. Konsekvenserna av denna obalans nämnde respondenterna som trötthet, sämre koncentration, övervikt, lättare att drabbas av sjukdomar samt försämrad livskvalité. Det respondenterna nämnde om en vardags-motionär är att denna individ sällan gör mer än vad det behöver i vardagen, är ohälsosamma, innehar obalans och kan drabbas av konsekvenserna som nämns ovan. Slutsats Undersökningen visar att det finns åsikter hos aktiva-motionärer om vardags-motionärer. Dock uttalar sig aktiva-motionärer ogärna om hur vardags-motionärer är som personer, men beskriver enklare deras leverne. Det undersökningen därmed kan konstatera är att andras åsikter är en befogad barriär till varför motion inte bedrivs. Om denna barriär är något som syns utåt på anläggningarna är dock svårt att säga. / Purpose The main purpose of this study was to research the practitioners of physical exercise (PPE) opinions about non-practitioners of physical exercise (NPPE), regarding their health, lifestyle and characteristics. Method To enable inclusion of NPPE to training facilities where PPE attend, knowledge of the PPEs’ opinions about NPPE are needed. NPPE often mention that the opinions of PPE discourage them from start to perform physical exercise at training facilities. Therefore, it was necessary to research if these opinions make an actual barrier for the start of exercise in NPPEs. To contribute this knowledge of opinions this study was a qualitative interview study with semi structured interviews. Result The respondents described health as a state of experienced balance between physical and physiological health. Unhealthiness was described by the opposite; imbalance. The consequences of this described imbalance are mentioned as fatigue, lack in concentration, overweight, high risk in diseases and decreased quality of life. What the respondents mentioned about a NPPE as an individual, were that they only did what's necessary, are unhealthy, lead an unbalanced lifestyle and suffer a higher risk of afflict the consequences mentioned above. Conclusion This study shows that the PPE do have opinions about NPPE. What is shown most clearly is that the respondents are more confident describing unhealthiness or the lifestyle choices associated with an unhealthy lifestyle, rather than describing the characteristics of unhealthy individuals. The study examines that the PPEs’ opinions about NPPE could be an actual barrier for NPPE to start performing physical exercise at training facilities where PPE perform their physical exercise. If these opinions are reflected in the environment of the training facilities, is not defined through this study and would require further research.

L’insuffisance cardiaque (IC), une maladie chronique caractérisée par un mauvais fonctionnement du muscle cardiaque, entraîne des symptômes comme l’essoufflement, l’œdème et la fatigue. L’IC nécessite l’adoption de comportements d’auto-soins pour prévenir les épisodes de décompensation. Le but de cette recherche est d’évaluer l’intervention infirmière motivationnelle selon les stades de changements (MSSC) sur les comportements d’auto-soins chez des patients IC. Afin de guider l’intervention MSSC, la théorie spécifique aux auto-soins chez les patients IC de Riegel et Dickson (2008) a été retenue ainsi que le modèle d’intervention de Bédard et al. (2006) combinant le modèle transthéorique (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1984) et l’entrevue motivationnelle (Miller & Rollnick, 2006). Il s’agit d’un devis expérimental randomisé (pré et post-test) avec groupe contrôle (N = 15/groupe). Les patients du groupe contrôle ont reçu les soins usuels et les patients du groupe intervention (GI) ont reçu l’intervention MSSC durant trois entretiens. Les mesures de résultats ont été collectées à un mois suite à la randomisation par une assistante de recherche aveugle à la randomisation. L’effet de l’intervention a été évalué par des analyses de covariance sur cinq mesures de résultats : la réalisation et la gestion (générale et spécifique à l’IC) des auto-soins, la confiance aux auto-soins (générale et spécifique à l’IC) et la conviction. L’acceptabilité et la faisabilité ont été évaluées. Les résultats indiquent un effet significatif sur la mesure de confiance à effectuer les auto-soins spécifiques à l’IC. La majorité des participants du GI ont progressé dans leurs stades de changement. Ces résultats soulignent le potentiel de cette approche pour favoriser l’adoption des auto-soins mais une étude à plus large échelle est proposée afin d’évaluer l’effet de cette approche dans un essai clinique randomisé. / Heart failure (HF) is characterized by the heart’s reduced capacity to pump, resulting in symptoms causing respiratory problems and reduced quality of life. HF patients are advised to adopt self-care behaviours to prevent frequent episodes of decompensation. While medication and behaviour change play a major role in maintaining physiological stability, patient adherence to self-care recommendations is not optimal. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate a Motivational Intervention following the Stages of Change (MISC) on HF patients’ self-care behaviours. To guide the MISC, the situation-specific theory of heart failure self-care (Riegel & Dickson, 2008) was retained as well as Bédard et al. (2006) model of intervention, a combination of Motivational interviewing (MI) (Miller & Rollnick, 2006) and Transtheoretical model (TTM) (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1984). This was a randomized experimental pilot project (pre and post-test, with a control group) (n=15/group). Patients in the control group received usual care from the HF clinic while patients from the experimental group (EG) received 3 MISC interventions. Data were collected at one month post-randomization by a blinded research assistant. The effect of the intervention was assessed on five self-care outcomes using analysis of covariance models: self-care maintenance and management (general and specific to HF), confidence in self-care (general and specific to HF) and conviction. Acceptability and feasibility were assessed. Significant results were obtained regarding the confidence in performing self-care behaviours specific to HF. A majority of patient in the EG did progress in the stages of change. The results suggest that a MISC intervention has potential to improve self-care. A larger study is needed to evaluate the effects of the MISC intervention in a randomized controlled trial.