Pre-modern conceptualization of shifting borderlands and territories rather than fixed boundaries often allowed for the dynamic flow of peoples between polities. Until the late 1800s and the colonization of Burma in 1886 by the British Empire, this permeability of the borders of its territory was how Siam (currently Thailand) viewed its geo-political sphere (Thomson 1995:272). Britain extended the boundaries of its empire beyond India to guarantee the economic interests of the British Empire. With this push eastward, Siam abutted a polity that rejected the idea of shifting borderlands. The British ascribed to the modern concept of non-permeability of borders. This concept brought with it a rigidity of perception that extended beyond geographical frameworks to also psychologically limit the interpersonal connections of Siam's multi-ethnic minority populations and the Tai ethnic majority (Keyes 1979:54, Marlowe 1979:203, Thomson 1995:281). Ancient residents of what was once the borderland area, the Karen, lost their status as a valuable part of a symbiotic relationship with the dominant Thai polity and were placed within a discourse of opposing binary factions. The Karen, once respected as stewards of the remote forestlands, became part of a larger group of peoples all of which have been labeled as the "hill tribes" (Trakarnsuphakorn 1997:218). This paper addresses how globalization and these social and political changes have resulted in marginalizing a group of diverse peoples who are now viewed as a threat to the security of the nation-states in which they reside. The discussion continues with a look at how the narrative about the Karen has changed and introduces a proposal for constructing a new empowering for the Karen.

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This study explores and critically examines the role of indigenous mechanisms (the Inter-Tribal Reconciliation Conferences-ITRCs) in resolving tribal conflicts in South Darfur State of Western Sudan. The fundamental question raised by this study is: have these reconciliation conferences- 1989-2009- been able to address the root causes of the tribal conflicts and are they capable of serving the same role that they once did? Tribal leadership structures, such as Native Administration (NA) and their mechanisms of conflict resolution/management in Darfur, have been subjected to highly significant changes over time. The question is to what extent these changes further fuelled tribal conflicts and/or have negatively affected the capability of the NA and the ITRCs to deal with these conflicts? This thesis relies on archive records and reports of the ITRCs and data generated through interviews conducted with key informants. Through a detailed analysis the study: 1) presents a detailed account of the major conflicts and their causes in South Darfur; 2) identifies the changing identities of the protagonists and of the perceived causes; 3) assesses the effectiveness of the agreements reached by these conferences when considered alongside the causes identified. Analysis of the ITRCs shows that tribal conflicts in Darfur (from1980s), and South Darfur in particular, were connected to the wider political conflict in the Sudan and the region respectively. The analysis suggests that the history of neglect/marginalisation of the region by successive governments, and the political manipulation of the NA and local government, have negatively affected the performance of these institutions. The experience of the ITRCs indicates that they were unable to address the underlying causes of the tribal conflicts, such as land disputes, the manipulation of the NA and local government, rape and mass killings.

No description available.

Contemporary events frequently call into question the status of state-recognized Native nations. For example, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) failed to pass a resolution dissolving state-recognized membership; and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) has reported on the reality of federal funding being awarded to non-federally recognized Native nations. Although state-recognized Native nations are handicapped in their strategies and the availability of resources to assert their right to self-determine, some have persevered despite the inability to establish a direct relationship with the national government. Reconsidering federalism as it pertains to Native nations reveals opportunities for non-federally recognized Native nations to access resources and assert self-governing authority in alternative arenas outside the exclusive tribal-national government-to-government relationship. My research analyzes how two state-recognized Native nations, the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina and the Waccamaw Indian People of South Carolina, have operated as political actors; have maintained their communities; have organized politically and socially; and have asserted their right to self-determine by engaging state—and at certain times federal—politics to address needs within their communities. I used a qualitative case study approach to examine the strategies these two state-recognized Native nations have developed to engage state relationships. I argue that state-recognized Native nations are developing significant political relationships with their home states and other entities, such as federal, state, and local agencies, and nonprofits, to address issues in their communities.

