abstract: Natural resources management is a pressing issue for Native American nations and communities. More than ever before, tribal officials sit at the decision-making tables with federal and state officials as well as non-governmental natural resource stakeholders. This, however, has not always been the case. This dissertation focuses on tribal activism to demonstrate how and why tribal sovereignty, self-determination, and treaty rights protection are tied closely to contemporary environmental issues and natural resources management. With the Klamath Tribes of southern Oregon as a case study, this dissertation analyzes how a tribal nation garnered a political position in which it could both indirectly influence and directly orchestrate natural resource management within and outside of its sovereign boundaries. The Klamath Tribes experienced the devastating termination policy in the 1950s. Termination stripped them of their federal status as an Indian tribe, the government services offered to recognized tribes, and their 1.2-million-acre reservation. Despite this horrific event, the Klamaths emerged by the 2000s as leading natural resource stakeholders in the Klamath River Watershed, a region ten times larger than their former reservation. The Klamaths used tools, such as their treaty and water rights, and employed careful political, legal, and social tactics. For example, they litigated, appropriated science, participated in democratic national environmental policy processes, and developed a lexicon. They also negotiated and established alliances with non-governmental stakeholders in order to refocus watershed management toward a holistic approach that promoted ecological restoration. This study applies spatial theory and an ethnohistorical approach to show how traditional values drove the Klamaths’ contemporary activism. From their perspective, healing the land would heal the people. The Klamaths’ history illuminates the active roles that tribes have had in the institutionalization of the federal self-determination policy as federal agencies resisted recognizing tribes and working with them in government-to-government relationships. Through their efforts to weave their interests into natural resource management with state, federal, and non-governmental stakeholders, the Klamaths took part in a much larger historical trend, the increased pluralization of American society. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation History 2015

Esta tese tem como objetivo o estudo das estratégias narrativas jornalísticas utilizadas para re/construir, simbolicamente, as identidades das pessoas pobres e socialmente excluídas. O jornal analisado na pesquisa é o Zero Hora de Porto Alegre/RS, no período de 2003 a 2008. A narratologia se constitui na ferramenta de análise das matérias jornalísticas. A tese está dividida em cinco capítulos. No primeiro, são articuladas as bases conceituais e metodológicas utilizadas para orientar a investigação. O segundo contempla o estudo da midiatização da cidadania e do espaço público. No terceiro capítulo, busca-se problematizar a natureza, as tensões, as estratégias e as mediações da narrativa jornalística. No capítulo quarto são abordadas as propostas do jornalismo público, os saberes e competências, necessários a essa prática de dimensão política e educativa. No último, são apresentadas as conclusões da tese. A pesquisa indica que a construção das identidades da maioria dos personagens foi caracterizada com base em um referencial em termos culturais, econômicos, sociais e morais. Conclui-se que, no campo jornalístico e no caso específico do jornal Zero Hora, convivem, no mínimo, duas correntes de pensamentos e prática narrativa: uma mais crítica, propositiva, humanista e cidadã, que constrói a notícia des/construindo a realidade vigente e fundamentada na linguagem dos direitos e outra corrente, mais comercial e tradicional que se mostra competente na linguagem do espetáculo e da convergência tecnológica. / This thesi has for objective the study of the journalistic narrative strategies used for re/construction, symbolically, the poor people's identities and socially excluded. The newspaper analyzed in the research is Zero Hora of Porto Alegre/RS city, in the period from 2003 to 2008. The narrative logy it is constituted in the tool of analysis of the journalistic matters. The thesi is divided in five chapters. In the first, they are articulate the conceptual and methodological bases used to guide the investigation. The second contemplates the study of the mediatization of the citizenship and of the public space. In the third chapter, it's looked for to problematize the nature, the tensions, the strategies and the mediations of the journalistic narrative. In the four chapter are approached the proposals of the public journalism, know them and competences, necessary that practice of political and educational dimension. In the last, are presented the conclusions of the thesi. The research indicates that the construction of the identities of most of the people is characterized with base in a referential in terms cultural, economical, social and moral. It is ended that, in the journalistic field and in the specific case of the newspaper Zero Hora, live together, in the minimum, two currents of thoughts and narrative practice: a more critic, pro-positive, humanist and citizen, that builds the news des/constraint the effective reality and based in the language of the rights and other current, more commercial and traditional than is shown competent in the language of the show and of the technological convergence.