The main aim of this thesis is to examine discourse functions of tense and aspect in Setswana narrative texts. We are going to show that tense and aspect have distinct but related roles to play in Setswana in general and in narrative in particular and that this distinction and relationship become crystal clear in discourse in general. The field of tense and aspect has not yet been fully explored in Setswana let alone in the Bantu languages south of the Sahara. Moreover, the function of tense and aspect in discourse appears to be taboo in grammatical studies. If successfully carried out, this thesis would therefore be a contribution to the existing research in Bantu languages and theoretical issues in general. In realizing this aim, this work is structured in the following way. The first chapter provides the aim and scope of the investigation, chapter 2 reviews literature on tense and aspect with a view to showing the need for and to delimiting the topic. Chapter 3 provides the theoretical framework and chapter 4 and 5 are concerned with the application of data from D. P. S. Monyaise’s narrative texts. Chapter 6 provides the concluding remarks. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)

M.A. / This study wants to outline some of the errors made by the Motswana child when she/he communicates in English. I also want to look at the origin of the errors and how the errors affect cohesive writing and interpretation. This research also aims at making second language teachers aware of the influence a first language can have in the learning of a second language. Note: At school level, the student/child learns the language and does not acquire it and thus language learning skills or strategies should not be confused with language acquisition skills or strategies. Transfer has long been a controversial issue, bur recent studies support the view that crosslinguistic influences can have an important impact on second language learning. To elaborate on the above issue, the article, the pronoun and number will be looked at. I want to establish how much influence a learner's native language can have in making the learning of a new language easy or difficult. I want us to look at the following questions of which some will lead or develop into our hypotheses:- Will knowledge of the origin of errors eliminate or reduce the errors? Which errors will be eliminated and at what rate? Will the remedial lessons have an effect on the elimination or reduction of errors? Is the contrastive analysis method the best way to handle such a situation? To what extent do errors affect interpretation and connectivity? The study is conducted on the following language categories:- The pronoun (English vs Tswana) ; The article (English vs Tswana) ; Number (English vs Tswana) ; Cohesive writing (misconception/ambiguity)

AFRIKAANS: Die proefskrif handel oor die bongaka of towerypraktyke van die Batswana in Transvaal en Botswana. Die studie is hoofsaaklik gebaseer op oorspronklike navorsingswerk wat vanaf 1952 tot 1968 gedoen is, toe meer as 300 tekste in die Tswana-taal woordeliks afgeskryf is soos gedikteer deur 16 Tswana-dingaka of towerybeoefenaars. Meeste van die tekste is deur dingaka van die Kgatla-bagaKgafela gedikteer, maar ook is daar tekste van die Ngwato, Kwena, Tlokwa, Tlhako en ander stamme se dingaka. Hierdie tekste met vertaling langsaan en verklarende aantekeninge vorm die grondslag van hierdie proefskrif en word derhalwe as byvoegsel in ‘n tweede band hierby aangebied. In die verhandeling word voortdurend na hierdie tekste verwys, veral omdat inligting wat voorheen nie beskikbaar was nie vir sover dit die Tswana betref, daardeur bekombaar geword het en in ‘n sekere sin is dit ‘n uitbouing van die bestaande literatuur oor die denke en wesensopvatting van die suidelike Bantoe. Die proefskrif gee ‘n inleidende oorsig oor bestaande opvattings oor towery waarin die belangrikste beskouinge in die Volkekunde behandel word. Hierna word die geskiedenis van die Kgatla asook die stamstruktuur van die Tswana behandel, met ‘n oorsig oor die sosiale organisasie, die gesagstruktuur, ekonomiese aspek en die godsdienstige lewe. In hoofstuk IV word meer spesifiek gelet op die toordokters en hul klassifisering waarna in hoofstuk V in meer detail gelet word op die opleiding van die dingaka, hul toerusting, en skakeling met die badimo of voorouergeeste. Hul invloedsfeer in die stamlewe word vervolgens behandel soos o.a. in die kgotla of volksvergaderplek, in die gesinslewe, en hoe hul optree as “beskermers” van die gemeenskap, en as bemiddelaars in die stamreligie. Die veelvuldige dienste wat hulle as geëerde en gesogte helpers verrig in hul samelewing word meer uitvoerig bespreek in hoofstuk VII, soos o.a. hul optrede teen baloi of toornaars. Dolosgooiery met die ditaola word analities bespreek om