When Spanish explorers first arrived in the region later known as the southeastern United States in the early 16th century, they encountered complex, chiefdom level societies in many areas. These societies, with populations commonly numbering in the thousands and occasionally tens of thousands, were characterized by hereditary inequality of individuals and groups, monumental architecture, elaborate ceremonialism, and were engaged in constant warfare with one another. While state societies like those present in western South America and Mesoamerica were not found in the Southeast, most scholars believe they would have eventually emerged within the region. Indeed, some believe that a state did emerge briefly at Cahokia in the central Mississippi Valley around ca. AD 1050. The contact era societies the early European explorers saw, however, represented only the final chapter in a long record dating back thousands of years. Seemingly complex societies characterized by formal cemeteries and elaborate ceremonialism were present in the region as far back as the terminal Pleistocene some 12.000 years ago, as represented by the Dalton culture of the central Mississippi Valley, while the construction of massive mound complexes of earth and shell appears in many areas in the later Mid-Holocene era, after ca. 7000 cal yr BP. Complex societies thus persisted for thousands of years in the Southeast, with hunting and gathering providing the means of subsistence for much of this interval. Agricultural food production only became important in the final two millennia before contact, long after complex societies were widely established. / A principios del siglo XVI, cuando los exploradores españoles llegaron por primera vez a la región más tarde conocida como el Sureste de los Estados Unidos, encontraron sociedades complejas correspondientes al ámbito de las jefaturas en muchas áreas. Este tipo de organizaciones, con poblaciones que alcanzaban los miles y, ocasionalmente, las decenas de miles de personas, se caracterizaban por una desigualdad hereditaria de individuos y grupos, arquitectura monumental, ceremonialismo elaborado y constantes guerras entre ellas. Si bien sociedades del tipo que existieron en la parte occidental de Sudamérica y en Mesoamérica no se han encontrado en el Sureste, diversos estudiosos piensan que, en algún momento, esto pudo haber ocurrido en la región. Ciertamente, se sostiene que, si bien de manera breve, en Cahokia, en el valle central del Mississippi, surgió un Estado alrededor de 1050 d.C. Sin embargo, esta época particular, en que las comunidades entablaban contacto y que vieron los exploradores europeos tempranos, representaba solo el capítulo final de un largo registro que retrocede miles de años en el tiempo. Al parecer, las sociedades complejas caracterizadas por cementerios formales y un elaborado ceremonialismo existían ya hacia fines del Pleistoceno, alrededor de 12.000 a.p., tal como lo representa la cultura Dalton, del valle central del Mississippi, mientras que la construcción de complejos de montículos masivos de tierra y conchas aparece en muchas áreas en la parte tardía del Holoceno Medio, hacia alrededor de 7000 A.P. De esta manera, las sociedades complejas persistieron por miles de años en el Sureste y, en gran parte de este intervalo, sus medios de subsistencia fueron la caza y la recolección. La producción agrícola de alimentos solo cobró importancia en los dos últimos milenios antes del contacto con los europeos, mucho después de que este tipo de agrupaciones estuvieran ampliamente establecidas.