This study tested theoretical propositions concerning agenda-setting by minority political groups in the United States to see if they had the scope to be applicable to American Indian tribes or if there were alternative explanations for how this group places its agenda items on the formal agenda and resolves them. Indian tribes were chosen as the case study because they are of significantly different legal and political status than other minority groups upon which much of the previous research has been done. The study showed that many of the theoretical propositions regarding agenda-setting by minority groups were explanatory for agenda-setting by Indian tribes. The analyses seemed to demonstrate that Indian tribes use a closed policy subsystem to place tribal agenda items on the formal agenda. The analyses demonstrated that most tribal agenda items resolved by Congress involve no major policy changes but rather incremental changes in existing policies. The analyses also demonstrated that most federal court decisions involving Indian tribes have no broad impact or significance to all Indian tribes. The analyses showed that both Congress and the federal courts significantly influence the tribal agenda but the relationship between the courts and Congress in agenda-setting in this area of policy are unclear. Another finding of the study was that tribal leaders have no significant influence in setting the formal agendas of either Congress or the federal courts. However, they do have some success in the resolution of significant tribal agenda items as a result of their unique legal and political status. This study also contributed to the literature concerning agenda-setting by Indian tribes and tribal politics and study results have many practical implications for tribal leaders.

For over a century, the origins and mechanisms underlying the diversification of the enormous cosmopolitan genus Carex (>2,100 species; Cariceae, Cyperaceae or sedge family) have remained largely speculative. Although its unique morphology (e.g., unisexual flowers, perigynia) clearly indicated it was a natural group, it obscured its relationships to all other Cyperaceae because the morphological gap between it and the rest of the family was so wide. Consequently, no plausible sister group to Carex has ever been proposed. Early molecular analyses narrowed the problem by placing Carex within a strongly-supported clade with the enigmatic monospecific genus Khaosokia, and tribes Dulichieae and Scirpeae (hereafter CDS), a group consisting of 2,250 species, or approximately 41% of all Cyperaceae. However, poor taxonomic sampling and the limited number of molecular markers used in these studies meant that the sister group to Carex remained a mystery. The goals of this thesis were to resolve evolutionary relationships within the CDS clade, to identify the sister group to Carex, and to develop a new natural tribal classification of CDS that could be used in future biogeographic and comparative analyses of Carex and its relatives. Initial phylogenetic analyses using two plastid markers (matK, ndhF) identified seven major CDS lineages, and suggested that Carex could be nested within a paraphyletic Scirpeae. However, backbone support for these relationships was low due to an ancient rapid radiation (~10 million years) followed by long divergence of the seven major lineages (~40 million years). The addition of conventional sequence-based markers from the plastid genome (rps16) and nuclear ribosomal region (ETS-1f, ITS) indicated that a traditional molecular approach would not resolve these key backbone nodes. Consequently, a recently developed flowering-plant-specific anchored enrichment probe kit targeting hundreds of conserved nuclear genes combined with next generation sequencing was used to resolve the CDS backbone. Although the resulting phylogenomic dataset was able to resolve the CDS backbone with high support, the topology and branch lengths only reaffirmed the isolated position of Carex. However, comparative morphological analyses of specimens at key herbaria not only suggested that Sumatroscirpus, a rare genus thought to be endemic to Sumatra, could be sister to Carex, but they also provided an easily accessible site to collect DNA in Northern Vietnam. