The aim of the Master's thesis is to compare and quantify the impact of the introduction of electronic toll collection system at the costs of the carrier's export transport of Prešov (SK) - Werlte (DE). Attention is devoted to a detailed analysis of the cost of toll truck emission standards Euro II, Euro III and Euro V. Analysis of the toll costs consists of quantifying the unit costs per kilometer, the total annual costs and transport costs in the period of the years 2003 and 2010.

Introdução A presença de mulheres no transporte rodoviário de cargas tem sido cada vez mais crescente e as repercussões do trabalho na vida das motoristas de caminhão ainda são desconhecidas pela comunidade científica. Objetivo - Caracterizar e analisar o trabalho de mulheres motoristas de caminhão e suas repercussões sobre sua saúde, a partir do relato de homens e mulheres motoristas de caminhão. Metodologia - O estudo com abordagem qualitativa utilizou a técnica do grupo focal, entrevistas individuais e observação não participante. Os grupos focais foram realizados em uma empresa transportadora localizada no estado de São Paulo e as entrevistas individuais em evento realizado na cidade de Itupeva/SP. Em oito encontros, grupos de motoristas de caminhão, discutiram a temática trabalho e saúde conduzida por meio de questões semiabertas. As mesmas questões foram utilizadas para as entrevistas individuais. Os relatos foram gravados, sendo o conteúdo das gravações transcrito e analisado por meio da metodologia Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. A partir dos dados obtidos, construíram-se as seguintes categorias: A trajetória profissional de motoristas de caminhão; As mulheres no Transporte Rodoviário de Cargas; O trabalho; Um momento inesquecível na profissão e A saúde das mulheres motoristas na estrada. Resultados Tornar-se motorista de caminhão, para a maioria das mulheres, ocorreu por acaso, ou devido à uma necessidade financeira, ou a falta de perspectiva de emprego. Para as mulheres no Transporte Rodoviário de Cargas, o cotidiano de trabalho das profissionais está atravessado por aspectos como: a força física; dúvidas e preconceitos quanto à sua orientação sexual; o desafio em conciliar a vida dentro e fora do caminhão; conflitos na vida conjugal decorrentes da vida profissional; a discriminação sexual e a necessidade do reconhecimento no trabalho, bem como a falta de infraestrutura dedicada às trabalhadoras nas empresas e postos de parada nas rodovias brasileiras. O momento inesquecível nesta profissão, considerado por homens e mulheres, foi a primeira viagem. Os impactos do trabalho sobre a saúde das trabalhadoras recaíram sobre dores lombares e na coluna; problemas relacionados ao sono; necessidade de recorrer ao uso de drogas como anfetaminas e cocaína para manterem-se acordadas durante o trabalho; estresse; infecção urinária e uso ininterrupto de anticoncepcionais. Conclusões - A inserção das mulheres no transporte rodoviário de cargas desafia empresas e a infraestrutura existente nas rodovias do país a acompanharem as transformações sociais no mundo do trabalho, incluindo as demandas de um novo perfil de trabalhadoras. Descritores: trabalho, gênero, saúde, motoristas de caminhão. / Background - Women in the trucking freight has been increasingly growing and the implications of work on her lives are still unknown by the scientific community. Aim - To characterize and analyze the nature of work among truck drivers women and its impact on their health, based on the report of men and women truck drivers. Methods - The qualitative approach of this study has used the technique of focus groups, individual interviews and non-participant observation. The focus groups and the individual interviews were conducted at a transportation company, and in an event, respectively, at an event, both in São Paulo state. In eight meetings, truck drivers groups, discussed the theme \"Work and Health\" conducted through a semi-structured questions. The same questions was used for individual interviews. The reports were recorded, and their contents analyzed using Bardin\'s methodology. From the data obtained, we constructed the following categories: \"The professional career of truck drivers\"; \"Women in load road transport\"; \"The work\"; \"An unforgettable moment in the profession\" and \"Womens drivers health on the roads\" Results - Become a truck driver, for most women, happened \"by chance\", or because of financial need, or lack of employment perspective. For women in load road transport, the daily work is crossed by aspects such as physical strength; doubts and prejudices about their sexual orientation; the challenge of reconciling the life on and off the truck; conflicts in married life arising from professional life; sex discrimination and the need to recognize the work and the lack of infrastructure dedicated to working in companies and stop stations on Brazilian highways. The unforgettable moment in this profession, considered by men and women, was the first. The workers reported back pain and spine; sleep-related problems; need to use drugs such as amphetamines and cocaine to keep themselves awake at work; stress; urinary tract infection and uninterrupted use of contraceptives. Conclusions - The participation of women in the trucking loads challenges carriers and the entire existing infrastructure in the country\'s highways to monitor social changes in the world of work, including the demands of a new job profile.