As primeiras mídias sociais da internet surgiram há pouco mais de duas décadas, segunda metade dos anos 90. Em comparação com a evolução humana, isso seria algo como um milésimo de segundo de sua existência. Neste período, vários estudos procuram entender o comportamento e o agrupamento dos seres humanos nesta nova forma de comunicação. Teorias sobre formas de analisar as pessoas neste meio e como elas se agrupam e criam novos modos de comunicação e propagação de suas ideias florescem e iluminam este desconhecido caminho a ser criado e percorrido. Os métodos de identificação do comportamento humano criados antes das mídias sociais ganham uma nova forma de serem utilizados. Estudos sobre o \"eu\" (Belk, 1988), tribalismo (Cova, B., 1997), etnografia (Danzig, 1985), netnografia (Kozinets, 1998) e filtragem colaborativa (Golberg, Nichols, Oki e Terry, 1992) entram em cena para colocar uma luz no estudo das relações humanas no mundo digital. A internet revolucionou o modo de as pessoas interagirem e a evolução constante da tecnologia vem incessantemente gerando profundas implicações para o marketing. A rede mundial passou a ser um canal global pelo qual as empresas podem divulgar e vender seus produtos. No entanto, mesmo oferecendo um enorme potencial para as empresas, a internet aumentou a complexidade de identificar os clientes. Os usuários presentes nas mídias sociais estão menos interessados nos produtos e valorizam mais as identidades e os laços sociais gerados em torno de seus assuntos de interesse. Estas tribos eletrônicas ultrapassam as fronteiras geográficas e independem de raça, sexo e aspectos culturais de seus integrantes. Este trabalho apresenta um método para identificar tribos nas mídias sociais. O método foi aplicado na identificação da tribo de MMA (MixedMartialArts, em tradução livre, Artes Marciais Mistas) no Twitter. A validação foi realizada usando a plataforma de anúncios do Twitter, enviando durante 72 horas uma publicidade para mais de 600 mil usuários, divididos em grupo de controle e segmentações do Twitter e do método proposto DNA. O estudo comparou os resultados obtidos pelo método proposto DNA com os resultados do grupo de controle e da segmentação realizada pelo Twitter. Os resultados obtidos apontaram o aumento de interações dos usuários identificados como pertencentes a tribo de MMA, validando o método. / The first Internet social media emerged just over two decades ago, at the second half of 90\'s. Compared to human evolution, this would be something like a millisecond of its existence. In this period, several studies try to understand the behavior and grouping of human beings in this new form of communication. Theories about ways of analyzing people in this environment and how they group themselves and create new ways of communication and propagation their ideas flourish and illuminate this unknown pathway to be created and traveled. Methods of identifying human behavior created before social media receive a new way of being used. Studies on the \"self\" (Belk, 1988), tribalism (Cova, B., 1997), ethnography (Danzig, 1985), netnography (Kozinets, 1998) and collaborative filtering (Golberg, Nichols, Oki and Terry, 1992) come on the scene to shed light on the study of human relations in the digital world. The Internet has revolutionized people\'s way of interacting and the constant evolution of technology generates profound implications for the marketing. The worldwide network has become a global channel through which companies can disclose and sell their products. However, while offering tremendous potential to businesses, the Internet has increased the complexity of identifying customers. Users present in social media are less interested in products and value more the identities and social ties generated around their subjects of interest. These electronic tribes transcend the geographical borders and are independent of race, sex and cultural aspects of its members. This paper presents a method to identify tribes in social media. The method was applied in the identification of the MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) tribe on Twitter. The validation was done using the Twitter ads platform, sending 72 hours of advertisement for more than 600 thousand users, divided in control group and segmentations of Twitter and the proposed method. The study compared the results obtained by the proposed method with that of the control group and the segmentation created by Twitter. The obtained results pointed out the increase of interactions of the users identified as belonging to the MMA tribe validating the method.

There is a deeply held bias in Northwest Coast scholarly literature that suggests pre-contact Indigenous warfare was primarily made up of simplistic nighttime sneak attacks to raid for slaves or treasure. This thesis examines sixteen battles in the pre-contact history of the Nine Allied Tsimshian Tribes to show that there were sieges, battlefield maneuvers were complex and coordinated with multiple forces, combat was well organised, had strong leadership, and the Nine Tribes utilised these sophisticated strategies and tactics in warfare to achieve broader geopolitical goals. / Graduate

This thesis examines and compares the humanitarian interventions in Kosovo, Libya and Somalia. The purpose of this study is to examine if the presence of strong tribal structures within a nation can increase the risk of terrorist activities, and subsequently contribute to a failed state following a humanitarian intervention. By applying a theory on tribes and critical terrorism studies, this thesis argues that policymakers might underestimate the significance of tribal structure within a state, before intervening. With Mills method of concomitant variation, this thesis has examined and compared the leadership, interventions, radical presence, and tribal structures of Kosovo, Libya and Somalia. This thesis has also examined if interventions can increase radicalism. The result from the analysis shows us that the presence of strong tribal structures can increase the terrorist activities and subsequently contribute to a failed state. Humanitarian intervention can further lengthen the weak state apparatus if the external actors neglect of the local structures of a state.

This thesis makes an ethnographic contribution to the anthropological debates about the contested nature of ‘culture’ as a central term in the discipline. It examines discourses as tools that create, recreate, modify and transmit culture. The research was done in the town of Rundu in Kavango region, northeastern Namibia. In attempting to understand the local notions of culture this study focused on two main events: the Independence Day celebration on 21 March 2006 and a funeral that was held earlier in the month of January. During the study two particular media through which cultural ideas are negotiated, language and clothing were observed.

