The Indian government’s twin objectives of protecting the tiger population in the Nallamala forest in Andhra Pradesh and providing “development” to the indigenous Chenchu people have resulted in an on-going process of Chenchu displacement from the forest. The research is an anthropological intervention to comparatively analyze the development definitions of the Chenchu people (N=15), subgrouped location-wise as Deep Forest Chenchu, Intermediate Forest Chenchu, and Displaced Chenchu, and the Government and NGO representatives (N=13), including Integrated Tribal Development Agency representatives, NGO workers, and conservation authorities. Both groups defined development as access to basic amenities, education and jobs, health, freedom, livestock, and well-being in varying agreements. The study concludes that discrepancies exist in the development perspectives of the two groups, the Chenchu displacement is unsystematic, and the implementation of development projects was non-uniform. Small sample size, limited research time, and gender imbalance are some of the limitations of this study.

How do some political elites, in unstable democracies with communal divisions, use ethnic, religious, and tribal affiliations for a rhetoric of polarisation and/or reconciliation when running for office? This thesis applies a framing analysis to explore how political elites employ these affiliations in speech acts, mainly political rallies, to construct narratives of polarisation and reconciliation during election campaigns. The theoretical framework is constructed by previous research on “Big Men” politics and the rhetoric used by ex-combatants turned politicians within a context embossed with electoral violence and division. The thesis conducts a qualitative case study of the 2023 Nigerian election, where the frames used by the winner of the election, Bola Ahmed Tinubu, and his main opponents, Atiku Abubakar and Peter Obi, are investigated. While previous research suggests ambiguity in the rhetoric of political elites, the empirical findings reveal a surprising level of consistency in the candidates' framing. This study offers perspectives on Nigeria and similar multi-ethnic nations marked by communal divisions. It contributes to the comprehension of the intricacies of political communication in unstable democracies, where language has the power to either promote reconciliation or exacerbate polarisation.

No / The management and incorporation of ethnic identities in Pakistan has historically been far more problematic in Balochistan than other provinces and regions. With the killing in 2006 of Akbar Bugti, a leading political figure who was the head of the Bugti tribe and served as federal minister, chief minister and Governor of Balochistan, the province became politically polarised and has descended into a new cycle of bombings, abductions and murders. The rebellion has resulted in a major security operation pitting the security forces against the Baloch people, attacks against Punjabi settlers and sectarian violence against Hazara Shias that collectively threaten to derail major development projects and increase instability in Pakistan as a whole at a critical juncture. This article examines the insurgency in Balochistan and evaluates various perspectives that have been used to explain the present crisis: external intervention, resistance to social change, resource driven conflict theory, transnationalism and diaspora, and failure to manage difference. After examining the evidence it concludes by arguing that the primary cause for the insurgency in Pakistan is due to poor management of difference.

Il s'agira d'étudier la protection juridique dont bénéficient les expressions culturelles traditionnelles par le droit d'auteur. Cette analyse sera conduite sous l'angle d'un élément du patrimoine culturel immatériel : le tatouage traditionnel. Celui-ci fait fréquemment l'objet d'appropriation culturelle de la part de tiers. Les peuples et communautés autochtones, détenteurs de ces savoirs traditionnels et expressions culturelles traditionnelles, revendiquent donc la nécessité de mettre en place une protection de leur patrimoine. Cependant, en l'état, le droit d'auteur ne permet pas la protection du patrimoine culturel des peuples et communautés autochtones. Il n'a pas été conçu en ayant à l'esprit leurs intérêts particuliers, la culture autochtone s'éloignant de la logique privative et commerciale enjointe par un tel système individualiste et eurocentré. Le droit d'auteur n'étant pas compatible avec le patrimoine culturel immatériel, ses lacunes le rendent insuffisant à assurer une telle protection. À ce titre, le tatouage traditionnel, en tant qu'élément de patrimoine culturel, ne peut convenablement être protégé par le droit d'auteur. Des solutions ont donc émergé afin de combler les lacunes du droit d'auteur, qui pourraient être appliquées à la protection du tatouage traditionnel. Cela passe par la consécration d'un droit spécifique adapté à la nature du patrimoine culturel des peuples et communautés autochtones. Toutefois, ce droit sui generis peut parfois se révéler inefficace / It will be studying the legal protection enjoyed by traditional cultural expressions through copyright. This analysis will be conducted from the perspective of an element of intangible cultural heritage : the traditional tattoo. Because it is frequently the subject of cultural appropriation by third parties, indigenous communities, holders of this traditional knowledge and cultural expressions, claim even more today the need to put in place a protection of their heritage. However and as it stands, copyright does not efficiently protect their cultural heritage. Indeed, it was not conceived with their particular interests in mind, the indigenous culture moving away from the private and commercial logic enjoined by such an individualistic and Eurocentric system. There is therefore an inherent incompatibility between copyright and intangible cultural heritage, and its shortcomings make it insufficient to provide a protection. Hence, traditional tattooing, as part of cultural heritage, cannot properly be protected. Solutions have therefore emerged in order to remedy the shortcomings of copyright, that could be applied to traditional tattoos. This requires the consecration of specific rights or systems adapted to the nature of the cultural heritage. However, these solutions can sometimes be proved ineffective.