Introdução A presença de mulheres no transporte rodoviário de cargas tem sido cada vez mais crescente e as repercussões do trabalho na vida das motoristas de caminhão ainda são desconhecidas pela comunidade científica. Objetivo - Caracterizar e analisar o trabalho de mulheres motoristas de caminhão e suas repercussões sobre sua saúde, a partir do relato de homens e mulheres motoristas de caminhão. Metodologia - O estudo com abordagem qualitativa utilizou a técnica do grupo focal, entrevistas individuais e observação não participante. Os grupos focais foram realizados em uma empresa transportadora localizada no estado de São Paulo e as entrevistas individuais em evento realizado na cidade de Itupeva/SP. Em oito encontros, grupos de motoristas de caminhão, discutiram a temática trabalho e saúde conduzida por meio de questões semiabertas. As mesmas questões foram utilizadas para as entrevistas individuais. Os relatos foram gravados, sendo o conteúdo das gravações transcrito e analisado por meio da metodologia Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. A partir dos dados obtidos, construíram-se as seguintes categorias: A trajetória profissional de motoristas de caminhão; As mulheres no Transporte Rodoviário de Cargas; O trabalho; Um momento inesquecível na profissão e A saúde das mulheres motoristas na estrada. Resultados Tornar-se motorista de caminhão, para a maioria das mulheres, ocorreu por acaso, ou devido à uma necessidade financeira, ou a falta de perspectiva de emprego. Para as mulheres no Transporte Rodoviário de Cargas, o cotidiano de trabalho das profissionais está atravessado por aspectos como: a força física; dúvidas e preconceitos quanto à sua orientação sexual; o desafio em conciliar a vida dentro e fora do caminhão; conflitos na vida conjugal decorrentes da vida profissional; a discriminação sexual e a necessidade do reconhecimento no trabalho, bem como a falta de infraestrutura dedicada às trabalhadoras nas empresas e postos de parada nas rodovias brasileiras. O momento inesquecível nesta profissão, considerado por homens e mulheres, foi a primeira viagem. Os impactos do trabalho sobre a saúde das trabalhadoras recaíram sobre dores lombares e na coluna; problemas relacionados ao sono; necessidade de recorrer ao uso de drogas como anfetaminas e cocaína para manterem-se acordadas durante o trabalho; estresse; infecção urinária e uso ininterrupto de anticoncepcionais. Conclusões - A inserção das mulheres no transporte rodoviário de cargas desafia empresas e a infraestrutura existente nas rodovias do país a acompanharem as transformações sociais no mundo do trabalho, incluindo as demandas de um novo perfil de trabalhadoras. Descritores: trabalho, gênero, saúde, motoristas de caminhão. / Background - Women in the trucking freight has been increasingly growing and the implications of work on her lives are still unknown by the scientific community. Aim - To characterize and analyze the nature of work among truck drivers women and its impact on their health, based on the report of men and women truck drivers. Methods - The qualitative approach of this study has used the technique of focus groups, individual interviews and non-participant observation. The focus groups and the individual interviews were conducted at a transportation company, and in an event, respectively, at an event, both in São Paulo state. In eight meetings, truck drivers groups, discussed the theme \"Work and Health\" conducted through a semi-structured questions. The same questions was used for individual interviews. The reports were recorded, and their contents analyzed using Bardin\'s methodology. From the data obtained, we constructed the following categories: \"The professional career of truck drivers\"; \"Women in load road transport\"; \"The work\"; \"An unforgettable moment in the profession\" and \"Womens drivers health on the roads\" Results - Become a truck driver, for most women, happened \"by chance\", or because of financial need, or lack of employment perspective. For women in load road transport, the daily work is crossed by aspects such as physical strength; doubts and prejudices about their sexual orientation; the challenge of reconciling the life on and off the truck; conflicts in married life arising from professional life; sex discrimination and the need to recognize the work and the lack of infrastructure dedicated to working in companies and stop stations on Brazilian highways. The unforgettable moment in this profession, considered by men and women, was the first. The workers reported back pain and spine; sleep-related problems; need to use drugs such as amphetamines and cocaine to keep themselves awake at work; stress; urinary tract infection and uninterrupted use of contraceptives. Conclusions - The participation of women in the trucking loads challenges carriers and the entire existing infrastructure in the country\'s highways to monitor social changes in the world of work, including the demands of a new job profile.