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-05-09T14:32:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Carmen Marangoni_PPGBV_CCB_2015.pdf: 2902792 bytes, checksum: be5b9acdf98bf4f4ba08a353a0ed4480 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T14:32:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Carmen Marangoni_PPGBV_CCB_2015.pdf: 2902792 bytes, checksum: be5b9acdf98bf4f4ba08a353a0ed4480 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-15 / CNPq / As infecções das vias gênito-urinárias são uma realidade muito difundida mundialmente. São causadas por bactérias, fungos e protozoários que colonizam os tecidos urogenitais. Existem muitos produtos naturais à base de plantas que demostraram ter eficácia no tratamento desses distúrbios. No Brasil, em muitas regiões, o emprego das plantas medicinais é prática comum. Estudos etnobotânicos realizados no Nordeste do Brasil com populações tradicionais, incluindo tribos indígenas, indicam que muitas plantas são utilizadas para tratar distúrbios das vias gênito-urinárias. Para melhor entender as práticas de cura tradicionais e corroborar as suas eficácia, neste estudo avaliou-se o potencial antimicrobiano in vitro de uma seleção de plantas medicinais tradicionalmente utilizadas para tratar esses tipo de transtorno por duas populações indígenas, os Pankararu e os Fulni-ô, que habitam a região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil. As plantas foram coletadas no final da estação chuvosa na comunidade rural de Riachão de Malhada de Pedra, município de Caruaru. Extratos aquosos e hidroalcoólicos foram preparados com a parte da planta tradicionalmente utilizada e a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada com a técnica da microdiluição, testando os extratos frente microrganismos capazes de colonizar o aparelho urogenital (Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, S. saprophyticus). A avaliação da atividade anti- Trichomonas vaginalis foi realizada através do teste da viabilidade dos trofozooides. Foi realizado o perfil fitoquímico e avaliada a atividade antioxidante dos extratos obtidos da forma tradicional. Foi também testada a correlação entre atividade antimicrobiana e uso tradicional, reportado como índice de Importância Relativa de Uso. Os resultados mostraram que os microrganismos mais susceptíveis foram os dois pertencentes ao gênero Staphylococcus, sendo os extratos aquoso e hidroalcoólico de Maytenus rigida e Spondias tuberosa os mais ativos (MIC = 0.2 mg/mL). As plantas cujos extratos da casca demonstraram maior espectro de ação foram Anacardium occidentale, Myracrodruon urundeuva e S. tuberosa. A maioria dos extratos testados mostrou atividade frente ao protozoário T. vaginalis. Os extratos de Sideroxylon obtusifolium mostraram uma toxicidade contra ao parasita comparável à do metrodinazol. O teor de taninos encontrado nos extratos mostrou ter uma correlação significativa com a atividade antimicrobiana, indicando um papel dessa classe de compostos na atividade aqui registrada. Encontrou-se também uma correlação significativa entre a atividade antimicrobiana e o uso tradicional. As espécies que apresentam maior atividade antioxidante foram Anadenanthera colubrina, M. urundeuva, S. tuberosa que coincidiram com as espécies que apresentaram os maiores teor de fenóis totais. O teor de flavonoides não parece estar correlato com a atividade antioxidante. Os resultados aqui apresentados apontam que as espécies A. occidentale, M. urundeuva e S. tuberosa produzem substâncias ativas frente a todos os microrganismos testados, justificando o uso tradicional. Essas três espécies, juntas com M. rigida e S. obtusifolium mostraram atividades promissora para o desenvolvimento de novos tratamentos contra T. vaginalis. / The urogenital infections are a common reality worldwide, caused by bacteria, yeasts and protozoans which are able to colonize the urogenital tissues. Several plant-based products demonstrated efficacy in treating this kind of disturbs. Ethnopharmacological surveys realized with traditional populations, including indigenous ones, in the Northeastern semiarid region of Brazil, showed that several plant species are utilized to treat urinary and genital tracts infections. To better understand the traditional medicine practices and corroborate their efficacy, in this study the antimicrobial potential of eight medicinal plants used to treat urogenital infections by two indigenous tribes, Pankararu e Fulni-ô, located in the Northeastern Brazil, was tested in vitro. The plant material was collected at the end of the rain season in the rural community Riachão de Malhada de Pedra, Caruaru district, in the agreste of the Pernambuco state. Aqueous and hidroalcoholic extracts were obtained using the part of the plant traditionally used. The antimicrobial assay was performed with the microdiluition method against human pathogens able to colonize the urogenital system (Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, S. saprophyticus). The anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity was evaluate testing the viability of the