清代「路、佐」制度下的鄂倫春人--為碩士論文,共有十七萬餘言。除緒論、結論之外,共分四大章,十三小節,各章節提要如下: 第一章 鄂倫春人族源追溯及其與相關集團之融合 第一節 「鄂倫春」名稱考證: 主要從"oroncon"（鄂倫春）一音來探究它的內涵與清政權外力介入的決定性影響。 第二節 鄂倫春族源追溯: 筆者根據語言對比及從整個東北文化大環境著手的結果,認為鄂倫春人的族源應當歸屬在"女真"比較合理。 第三節 鄂倫春人與"新滿洲"及"索倫部": 筆者將透過清廷的內徙編旗與"索倫部"三者經濟互補關係,來瞭解鄂倫春人是如何融入這些相關集團。並藉由鄂倫春人及鄂溫克人的人類群體遺傳學調查來證實他們有共同的族源。 第二章 「路、佐」制度與鄂倫春人之關係 第一節 "布特哈總管衙門"與鄂倫春人之關係: 將對「路、佐」的來源作一番探討, 並對"布特哈總管衙門"的設立與目的作一說明。 第二節 "雅法罕鄂倫春人"之收編與設官建署:筆者根據檔案資料掌握了清廷收編的目的與經過。 第三節 鄂倫春人與貢貂:"墨凌阿鄂倫春人"和"雅法罕鄂倫春人"的貢貂方式並不相同,然而在這樣的一個媒介之下,卻使得他們與外界有更多接觸的機會, 進而改變原有的生活方式。 第三章 「路、佐」制度下鄂倫春社會之發展與變化 第一節 傳統游獵經濟的內涵與特性: 筆者主要從鄂倫春人的生態環境著手,這種形態的文化特質,具有相當穩定的氏族組織結構,但由於對大自然的絕對依賴,亦有其局限性。 第二節 原始氏族組織結構的鬆動與消亡: "佐領"的設立逐漸取代了鄂倫春社會的"穆昆達"（氏族長）, 使得鄂倫春人漸漸掙脫原本以血緣關係為維繫的氏族組織。 第三節 生產力提高與私有制確立: 槍支、馬匹等生產原料的得,促使鄂倫春社會生產力提高,而原本平均分配的範圍也愈來愈趨縮小,慢慢演變的結果,勢必造成個人私有制的發達。 第四節 諳達入境與商品交換: 清廷廢除了"官方諳達"之,"私人諳達"繼之而起,這正代表著鄂倫春社會已從集體交換進入到個體交換。 第五節 棄獵歸農與雇傭關係:農業經濟的出現,帶給鄂倫春人全新的社會關係, 其社會內部亦產生了大土地經營者。但總的來說,鄂倫春社會在清廷外力的作用下,其生產結構並沒有突破性的改變,游獵經濟仍然是主要的生存模式。 第四章 「路、佐」制度之得失 第一節 「路、佐」制度之成效與缺失:筆者對清廷收編"雅法罕鄂倫春人"的既定目標及終極目標進行了一番評估,並與俄國收籠的方式相互作比較。 第二節 「路、佐」制度之影響:本節採取綜合性的探討,對「施」者-清廷影響「受」者-鄂倫春人, 提出國家認同與民族形成的看法。

One of the greatest post-conflict problems in South Sudan, which has emerged as a threat to the nation’s security, has been the deadly clashes between tribes during cattle raids. This thesis examines why cattle raiding shifted from a relatively non-violent rite of passage to the primary manifestation of tribal conflict in South Sudan, and whether it is possible to reverse this shift. This thesis proposes a unique approach to the topic by analyzing two underlying causes: insecurity in Jonglei State and a breakdown of traditional governance structures – as well as how their combination has led to the shift. This thesis focuses on a case study of Jonglei State, as it has experienced the largest number of instances of conflict attributed to cattle raiding in South Sudan. Furthermore, current attempts to reduce conflict through increased security and disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration programs have failed as they only address problems of insecurity. I will be comparing two periods of cattle raiding in Jonglei: the current conflict from 2009 until the present, and a historical review of cattle raids focusing on governance of the raids. The review will not cover any specific time period as it aims to identify what aspects of the tradition contributed to a reduced scale of violence before the shift in 2009. Insecurity has caused the increase in clashes, while disconnections to traditions have caused the increase in violence. To address these problems, traditional leadership structures and the de facto rules that structured raids must be re-established in order to produce a long-term solution.