A persistent truck driver shortage and high driver turnover at common carriers limit the effectiveness of some U.S. supply chains. Most driver vacancies result from job hopping, especially among younger drivers. A multiple case study was conducted to explore strategies that some leaders of U.S. common carriers have used to retain millennial-age long-haul truck drivers. Data sources consisted of semistructured, in-person and phone/videoconference interviews; participant observations; and company documents. The sample population was 9 leaders from 6 different common carriers with operations in the southwestern region of the United States who successfully retained millennial long-haul drivers. The conceptual framework was person-organization fit theory. Data were compiled and organized, disassembled into fragments, reassembled into a sequence of groups, and interpreted for meaning. Methodological triangulation and member checking were used to validate the trustworthiness of those interpretations. Five major themes emerged from data analysis: strategic recruiting, competitive compensation, limiting driver time away from home, facilitating driver comfort while away from home, and demonstrating a company culture of driver appreciation. Potentially, carrier leaders can use the lessons learned from this research to reduce driver turnover rates and operating costs and to improve freight reliability for U.S. supply chains. The implications for positive social change include the potential to lower freight costs to shippers and consumers, improve job satisfaction for long-haul drivers, and improve highway safety for truck drivers and motorists.

<p>Road conditions affect fuel efficiency and vehicle fatigue when driving heavy trucks. Information about traveled road conditions enable optimization of chassis configuration when driving, and logging of vehicle stress. Previous work on this topic focus mainly on tuning of active suspension parameters in the car industry. One conceivable application for heavy trucks is implementation of active chassis level control based on road conditions, with possible improvements in driving economy as result. Another is logging of usage conditions which helps explain vehicle faults caused by abnormal wear. This work examines the possibilities to use already on vehicle sensors for road roughness estimation. It also investigates what requirements existing signals must fulfill to ensure reliable estimates. Two methods for road roughness estimation are proposed using rear axle level sensor and a simple linear suspension system model.</p>

<p>Examensarbetet har genomförts på SB Truck AB i Vreta Kloster. Tyngdpunkten i arbetet var att filma tillverkningen av en ståstaplartruck,för att sedan analysera tillverkningsmetoderna och räkna fram den totala tiden för tillverkningen av en typ av truck. I studien ges förslag på förbättringar av tillverkningsmetoderna. Förslagen berör främst huvuddelarna i produktionen som är mast-, chassi- och gaffelvagnstillverkning. De förslag på förändringar som är viktigast är följande: </p><p>- Kontrollera vilka svetsfogar som verkligen behöver slipas. </p><p>- Se till att mastbalkarna som köps in håller den tolerans på rakhet som krävs. </p> / <p>This thesis has been carried out at SB Truck AB in Vreta Kloster. The emphasis of the project was to capture the manufacturing of a forklift on tape, to be able to analyse the manufactoring methods and calculate the total time of manufactoring. The project contains suggestions for improvements of the manufactoring methods. The suggestions mainly deals with the vital parts in the production process of the forklift. The most important suggestions are: </p><p>- Determine which of the weldingjoints that really needs to be grinded.</p><p>- Make sure that the purchased girders reaches the required tolerance level of straightness.</p>