trophozoites. The phytochemical profile of the extracts was realized and the antioxidant activity was measured too. Furthermore the correlation between the antimicrobial activity and the traditional use, using the Relative Use Importance index, was tested. The results showed that the most susceptive of the tested microorganism were the two Staphylococcus species, being the aqueous and hidoalcoholic extracts of Maytenus rigida and Spondias tuberosa the most active ones (MIC = 0,2 mg/mL). Anacardium occidentale, Myracrodruon urundeuva and S. tuberosa bark extracts were found to have the broadest spectrum of activity. The majority of the extracts showed an anti-T. vaginalis activity. Sideroxylon obtusifolium extracts showed the higher activity toward the parasite, comparable with metrodinazol one. A positive correlation was encountered between the quantity of tannins and the antimicrobial activity, this indicates the role of this class of compounds in the activity here reported. A significant correlation was also found between the antimicrobial activity and the traditional use. The species presenting the higher antioxidant activities were Anadenanthera colubrina, M. urundeuva, S. tuberosa, which are the species with the higher total phenols content. No correlation between flavonoids content and antioxidant activity was found. The results of this study indicate that A. occidentale, M. urundeuva e S. tuberosa synthetize substances which act towards all the tested microorganism, justifing the traditional use of these medicinal plants. These three species, along with M. rigida and S. tuberosa showed a strong anti-T. vaginalis activity, which is promising for the development of new treatments for this protozoan infections.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-11T17:06:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Experiência de Consumo de um Grupo Urbano em um Espaço Natural Ambientado na Praia..pdf: 1956269 bytes, checksum: 902dea2422a03eb1f30bd7d07f61c064 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T17:06:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Experiência de Consumo de um Grupo Urbano em um Espaço Natural Ambientado na Praia..pdf: 1956269 bytes, checksum: 902dea2422a03eb1f30bd7d07f61c064 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-30 / Capes / A presente dissertação teve como objetivo explorar a relação existente entre um espaço natural ambientado para a oferta de experiências de consumo e a identificação de uma tribo urbana formada em função desta relação. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma barraca da praia de Boa Viagem na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco escolhida pela sua diferenciação física e social das demais barracas dispostas na faixa de areia da mesma praia. Foi feita uma revisão de literatura na qual foram abordados conceitos que iam além daqueles tratados na bibliografia tradicional do Marketing, incluindo teorias advindas das Ciências Sociais e da Arquitetura e Urbanismo, como no caso das noções de Tribos Urbanas e Ambiência respectivamente. O outro construto exposto foi o de Experiências de Consumo. A metodologia utilizada foi a etnografia visto que esta é a abordagem adequada ao estudo de um grupo e à compreensão de suas concepções, práticas, experiências e comportamentos. Por meio de observação participante, entrevistas não estruturadas e uso de fotografias foram exploradas as experiências de consumo de um grupo formado em função de um espaço natural ambientado. A discussão dos dados possibilitou a conclusão de que a barraca estudada se transformou em uma ambiência socioespacial que possibilitou a identificação de pessoas com estilos de vida e objetivos de consumo em comum e que, este agrupamento, acabou por formar uma tribo urbana reunida em torno de valores de ligação sociais que se destacou dentro de uma subcultura de consumo mais ampla, a de praia. / The aim of this dissertation was to explore the relationship between a natural space acclimated to the supply of consumer experiences and the identification of an urban tribe formed as a result of this relationship. The survey was conducted in a tent at Boa Viagem beach in Recife, Pernambuco chosen for their physical and social differentiation from other tents arranged in the same stretch of sand beach. A literature review was made in which were addressed concepts that went beyond those treated in the traditional bibliography of Marketing, including theories arising from the Social Sciences and Architecture and Urbanism, as in the case of Urban Tribes notions and Ambience respectively. The other construct approached was that of consumption experiences. The methodology used was ethnography as this is the appropriate approach to the study of a group and understanding of their views, practices, experiences and behaviors of consumption. Through participant observation, unstructured interviews and use of photographs were explored the consumer experience of the urban tribe in that natural space acclimated. A discussion of the data led to the conclusion that the site studied formed a socio-spatial environment that enabled the identification of people with lifestyles and consumption objectives in common and that this grouping, eventually formed an urban tribe around social binding values that are highlighted within a subculture broader intake, beach.