die onderliggende sisteem by die interpretasie van die valwyses te verklaar. Vervolgens word die ngaka as geneesheer behandel, met ‘n noukeurige ondersoek na die metodes van behandeling by verskillende soorte siektes, asook die vroegtydige afwering daarvan. ‘n Faset van die bongaka waaraan besondere aandag gegee is, is die plante wat gebruik word. Monsters van meer as 500 verskillende plante is onder leiding van die dingaka in die veld versamel en hul gebruike in die tekste aangeteken, waarna hul vir identifikasie na die Nasionale Herbarium in Pretoria gestuur is. Heelwat nuwe lig kon gewerp word op die Tswana-name en –gebruike van die inheemse plante wat in hoofstuk IX behandel word. ‘n Lys van die name uit Tswana na die wetenskaplike benaming, en ook andersom word as byvoegsel aangeheg. Hoofstuk X handel oor die gebruik van insekte, reptiele, voëls en ander diere, asook die mens, in die preparate van die dingaka. In ‘n slothoofstuk word die denke by die Bantoe met betrekking tot die magiese en die empiriese nagegaan in die lig van die voorgaande uiteensetting met verwysing na die bestaande literatuur. In dié hoofstuk word die towerygeloof ook eties beoordeel en daar word ook gelet op die invloed wat dit nog het op die hedendaagse Kgatla en Tswana se godsdienstige lewe. ENGLISH: This thesis deals with bongaka or die magical practices of the Batswana in the Transvaal and Botswana. It is mainly based on original research-work which was done between 1952 and 1968. More than 300 texts were written down verbally as dictated by 16 Tswanas dingaka (“magicians”, “witch-doctors” or “medicine-men”). Most of the texts were dictated by Kgatla-bagaKgafela dingaka, but there are also texts of magicians from the Ngwato, Kwena, Tlokwa, Tlhako and other tribes. The original texts with translation and clarifying notes, form the basis of this thesis and are presented in an accompanying volume. Continuously reference is being made in the treatise to the original material, because of considerable new information which has come to light, which was not previously known with regard to the Tswana; to a certain extent it is also an addition to present literature on the principles of Bantu thought and their concept of reality. The thesis commences with an initial resumé of past and present-day views on magic sorcery and witchcraft in Anthropology. Subsequently the history of the Kgatla and the tribal structure of Tswana society is surveyed, with special reference to social organization, the tribal authority, the economic aspect and religious life. In chapter IV the various types of dingaka or “magicians” are discussed. In chapter V their training, equipment, and contact with the badimo or ancestor-spirits is described. This is followed by a review of the activities and influence of the dingaka in the kgotla (tribal assembly) and in the everyday life of the family and the individual, and how they act as “protectors” of society and as mediators in tribal religion. Their manifold services as honoured helpers of society are discussed in detail in chapter VII, as for instance in the prevention and treatment of boloi (sorcery) by baloi (sorcerers). Divination by means of ditaola of divining-bones is analysed so as to reveal the underlying system of interpretation. The ngaka is then discussed as “doctor” with a detailed study of his treatment of illness, as well as its prevention. Special attention is given to the plants which ware used by the dingaka. More than 500 different plants were collected under guidance of the “doctors’, and the medicinal uses recorded as dictated by them. Botanical specimens were forwarded to the National Herbarium in Pretoria for identification. Quite a considerable amount of new information on names and uses of the indigenous plants of Botswana and the Western Transvaal were obtained, and this is discussed in chapter IX. A list of Tswana names with their scientific equivalents and vice versa is attached in the addendum. Chapter X is a description of the use made of insects, reptile, bird and animal, as well as human body parts in the compounded “medicines”. In a final chapter Bantu thought is discussed as pertaining to the magical and the empirical world in the light of the foregoing information, with reference to existing ethically and its influence on their present-day religious life is finally reviewed. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 1971. / Anthropology and Archaeology / unrestricted