<p>The project has been done in cooperation with Schenker Åkeri AB in Sweden, Halmstad. The</p><p>project is based on an inspection made by Arbetsmiljöverket, where they found minor</p><p>shortcomings with distribution of goods for the employees. The project is an investigation of</p><p>the drivers’ working environment.</p><p>Schenker Logistics is one of the world's leading providers of integrated logistics services.</p><p>Schenker Åkeri AB is a subsidiary to Schenker Logistics and transports 2.4 million tons of</p><p>goods yearly.</p><p>The project started with a background study to evaluate drivers working environment. We</p><p>have studied goods receptions, the working environment, strain injury and injury mechanisms.</p><p>Methods used was observations, tests, questionnaire surveys and ergonomic and</p><p>biomechanical calculations.</p><p>One result of the study is a working model, which gives recommendations for the maximum</p><p>weight a driver should push and pull. A truck evaluation was done to exam the need for new</p><p>technical equipment. An ergonomic investigation was done to investigate the drivers’ working</p><p>tasks. A questionnaire was given to the drivers to evaluate their working environment and</p><p>tasks. The questionnaire involved questions about stress, handling of goods and technical</p><p>equipment.</p><p>Together with Schenker Åkeri AB in Halmstad, an action plan was made. This action plan</p><p>will be handed over to Arbetsmiljöverket by Schenker.</p>

<p>Examensarbetet har gjorts åt Höglunds flak i Säffle och behandlar en ny framstam till timmerlastbilar.</p><p>En framstam är ett lastskydd som förhindrar stockarna på en timmerlastbil från att tränga in i hytten vid en kollision. Framstammen används även vid lastning som ett mothåll att slå stockarna emot.</p><p>Kraven på framstammen från företaget är</p><p>• Lättare konstruktion</p><p>• Samma utböjning vid slagprov, ytbelastning och böjbelastningsprovning som nuvarande modell</p><p>• Billigare eller samma pris som föregående modell</p><p>• Klara proven enligt SS 2563, SS 2564</p><p>• Vara estetiskt tilltalande för kund</p><p>• Anpassningsbar höjd</p><p>• Om möjligt få så mycket tillverkning som möjligt till den egna verkstaden</p><p>Arbetet delades in i två delar där en del är att konstruera plåten och hur denna skall styvas till. Den andra är att konstruera staken som håller upp plåten och tar den största delen av slagkraften.</p><p>På framstamsplåten togs det fram 2 koncept.</p><p>Bockningskonceptet.</p><p>Konceptet består av en aluminiumplåt 6082-T6 som bockats till en L-profil runt kanterna för att styva upp plåten</p><p>Fyrkantsprofil.</p><p>Detta koncept består av en fyrkantsprofil i aluminium som nitas fast mot plåten.</p><p>På staken togs det fram tre koncept. Alla tre är beräknade med att vara i samma material ett höghållfast stål vid namn Domex 650 med en sträckgräns på ca 650Mpa.[5]</p><p>JL-profilen</p><p>Är en profil som är lätt att tillverka genom bockning och är lätt att fästa in i både plåten och i rambalken.</p><p>I-profilen</p><p>I-balken är gjord med en större fläns mot plåten för att underlätta vid infästning och en mindre fläns på andra sidan för att minska vikten. På grund av att detta inte är en original balk så kommer denna modell att strängpressas.</p><p>W-profilen</p><p>W- profil som även denna skulle stängpressas och är även lätt att fästa mot plåten. Den har tagits fram med tanken på en T-balk som sedan stadgats upp med två stycken förstyvningar.</p><p>Fyrkantröret har en lägre vikt på 19 kg i jämförelse med rör- profilen, detta motsvarar en viktbesparing på 55%.</p><p>I-profilen klarar att ta upp 0,6kJ mer än Z-profilen samtidigt som den är 23 kg och 23%</p><p>lättare.</p> / <p>The work is done for the company Höglunds flak in Säffle and aims to develop a new front wall to a timber truck.</p><p>A front wall is what protects the cabin from the logs in case of a collision. The front wall is also used while loading the truck as a loading fixture to beat the logs against.</p><p>The requirements for the front wall from the company are:</p><p>• Easier construction</p><p>• The same deformation at impact testing, surface testing and bending load as the original.</p><p>• Cheaper or the same price as the previous model</p><p>• Withstand the standardization SS 2563, SS 2564</p><p>• Be attractive to the customer</p><p>• Customizable height</p><p>• If possible, get as much production as possible to the own workshop</p><p>The work was divided into two parts where one is to make the plate and how to make it rigid. The second is the beams which are going to keep up the plate and takes the greater part of the impact force.</p><p>Two concepts on the front wall plate, both is of the same material 6082-T6.</p><p>Bending concept.</p><p>The concept consists of an aluminium plate which is bended to an L-profile around the edges to rigid up the plate.</p><p>Square concept.</p><p>This concept consists of a square tube in aluminium which is riveted firmly against the plate.</p><p>Three concepts on the beams. All three are estimated to be in the same material Domex 650</p><p>JL-profile</p><p>Is a profile that is easy to manufacture by bending and is easy to mount on both the plate and in the frame beams.</p><p>I-profile</p><p>The I-beam is made with a larger flange to the plate in order to facilitate the attachment and a small flange on the other side to reduce weight. However, because this is not an original beam it will be manufactured through extrusion.</p><p>W-profile</p><p>W-profile is going to be extruded and is also easy to attach to the plate. It has been developed with the idea of a T-beam which then is stated up with two webs.</p><p>Of the two plate concepts it was the Square concept which was best suited one. The bending concept was not chosen because the material of the plate was for brittle and couldn’t be bent as much as wanted.</p><p>The analysis of the plate was made according to the standard SS2563, SS 2564 with a pressure of a certain distance from the base.</p><p>The FEM analysis at the plate shows that there is no residual deformation, which is the same as the original plate. The square pipe has a lower weight with 19 kg which is 55% lighter compared with the circular pipe profile.</p><p>The profile is able to take up 0,6 kJ more than the Z-profile and 23kg and 23% lighter</p>