nÃo hà / Em uma construÃÃo processual que durou seis anos, desde a elaboraÃÃo do projeto de investigaÃÃo atà a conclusÃo da tese, consolidando-se nos percursos do doutorado, foram-se delineando os contornos do objeto de estudo, circunscrito nos sorrisos das juventudes pobres que habitam as periferias da vida. O foco investigativo, aqui consubstanciado na estruturaÃÃo deste texto expositivo, incide no desvendamento compreensivo dos sentidos e significados dos sorrisos dessas juventudes que vivenciam processos de exclusÃo e inclusÃo precaria, nesta civilizaÃÃo do capital, no tempo presente, na melhor tradiÃÃo da sociologia das ausÃncias e da sociologia das emergÃncias. à uma empreitada analÃtica, a partir de trilhas e vias configuradas por pensadores contemporÃneos, destacando-se como referÃncias fundantes: Zygmunt Bauman, Michel Maffesoli, Boaventura de Sousa Santos e analistas no campo dos estudos sobre juventudes nos percursos da atualidade. O trabalho està estruturado em seis segmentos, seguindo a dinÃmica expositiva considerada como mais fecunda para apresentar reflexÃes, anÃlises e questÃes construÃdas nos circuitos da investigaÃÃo, quais sejam: a abordagem de abertura que os intitulei âApresentando o trabalho: à guisa de IntroduÃÃoâ; capÃtulo I, que versa sobre âCaminhos e percursos: a metodologia em sua construÃÃo processualâ; capÃtulo II, que aborda âSorrisos das juventudes como fenÃmeno investigativo: balizamentos conceituais e perspectivas investigativasâ; capÃtulo III, que consubstancia as bases da estruturaÃÃo do trabalho, com o tÃtulo âJuventudes em tempos contemporÃneos: delineando vias de anÃliseâ; capÃtulo IV, que encarna as descobertas e questÃes urdidas no campo nas tessituras teoria/empiria, denominado âSorrisos de juventudes nas periferias da vida: um exercÃcio da sociologia das ausÃncias e da sociologia das emergÃnciasâ; por fim, apresento conclusÃes que incorporam vias de estudo intituladas: âLugares de chegada a vislumbrar novas viagens: a tÃtulo de conclusÃoâ. / On an ongoing construction, during six years, since the elaboration of the project of the investigation till the conclusion of the thesis, established by the requirements of the doctorate course, I had been delineating the outlines of the object of study, circumscribed by the smiles of the poor young peoples that inhabit the suburban areas. The investigative focus, consubstantiated here in the structural process of this expositive text, falls upon the comprehensive disclosure of the senses and meanings of the smiles of poor young people that face processes of social exclusion and precarious social inclusions, within the present capitalist civilization, by the best tradition of the Sociology of the Absences and the Sociology of the Emergencies. This is an analytical work, done by the trails and routes configured by the contemporary thinkers, such as the basic references: Zygmunt Bauman, Michel Maffesoli, Boaventura de Sousa Santos and the analysts from the area of studies of young people by the ways of contemporary times, in XXI Century. This work is structured in five parts, following the expositive dynamics that I defined as the most fruitful in order to present thought, analysis, questions constructed by the circuits of the investigation, which are shown here: the approach of the introduction which I entitled: âPresenting the scientific work: as if it were an introductionâ; Chapter I named âWays and routes:the methodology and its processual constructionâ; Chapter II that deals with âThe smile of young peoples like an investigative phenomenon: conceptual marks and analytic perspectiveâ; Chapter III that consubstantiates the basis of the structure of the work with the title: âYoung peoples in contemporary times: delineating ways of analysisâ; Chapter IV that incorporates the discoveries and questions weaved by the texture of the theory/empiric aspects, named âSmiles of the young peoples in the suburban areas: the practice of the Sociology of the Absences and the Sociology of the Emergenciesâ; at last, I present conclusions to incorporate ways of the study that I entitled: âPlaces of arrival to glimpse new trips: as title of conclusionâ