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses of plastid (matK, ndhF, rps16) and nuclear ribosomal (ETS-1f, ITS) markers strongly supported Sumatroscirpus as the sister to Carex, and molecular dating estimates suggested they shared a common ancestor in the late Eocene (~36 million years ago). Comparative studies and ancestral state estimates of key morphological characters were congruent with this hypothesis, suggesting that the perigynium is not unique to Carex, but in fact a synapomorphy shared with Sumatroscirpus. This means that the initial key innovation in the remarkable diversification of Carex is not the perigynium, but could be the release of mechanical constraints that permitted the evolution of the remarkable morphological diversity of Carex perigynia seen today. A taxonomic revision of Sumatroscirpus revealed that this purportedly monospecific genus actually consisted of four species, and it extended its range over 2,400 km to the north into Northern Vietnam, Myanmar, and Southwestern China. The phylogenetic framework provided by the previous studies enabled a new tribal and generic classification of CDS to be proposed. Seven monophyletic tribes are recognised including four new tribes (Calliscirpeae, Khaosokieae, Sumatroscirpeae, Trichophoreae), and a new genus (Rhodoscirpus). Morphological synapomorphies are identified for all recognized tribes, and a worldwide treatment, including identification keys, is provided for Sumatroscirpus species, CDS genera, and Cyperaceae tribes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:22:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nivia Claudia Santos Leite.pdf: 3117405 bytes, checksum: 86d58d006057b599e44fd25441307d9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-12 / In this study, we researched the meaning of being an adolescent for ten members of the urban tribe named emotional hardcore (EMO) in the municipality of Goiânia, in the state of Goiás, Brazil. We intended to grasp the senses and the meanings that adolescents belonging to the EMO tribe attribute to adolescence and the emotional dimensions that are present in their relationships with themselves, their peers, their families, their schools, and society. This research aimed at offering a contribution to social psychology, broadening the knowledge about adolescence from the perspective of social historical psychology in relation to the singularity of the individual and the social subjectivity in which the study participants are inserted. This study was carried out based on social historical psychology and on Vigotski, its main representative, who used the dialectical materialism as a philosophy, theory, and method. We employed qualitative research using the methodological proposal of triangulation procedure: simple observation, interviews, and focus groups. Participants were ten adolescents, ranging from 15 to 17 years old, five of each sex, members of the EMO tribe. In this study, we gave these adolescents the chance of being heard, which opened the possibility of understanding them as significant individuals, who have things to say, to do, to think about, who are aware of what is going on around them, and who reflect the events of human life, revealing how they are constituted and how they constitute themselves based on their social relationships. Therefore, at first, the analysis of the senses and meanings that emerged during this research revealed that adolescence means a time to make a mess, passage and transition, pressure, conflicts, uncertainties, loneliness, as well as a time for discoveries and challenges; in a second moment, it showed that the participants correlated adolescence with their spaces in the EMO tribe, in their families, and in their schools, also allowing us to grasp both the senses and meanings of sexuality and prejudice experienced by the adolescents belonging to the EMO tribe. / Este trabalho resultou de pesquisa acerca do significado de ser adolescente para dez integrantes da tribo urbana emotional hardcore (EMO) na cidade de Goiânia, GO. Pretendeuse apreender os sentidos e os significados que adolescentes pertencentes à tribo EMO atribuem à adolescência e as dimensões emocionais que se fazem presentes em sua relação consigo mesmos, com seus pares, suas famílias, suas escolas e a sociedade. A pesquisa objetivou oferecer uma contribuição para o campo da psicologia social, ampliando o conhecimento acerca da adolescência na perspectiva da psicologia sociohistórica, em relação tanto à singularidade do sujeito quanto à subjetividade social em que os participantes deste estudo estão inseridos. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida pautando-se na psicologia sociohistórica e tendo como seu principal representante Vigotski, que se apropriou do materialismo dialético como filosofia, teoria e método. Trabalhou-se com pesquisa qualitativa utilizando como abordagem a proposta metodológica da triangulação de procedimentos: observação simples, entrevistas e grupos focais. Participaram desta pesquisa dez adolescentes, com idades entre 15 e 17 anos, sendo cinco de cada sexo, todos pertencentes à tribo EMO. Neste estudo, deu-se voz a esses adolescentes, possibilitando compreendê-los como indivíduos significantes, que têm o que dizer, fazer, pensar, sentir, que têm consciência do que está acontecendo e que refletem os eventos da vida humana, revelando como são constituídos e se constituem com base em suas relações sociais. Portanto, em um primeiro momento, a análise dos sentidos e significados emergentes da pesquisa revelou a adolescência significada como tempo de bagunça, passagem e transição, cobranças, conflitos, incertezas e solidão, bem como de descobertas e desafios; já em um segundo momento, mostrou que estes sujeitos relacionaram a adolescência aos seus espaços dentro da própria tribo, na família e na escola, também tendo possibilitado a apreensão dos sentidos e significados sobre a sexualidade e os preconceitos vividos pelos adolescentes pertencentes à tribo EMO.