Security has become one of the major concerns in the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The Trusted Truck(R) System, provides an efficient wireless communication mechanism for safe exchange of messages between the moving vehicles (trucks) and the roadside inspection stations. The vehicles and the station are equipped with processing units but with different computational capabilities. To make this Trusted Truck(R) system more secure, this thesis proposes a secured data protocol which ensures data integrity, message authentication and non-repudiation. The uniqueness of the protocol is: it is cost-effective, resource-efficient and embeds itself into the Trusted Truck (R) environment without demanding any additional infrastructure. The protocol also balances the computational load between the vehicle and station by incorporating an innovative key transport mechanism. Digital signatures and encryption techniques are used for authentication and data con dentiality. Cryptography algorithms along with optimization methods are used for the digital signatures. The computational time for the algorithms are analyzed. Combining all these techniques, an efficient secured data protocol is developed and implemented successfully.

The thesis identifies and discusses the changing structure of international trade and specialization in the industries of cars and heavy trucks. The main contribution of the thesis is that it discusses the patterns from the perspective of the car industry with the similar but in some aspects different industry of heavy trucks as a contrasting example. This method aims at giving more knowledge about the varying challenges that different industries face in a globalized economy. To authors’ knowledge such a direct comparison has not yet been done. Some results presented in the study is that while car producers compete on a global scale the producers of heavy trucks does it on a regional scale. For the OECD 23 car producing countries, this implies competition from producers in countries with low factor input costs. This is probably one of the reasons why OECD 23 car producers have raised the export value or their goods relatively more than the producers of heavy trucks. The thesis also reveals how the patterns of export and specialization have shifted dramatically in both industries.