Thesis (MA (English Literature))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / Notions of home, belonging, and identity haunt the creative minds of fiction writers belonging to and imagining the African diaspora. Detailing the ways in which two diasporic authors “re-visit history” and “re-negotiate identity”, this thesis grapples with the complexity of these notions and explores the boundaries of displacement and the search for new home-spaces. Finally, it engages with the ways in which both authors produce “new tribes” beyond the bounds of national or racial imaginaries. Following the “introduction”, the second chapter titled “River Crossing” offers a reading of Caryl Phillips’s A Distant Shore, which features a black African man fleeing his home-country in search of asylum in England. Here, I explore Phillips’s representation of the “postcolonial passage” to the north, and of the “shock of arrival” in England. I then analyse the ways in which the novel enacts a process of “messing with national identity”. While retracing the history of post-Windrush migration to England in order to engage contemporary immigration, A Distant Shore, I argue, also re-visits the trans-Atlantic slave trade. In the final section, I discuss “the economy of asylum” as I explore the fates of the novel’s two central characters: the African asylum-seeker and the outcast white English woman. My reading aims to advance two points made by the novel. Firstly, that individuals are not contained by the nations and cultures they belong to; rather, they are owned by the circumstances that determine the conditions of their displacement. Phillips strives to tell us that individuals remain the sites at which exclusionary discourses and theories about race, belonging and identity are re-elaborated. Secondly, I argue that no matter the effort exerted in trying to forget traumatic pasts in order to re-negotiate identity elsewhere, individuals remain prisoners of the chronotopes they have inhabited at the various stages of their passages. The third chapter focuses on Buchi Emecheta’s The New Tribe. Titled “Returning Home?”, it explores the implications of Emecheta’s reversal of the trajectory of displacement from diasporic locations to Africa. The New Tribe allows for the possibility of re-imagining the Middle Passage and re-figuring the controversial notion of the return to roots. In the novel, a young black British man embarks on a journey to Africa in search of a mythic lost kingdom. While not enabling him to return to roots, this journey eventually encourages him to come to terms with his diasporic identity. Continuing to grapple with notions of “home”, now through the trope of family and by engaging the “rhetoric of return”, I explore how Emecheta re-visits the past in order to produce new identities in the present. Emecheta’s writing reveals in particular the gendered consequences of the “rhetoric of return”. Narratives of return to Africa, the novel suggests, revisit colonial fantasies and foster patriarchal gender bias. The text juxtaposes such metaphors against the lived experience of black women in order to demythologise the return to Africa and to redirect diasporic subjects to the diasporic locations that constitute genuine sites for re-negotiating identity.

This dissertation reports on the findings of a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual study into the health beliefs and practices of urban Pares, living in Moshi, Kilimanjaro Region, in Tanzania. The study utilised aspects of the transcultural nursing framework. Semi-structured interviews were used for data gathering with a sample of nine urban Pare informants. Data were analysed thematically. The major findings indicate that health beliefs arise from magico-religious, holistic and scientific paradigms. It was also found that beliefs and behaviour patterns are changing. These findings are discussed in terms of the two major themes, namely, multiple world views and change and continuity. Recommendations arising from the findings are made which may assist health workers to provide culturally congruent care. / Health Studies / (M.A. (Health Studies))

The goals of the work are the evaluation of the pathogenic fungi occurence, detection of the occurence frequency, the strategy of losses estimates and the appreciation of the disease intensity. In the following I observe the infection with fungi pathogens from the tribe Fusarium including the interpretation of the proceeds items and the surface microflora on the seed of Avena nuda.