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:13:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvio Antonio Luiz Anaz.pdf: 3321084 bytes, checksum: 4875c8d29f817f8ad5a0cd6f2339195a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-06 / Romantic love is one of the most habitual subjects in the international pop-rock songs since the 1950 s. It is a regular topic in the Brazilian pop-rock songs in the same period, too. Those Brazilian and international pop-rock songs have built a romantic love imaginary that has been disseminated by the cultural industry and mass communication media. In this research, we look for understanding the processes that have participated in the building of the Brazilian pop-rock songs imaginary, based on their lyrics and music, and in the histories, tastes, world visions and networks of a group of Brazilians composers that are representatives of this kind of song. This research looks for understanding through the imaginary the cultural identification process established among the composers and the audience of these songs. The mapping of romantic love imaginaries and the investigation of their construction processes can be revealing of a individual feeling of sharing and belongingness to specific imaginaries in the songs universe. The hypothesis is that the Brazilian pop-rock imaginary is produced by world visions convergence and by seduction, cultural identification and adhesion of composers and audiences to a specific musical ethos, that transcend boarders and result in an aesthetic, ethic and behavior approximation between Brazilian and international pop-rock songs. The investigation maps the romantic love imaginaries in the international pop-rock hits, in the second half of 20th century, and that built in the Erasmo Carlos, Rita Lee, Lobão and Pato Fu songs, Brazilian composers representatives of these musical genres in the same period. The investigation looks for identifying, using a semantic romantic love mapping, what are the main symbolical elements in these imaginaries that came from the creative processes of Brazilian composers, and became references of the approaching between Brazilian and international pop-rock songs. The theoretical reference in this research brings authors in the imaginary field, such as Gilbert Durand and Michel Maffesoli, semiotics, such as Charles Sanders Peirce, Roland Barthes and Umberto Eco, and culture and communications, such as Jesus Martín-Barbero and Stuart Hall. The conclusion shows how songs and creative processes of Brazilian composers built a romantic love imaginary that could be a expression of the feeling of belongingness and cultural identification process, that brings closer local and global aesthetics, ethics and behaviors established by successful songs / O amor romântico é um dos temas mais presentes no pop-rock internacional de maior sucesso desde os anos 1950. Ele também é um tema frequente no pop-rock brasileiro que fez sucesso no mesmo período. As canções do pop-rock brasileiro e internacional construíram imaginários do amor romântico que foram disseminados e compartilhados pelos meios de comunicação de massa e pela indústria cultural. Nesta pesquisa, procura-se compreender os elementos que participaram da construção desse imaginário no pop-rock brasileiro, a partir das letras, das músicas, das trajetórias, dos gostos, das visões de mundo e das redes de relações de um grupo de compositores brasileiros representativos desse tipo de canção midiática. A investigação busca entender também, através do imaginário, o processo de identificação cultural entre os criadores e os apreciadores dessas canções. O mapeamento dos imaginários do amor romântico e a investigação de como eles foram construídos podem ser reveladores de como ocorre o processo de adesão dos indivíduos, incluindo os compositores, a determinados éthos que se constituem tendo a canção midiática como elemento central. A investigação parte da hipótese de que o imaginário que emerge do poprock brasileiro é fruto de uma convergência de visões de mundo e de um processo de identificação cultural e adesão de criadores e apreciadores a determinados éthos musicais, que transcendem fronteiras e resultam em uma aproximação estética, ética e de costumes