A presente dissertação busca delimitações de termos mais legitimados - a partir da indústria da moda e da cultura hegemônica - para então compreender indefinições e alguns de seus fluxos aparentemente incoerentes. Partindo de uma compreensão dos estudos de moda e da linguagem legitimada de moda, investigará as possibilidades de modas ditas alternativas, suas nuances e formalizações. Para isso são capturadas e analisadas imagens de frequentadores da região do Baixo Augusta na cidade de São Paulo, levando em consideração e como contextualização conceitualizações como sociologia da moda e do consumo, difusões de tendências, cultura e subcultura, tribos urbanas, moda e anti-moda, imagem, processos de dados, complexidade e emergência / The present work seeks delineations of the most legitimized terms - on the fashion industry and the hegemonic culture - and then understand uncertainties and some of their apparently incoherent flows. Beginning with an understanding of fashion studies and fashion industry legitimated language, investigate the possibilities of so-called alternative fashions, nuances and formalizations. For this, are taken and analysed images of goers of Baixo Augusta area in Sao Paulo city, taking into account and as contextualization concepts in sociology of fashion and consumption, broadcasts trends, culture and subculture, urban tribes, fashion and anti-fashion, image, data processes, complexity and emergence

[pt] O design gráfico de linguagem singular desenvolvido na indústria do skate é o objeto de estudo desta dissertação, que procura definir quais são as suas particularidades e que fatores as determinam. O objetivo da pesquisa é estudar, por meio de uma bibliografia selecionada, análise gráfica do material coletado e realização de entrevistas, o contexto a partir do qual se criou esta linguagem gráfica e como ela se estabeleceu, partindo da premissa que a conjuntura em que o skate é praticado é responsável pela formação de um perfil próprio dos skatistas, o qual é expresso através deste design gráfico. Assim, a observação do perfil dos praticantes de skate e do cotidiano da prática deste esporte permitiu que se fizesse associações com as características encontradas nos designs gráficos dos produtos da sua indústria e então compreender o porquê do simbolismo criado e dos estilos artísticos empregados. A pesquisa também institui uma analogia entre a organização dos skatistas em um grupo independente e a criação de um campo artístico e intelectual autônomo, conforme defendido por Pierre Bourdieu. Essa analogia facilita o entendimento da intensa ligação que existe entre skate e arte, evidenciada, entre outras coisas, pela qualidade do design gráfico relacionado com este esporte. / [en] The graphic design with singular language developed in the skateboarding industry is the object of study of this dissertation, which tries to define its peculiarities and which factors determine them. The objective of the inquiry is to study, through a selected bibliography, graphic analysis of the collected material and interviews, the context from which this graphic language was created and how did it get established, based on the premise that the conjucture in which skateboarding is practiced is responsible for the formation of a skateboarders` own profile, expressed through this graphic design. So, the observation of the skaters` profile and the daily life of this sport`s practice allowed doing associations with the characteristics found in the graphic designs of the products of this industry and then to understand the reasons why its symbolism was created and the artistic styles were chosen. The inquiry also sets an analogy up between the organization of the skateboarders in an independent group and the creation of an artistic and intellectual autonomous field, conformable defended by Pierre Bourdieu. This analogy makes easy the understanding of the intense connection that exists between skate and art, shown up, between other things, for the quality of the graphic design connected with this sport.