In his 1978 biography of Grace Carpenter Hudson, Searles R. Boynton refers to the artist as "the best in California," praising her life-long dedication to depicting the Pomo children of Northern California. During her lifetime (1865-1937), Hudson's work traveled to museums, world fairs, and expositions across the United States. The purpose of this research is to assert that Hudson's work is evidence of, and a response to, turn-of-the-twentieth-century Euro-Americans' hopes that the American Indian child could be "redeemed," or "saved," from their "savage" or "undomesticated" past. Additionally, this paper aims to convince the reader of the significance of Hudson’s art as it marks an implicant, although paramount, shift in the history of representation of the American Indian child. To accomplish these tasks, it will be necessary to investigate artwork featuring the American Indian child produced before and after Hudson, the artist’s early influences, along with the artist's own work and words. Based on these sources, this thesis attempts to identify how viewers can understand the popularity of Hudson's work as a point of transference that existed between representation and reality during a period of the simultaneous rejection and resurrection of the American Indian. Through a process of perpetuating ideologies, the manipulation of the studio, subject, and space, and modernist influences regarding Indigenous peoples, the work that Hudson produced is emblematic of a time in which the larger American public was more interested in the proliferation of Euro-centric ideals than the preservation of American Indian life and culture.

En la actualidad, las agrupaciones sociales se han consolidado no solo por brechas en la sociedad, pues se ha encontrado un nuevo medio de asociacionismo por consumo, principalmente de las surgentes de los productos audiovisuales. Las redes sociales refuerzan este planteamiento de una identidad y los usuarios participan activamente en ellas. / At present, social groups have been consolidated not only by gaps in society, as a new means of associationism has been found for consumption, mainly from the sources of audiovisual products. Social networks reinforce this approach to an identity and users actively participate in them. / Trabajo de investigación

High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels have been developed to simultaneously have high yield strength and high fracture toughness. However, in practical applications steel must be welded. Traditional arc welding has proven detrimental to the fracture toughness of HSLA steels. Friction stir welding has recently shown mixed results in welding HSLA steels. The range of welding parameters used in these recent studies however has been very limited. With only a few welding parameters tested, the effect of spindle speed, travel speed, and heat input on the fracture toughness of friction stir welded HSLA steel remains unknown. To understand how the friction stir welding process parameters affect fracture toughness, double sided welds in API X80 were performed and analyzed. Results show that at room temperature friction stir welded API X80 exceeded industry minimum fracture toughness requirements in both the API Standard 1104 and DNV-OS-F101 by 143% and 62%, respectively. The process parameters of spindle speed and HI have been shown to effectively control the fracture toughness of the stir zone. Relationships have been established that show that fracture toughness increased by 85% when spindle speed decreased by 59% and heat input decreased by 46%.

Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs) are educational institutions owned by Native American tribes intended to address the failure of the education system to support Indigenous students. Significant research has been done on the value of culturally sustaining pedagogy (CSP) and on TCUs, but little has been done to examine whether and how TCUs implement CSP. This study aims to fill that gap by examining teaching at Chief Dull Knife College (CDKC), a tribal college on the Northern Cheyenne reservation. Interviews were conducted with eight white faculty members and four Cheyenne administrators at CDKC. Analysis of the interviews revealed that the instructors saw building personal connections with students as the foundation of teaching at CDKC and that they engaged in attempts at individual adaptation and structural change to support such teaching. The Cheyenne administrators found these efforts valuable, but suggested that more needed to be done to foster a connection between the white faculty members and the Cheyenne community and culture. Ultimately, this study reveals that instructors at CDKC are attempting to implement CSP, but that there are still gaps in that implementation. The interviews suggest that further structural changes are needed at CDKC to better support CSP and ensure that students are receiving the support they need to succeed.

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