entre o pop-rock brasileiro e o internacional. A investigação mapeia os imaginários do amor romântico que surgem no pop-rock internacional de sucesso, da segunda metade do século 20, e aquele construído nas canções de Erasmo Carlos, Rita Lee, Lobão e Pato Fu, compositores brasileiros representativos desses gêneros no mesmo período. A partir da realização de uma cartografia do universo semântico do amor romântico nas canções e dos depoimentos de seus criadores, a investigação busca identificar quais foram os principais elementos simbólicos desse imaginário que emergiram do processo criativo dos compositores brasileiros estudados e tornaram-se índices dessa aproximação entre o poprock local e o internacional. O referencial teórico apresenta autores do campo do imaginário (Gilbert Durand e Michel Maffesoli), da semiótica e semiologia (Charles Sanders Peirce, Roland Barthes e Umberto Eco) e da cultura e comunicação (Jesus Martín-Barbero e Stuart Hall). A conclusão mostra como o processo criativo dos compositores e as canções investigadas construíram um imaginário do amor romântico revelador do fenômeno de pertencimento e identificação cultural local e global a determinadas estéticas, éticas e costumes estabelecidos pela canção midiática

A dissertação propõe o estudo da cultura material - representada pela arquitetura e indumentária - de sociedades que mantém ou em algum momento tiveram comportamentos nômades. A pesquisa se ocupa de corpos que estão em movimento, marcados por ritos e exposto a condições ambientais extremas; vestuários e acessórios feitos sob medida e imbuídos de poderes sobrenaturais e habitações conscientes de sua efemeridade. Seu objetivo geral é estudar as inter-relações que se estabelecem através de suportes efêmeros como as habitações e trajes. Em específico ela busca conhecer os processos de produção do espaço da habitação nômade; apreender e identificar o processo de concepção, confecção e uso dos vestuários; perceber a importância das manifestações da cultura material nômade para a sua identidade e estética e procurar similaridades construtivas, visuais e estéticas entre vestes e abrigos nômades. A dissertação é o resultado da revisão bibliográfica que transita pelos trabalhos de Bernard Rudofsky, Florencia Ferrari, Labelle Prussin, Mark Jarzombek, Mette Bovin, Paul Oliver, Robert Kroenenburg, Torvald Faegre entre outros; do estudo de caso dos Ciganos Calons e de quatro povos nômades: Beduínos, Inuit, Tuaregues e Wodaabes; das visitas realizadas aos acampamentos Calons em São Paulo e no Espírito Santo e das entrevistas à costureira especializada em vestidos ciganos. Esta obra fortalece o vínculo conceitual e prático entre indumentária e arquitetura através do estudo paralelo dessas duas manifestações culturais. Ela constata que o vestuário nômade vai muito além da necessidade de proteção e do desejo de ornamentação, muitas vezes estando relacionado à cosmologia ou aos mitos e crenças destas sociedades e reitera a importância de repensarmos as concepções clássicas e eruditas da arquitetura. / This dissertation aims to study the material culture - represented by the architecture and clothing - of societies that maintain or at some point had nomadic behaviors. The research deals with bodies that are in movement, marked by rites and exposed to extreme environmental conditions; Clothing and accessories made to measure and imbued with supernatural powers and dwellings aware of their ephemerality. Its general objective is to study the interrelationships that are established through ephemeral supports such as shelters and costumes. Speci?ically, it seeks to know the processes of production of the nomadic housing space; to seize and identify the process of designing, making and using garments; to perceive the importance of nomadic material culture manifestations for their identity and aesthetics and to look for constructive, visual and aesthetic similarities between nomadic garments and shelters. The dissertation is the result of the bibliographical review of the works of Bernard Rudofsky, Florencia Ferrari, Labelle Prussin, Mark Jarzombek, Mette Bovin, Paul Oliver, Robert Kroenenburg, Torvald Faegre among others; the case study of the Calon Gypsies and four other nomadic societies: Bedouin, Inuit, Tuareg and Wodaabes; visits to the Calon camps in São Paulo and Espírito Santo and interviews with the seamstress specialized in gypsy dresses. This work strengthens the conceptual and practical link between clothing and architecture through the parallel study of these two cultural manifestations. It ?inds that the nomadic clothing goes far beyond the need for protection and the desire for ornamentation, often being related to the cosmology or the myths and beliefs of these societies and reiterates the importance of rethinking the classic and scholarly conceptions of architecture.