L’étude de l’histoire ancienne de la région Cyrénaïque est importante. Cette région a vécu une longue période d'occupation grecque du 8ème au 6ème siècle av JC. suivie par les Ptolémaée (rois d’Égypte) qui ont gouverné cette région jusqu’à l’arrivée des Romains. Ces derniers l’ont administrée environ huit siècles, à partir de l’an 74 av. JC. À l’époque romaine, la Cyrénaïque était organisée en province. La province était exposée à certaines invasions, surtout celles des tribus libyennes. La richesse de la Cyrénaïque a donc attiré les regards des envahisseurs. C’est pourquoi les Romains ont effectué, après leur installation dans la province, des mesures défensives (fortifications) pour la protection et la sécurité de la Cyrénaïque. Ils ont ainsi construit tout au long des frontières de la province des forteresses, des murs, des tours de contrôle pour la surveillance. Ils ont aussi construit un réseau routier pour relier les villes de la province et construit des fortifications autour des villes. Les Romains ont par ailleurs restauré celles qui existaient déjà avant leur arrivée. Nous étudierons l’organisation militaire, c’est-à-dire l’organisation de l’armée à l’époque romaine L’armée était constituée des troupes militaires. nous appuyons sur les inscriptions.les moyens de financement qui dépendaient essentiellement des impôts. Nous L’étuderions moyens défensifs et militaires pour la protection de la province. Les moyens défensifs sont répartis en trois types : le premier comprend les forteresse ; le second la construction des routes afin de relier les villes ; le troisième moyen comprend les fortifications et les tours pour protéger les villes Cyrénaïque. / The study of the ancient history of the Cyrenaica region is important. This region has experienced a long period of Greek occupation from the 8th to the 6th century BC. Followed by Ptolemies, (Egyptian kings) who ruled this area for some time , until the arrival of the Romans. These have given approximately eight centuries , from the year 74 BC. JC . In Roman times, Cyrenaica was organized by province. The province was exposed to some invasions, especially those of the Libyan tribes. The wealth of Cyrenaica has attracted the attention of the invaders. This is why the Romans made after installation in the province, defensive measures for the protection and safety of Cyrenaica .They thus constructed along the borders of the province fortresses, walls, control towers monitoring .They also built a road network to connect the cities of the province and built fortifications around cities. The study military organization, that is to say the organization of the army at the time Roman. The army was made up of military forces, regular and local troops support. We rely on the inscriptions found on some ancient sources and basis for our research. The military organization of troops , weapons used , the means of financing depended mainly Taxes. The study defensive and military means for the protection of the province. Defensive measures are divided into three types the first includes the fortresses, churches and farms fortifies. The study of construction of roads to connect cities, and transport these provisions military. the third means comprises fortifications and towers to protect the five cities of Cyrenaica.

No description available.

Louise Erdrich's novel Love Medicine presents a variety of voices that depict thetruths of Chippewa life and how they as a group are victims of a society that authorizesoppression and domination. Studies show that Chippewa tribes have a close connectionto nature and with each other as people. Ecofeminist critics draw analogies between theexploitation of nature and the oppression of groups such as those based on race, class,and sexuality, which results in a distortion of Native people's identity and connection tonature. Since the characters and nature are both oppressed and exploited by the U.Sgovernment, it becomes relevant to draw parallels between Erdrich's characters andnature with ecofeminism. The analysis concludes that ecofeminism can be applied toErdrich's novel because they share some values such as the importance of striving forinterconnection between humans and nature to free both from the power structure. TheChippewa characters and the U.S government can be identified in ecofeminist discourseas a set of dualisms. However, there are also some differences between ecofeminismand the way in which Erdrich depicts her Chippewa characters and nature. Erdrich’sstory shows that both female and male characters of Chippewa origin possess a sacredrelationship to Mother Earth, not only women, as ecofeminists would suggest.