Native American lands have significant renewable energy resource potential that could serve to ensure energy security and a low carbon energy future for the benefit of tribes as well as the United States. Economic and energy development needs in Native American communities match the energy potential. A disproportionate amount of Native American households have no access to electricity, which is correlated with high poverty and unemployment rates. Despite the vast resources and need for energy, the potential for renewable energy development has not fully materialized. This research explores this subject through three separate articles: 1) a case study of the Navajo Nation that suggests economic viability is not the only significant factor for low adoption of renewable energy on Navajo lands; 2) an expert elicitation of tribal renewable energy experts of what they view as barriers to renewable energy development on tribal lands; and 3) a reevaluation of Native Nation Building Theory to include external forces and the role that inter-tribal collaboration plays with renewable energy development by Native nations. Major findings from this research suggests that 1) many Native nations lack the technical and legal capacity to develop renewable energy; 2) inter-tribal collaboration can provide opportunities for sharing resources and building technical, legal, and political capacity; and 3) financing and funding remains a considerable barrier to renewable energy development on tribal lands.

No description available.

This study records all known legume (Leguminosae/Fabaceae) species indigenous to South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland to establish distribution patterns and optimum climatic and soil conditions for growth. The main purpose was to propose a list of legume species for further evaluation of their pasture potential. Collection data supplied by the National Herbarium (PRE) Computerised Information System were recorded to establish the distribution patterns of species based on the bioregions vegetation map. A total of 1 654 species are known to be indigenous, representing 24 tribes and 122 genera. The grouping of legume species into five main clusters and 16 Leguminochoria is ecologically described, with the highest legume species richness found in the Northern Mistbelt Forest. Key and diagnostic species are provided for each Leguminochorion. Soil pH and mean annual minimum temperature were found to be the main drivers for distinguishing between legume assemblages. The optimum climatic and soil conditions for growth are described as well as the available descriptive attributes for species recorded. Information on the range of tolerance of most species to abiotic factors is presented. Mean annual rainfall and soil pH are highly correlated with the distribution pattern of most species, followed by mean annual minimum temperature. Legume species adapted to a wide range of soil pH levels and low soil phosphorus levels are recorded. Existing data on the cultivation and grazing or browsing status of indigenous legumes were used to select 584 species found mainly in the Central Bushveld, Mopane and Lowveld Bioregions to be further evaluated for their pasture potential. Known characteristics were used to categorise species. Species contained in the tribe Phaseoleae are of special interest since it contains most of the genera with present-day agricultural value, i.e. Eriosema, Rhynchosia and Vigna species are listed as having high potential as pasture species. This study has shown that the descriptive and distribution data accumulated by botanists (notably taxonomists) could be of beneficial use in meeting agricultural objectives. Indigenous legumes are adapted to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions and represent a valuable but largely unexploited natural resource for pasture development and soil conservation practices. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Plant Science / unrestricted

Background: The communication between brands and customers has shifted fromtraditional media like television to social media. This led to the emergence of social media brand communication. One of the best known and fastest-growing social media platforms is Instagram. Furthermore, social media enabled users to form online communities like consumer tribes, who group around a shared activity or passion. However, these consumer tribes are self-willed and need their own marketing approach. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore how social media brand communication of surf brands on Instagram is experienced by the surf tribe. For this purpose, it is investigated whether Instagram is a suitable medium and which characteristics define the surf tribe. Then it will be examined how social media brand communication on Instagram has to be designed in order to create successful communication strategies. Method: This research followed an explorative research design. The research approach combined desk research for the literature review and qualitative semi-structured interviews with 15 participants of the surf tribe. Snowball sampling was used to identify participants. The empirical data was analyzed with the approach of thematic analysis. Conclusion: Instagram is a suitable platform to reach out to the surf tribe. The surf tribe shares common characteristics in terms of Instagram usage and consumption behaviour, which are relevant for creating appealing marketing messages. Surf brands should use firm generated content that focuses on the activity of surfing and encourage their followers to create and share user-generated surf content to increase their popularity and reach amongst the tribe.

The topic of this thesis is The Mexican Cession in 1848 in which Mexico ceded territory to the USA in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the subsequent impact of the cession on the life of the native population of the territory during the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The thesis primarily focuses on everyday life of the native population and their relationship with the majority (white) population before and after the cession. Firstly, the geographical region of the American Southwest, the historical context (the influence of Spanish colonization, the circumstances of the cession) and the specific ethnic groups are briefly introduced. After that, the thesis analyses how the ethnic groups reflected on the political change and to what extent did the change impact the subsequent development of their material and intellectual culture, with special attention to settled and nomadic or semi- nomadic societies. The thesis also pays attention to the various ways and methods the US government used to try to integrate the native population into the majority population in the last decades of the 19th century and analyses the interactions between the two populations stemming from those policies. The research method used is the analysis of historical sources, with...