För att få en tydlig bild av en marknad använder företag sig av segmenteringstekniker för att dela upp konsumenter i olika segment med målet att kunna precisera sina marknadsföringsåtgärder och optimera sina försäljningsutsikter. I dagens globaliserade multikanalsamhälle suddas landsgränser ständigt ut, vilket skapar ett behov för företag att istället identifiera regionala marknader. Genom att karlägga regioner är det möjligt att röna ut om det även inom ett land kan finnas skillnader i attityder till olika varumärken. Kombinationen av geografisk, demografisk och psykografisk segmentering möjliggör för företag att inte enbart se vilken ålder konsumenter har eller vilken stad de bor i, utan även vilken typ av attityd de har gentemot en viss produkt eller ett varumärke.Studien syftar till att ta reda om det finns regionala skillnader i varumärkesattityder i Sverige samt vad attityderna grundar sig i. I form av en studie över tre geografiskt skilda områden i Sverige, där 239 respondenter medverkade i strukturerade intervjuer undersöktes om varumärkesattityder kan skilja sig åt i de olika regionerna. Vidare medverkade 6 personer i mer djupgående semistrukturerade intervjuer där kvalitativ information rörande skapande och förändring av varumärkesattityder kunnat inhämtas. Studien behandlar varumärkesattityder gentemot fallföretaget 8848 Altitude som är ett producerande företag med fokus på utrustning och konfektion för alpinsport. Det insamlade materialet analyserades med hjälp av ett antal teorier om segmentering, attityder och tribes.Studiens resultat visar på att det finns skillnader i varumärkesattityder över de olika regionerna i Sverige. Resultatet visar även att det inte enbart är geografisk och demografisk tillhörighet som avgör vilken attityd en konsument har gentemot ett varumärke. Däremot, helt oberoende av geografisk tillhörighet, är det möjligt att utröna data över en grupp respondenter som har likvärdig konsumtion, värderingar och användande av produkter vilket kan benämnas vid en tribe. Studiens slutsats menar att tribal tillhörighet är en aspekt som kan vara ett fördelaktigt tillägg i psykografisk segmentering. Genom att studera en eventuell tribe kan ett företag se vilka värden som länkar samman produkten med konsumenten och således precisera sin marknadsföring. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

The purpose of this study was to examine aspects of rural local governance within the democratic local government system in the Umgungundlovu, Umzinyathi, Uthukela and Amajuba districts of KwaZulu-Natal. This study could feed into the management and policy making systems of the Department of Local Government and Traditional Affairs of the Province. It would also inform a practical traditional administration centre model. It also intends to provoke a debate on issues of rural local governance in particular within the democratic local government system in South Africa. The study looked at the evolution of the institution of traditional leadership over the years. Policy issues with regard to the functioning and structuring of traditional leadership institutions in local governance were used as a basis for this discussion. Different items of legislation relating to local government and traditional leadership in South Africa generally and in KwaZulu-Natal in particular were analysed to give insight into the issues of rural local governance. It was found that traditional leaders have always worked hand in hand with government and that the government has and still is making deliberate efforts to keep traditional leadership under its control by paying their salaries and controlling all processes and systems in the functioning of traditional authorities. National and Provincial policies were found to be giving government (both National and Provincial) too much discretionary powers regarding the roles and functions of traditional leaders. The KwaZulu-Natal Department of Local Government and Traditional Affairs (DLGTA) had transformed tribal courts into Traditional Administration Centres (TACs) in line with the government's call to bring government services closer to the people. There are sixty four TACs in the Umgungundlovu, Umzinyathi, Uthukela and Amajuba districts of KwaZulu-Natal. This study reviews the level of functionality of these TACs over a period of 6 months. The activities of all TACs were monitored and recorded daily for the duration of the study. The study revealed that the TACs were generally not being used to their full potential. A combination of well equipped centres coupled with motivated and committed support staff is crucial for the effective functioning of TACs. The study also looked at different community centre models and compared them with the traditional administration centre model to help develop a practical traditional administration centre model. The study further recommends that TACs be linked to the Multipurpose Community Centres (MPCCs) either as extensions or satellites thereof. In terms of ownership, it is recommended that TACs be handed over to the local municipalities in order to ensure proper maintenance and sustainability thereof. As part of rural local governance, the study also investigated synergistic partnerships between the institution of traditional leadership and municipalities. This was done through focus group discussions with government officials, traditional councils, municipal councillors and community members. The focus group discussions also revealed the level of understanding on the roles of traditional councils and municipal councillors by different groupings i.e. government officials, traditional councils, municipal councillors and community members. The study concludes that conflict between traditional leaders and municipal councillors is inevitable and that it is difficult but not impossible to form functional linkages between the two. South Africa has seen remarkable improvements in the transformation of the institution of traditional leadership in terms of composition, functions and legal manifestations. There is a reasonable understanding on the roles of municipal councillors but traditional councils seemed not to be clear about their roles and policy issues in general. Many subjects believed that direct intervention by National and Provincial governments was desirable if sound local governance was to be attained. The study also recommends that agency agreements be entered into between traditional councils and municipalities and between traditional councils and provincial governments to allow traditional councils to perform certain functions on behalf of government departments and municipalities. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

Submitted thesis deals with selected points from the development of the tribal society of the Polabian Slavs in the area called Slavic Polabia, i.e. the area between the Ore Mountains and the Lusatian Mountains in the south, rivers Elbe and Saale in the west, Baltic Sea in the north and river Oder in the east. The thesis is divided into the introduction and four longer chapters; together, they introduce the forms and manners of the medieval tribal society. The introduction defines the aims and methodology of the thesis, while also emphasizing the necessity to observe the diversity of each tribal societies, even in the context of the Slavic Polabia, which was supposed to be a home of the three big tribal societies or tribal confederations. Because of the differencies in the socio-political development of these three tribal confederations, the first chapter introduced its own proposition of periodization of the Polabian Slavs' history. This proposition is not based on the traditional criteria used by the older and contemporary medieval studies relying on the external factors, level of social differentiation or structural changes in the political system. The proposed periodization set a few development phases, which each of the tribal societies either passed or never reached. In its three parts (head,...

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 1932. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: No Abstract Available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen Opsomming Beskikbaar / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy

In this case study, I examine the graduation patterns of students attending Chief Dull Knife College located on the Northern Cheyenne Reservation in Lame Deer, Montana. While comparing the characteristics of students attending this college with that of two-year colleges nationally and tribal schools throughout the nation, we begin to understand the unique situation that this community faces. With the use of logistic and linear regressions, I explored the characteristics of those who graduate and ask the question, who graduates and what makes them unique? This study found that the credits attempted per semester, the number of credits they earned divided by the number of credits they attempted, and the number of semesters enrolled were the most significant factors. Using the information collected from the literature review, this study then used linear regressions to explore the effects of the initial variables on these three significant variables.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2001 / Refer to the document