Adverbial constructions are a problematic subject in Tswana grammatical studies. Traditionally termed descriptives, it is not clear what the defining features of this category are. It is also a very vast category. There seems to be many different structures functioning as adverbials in Tswana, including particles, words, prepositional phrases and clauses. Tswana grammars in general often have little to say about the syntax of adverbials, in respect of, for instance, the propensity of Tswana adverbials for multiple occurrences in the same clause and the range of possible positions of Tswana adverbials in clause structure. Because of the vastness of the adverbial category we only deal with adverbials as elements of clause structure. A typical feature of adverbials is the considerable mobility they enjoy in relation to other elements in clause structure which affects their grammatical and semantic status in relation to such elements. By distinguishing different categories of adverbials, in clause structure it becomes clear that the same structural element may function within different adverbial categories. This necessitates a definition of adverbials which is based on their specific semantic functions within clause structure. The study is divided into five chapters. When dealing with the adverbial as a clause element in Tswana, we realise that it is not sufficiently described. The first two chapters therefore serve as an introduction to central theoretical issues where some relevant research is critically examined and related to the present study. In the next chapter, that is Chapter 3, we establish formal and semantic frameworks for the classification and descriptive treatment of adverbials in Tswana. In Chapter 4 we implement the structural, syntactic and semantic properties as well as the features adverbials have as modifiers to make a functional classification of adverbials in clause structure. The classification of adverbials as adjuncts, subjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts from A Comprehensive grammar of the English language by Quirk, et al. (1985) (CGEL) is taken as the basis for this classification. Chapter 5 presents the overall conclusions and implications of the study. / African Languages / D.litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Adverbial constructions are a problematic subject in Tswana grammatical studies. Traditionally termed descriptives, it is not clear what the defining features of this category are. It is also a very vast category. There seems to be many different structures functioning as adverbials in Tswana, including particles, words, prepositional phrases and clauses. Tswana grammars in general often have little to say about the syntax of adverbials, in respect of, for instance, the propensity of Tswana adverbials for multiple occurrences in the same clause and the range of possible positions of Tswana adverbials in clause structure. Because of the vastness of the adverbial category we only deal with adverbials as elements of clause structure. A typical feature of adverbials is the considerable mobility they enjoy in relation to other elements in clause structure which affects their grammatical and semantic status in relation to such elements. By distinguishing different categories of adverbials, in clause structure it becomes clear that the same structural element may function within different adverbial categories. This necessitates a definition of adverbials which is based on their specific semantic functions within clause structure. The study is divided into five chapters. When dealing with the adverbial as a clause element in Tswana, we realise that it is not sufficiently described. The first two chapters therefore serve as an introduction to central theoretical issues where some relevant research is critically examined and related to the present study. In the next chapter, that is Chapter 3, we establish formal and semantic frameworks for the classification and descriptive treatment of adverbials in Tswana. In Chapter 4 we implement the structural, syntactic and semantic properties as well as the features adverbials have as modifiers to make a functional classification of adverbials in clause structure. The classification of adverbials as adjuncts, subjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts from A Comprehensive grammar of the English language by Quirk, et al. (1985) (CGEL) is taken as the basis for this classification. Chapter 5 presents the overall conclusions and implications of the study. / African Languages / D.litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

The aim of this study is to apply Genette's narratological theory and Ricoeur's views on narrative identity to selected short stories from J.W. Mashike's Pelo Segole. The study comprises four chapters. The problem statement, a1ms as well as method of research are outlined in chapter one. In chapter two, Genette's narratological theory as well as Ricoeur's vtews on narrative identity, which form the basis of this study, are highlighted and discussed. In chapter three, a narratological analysis of the stories 'Di wele Morerwana', 'Pelo Pholwana' and 'Ga di ke di Mutlhwa di le Pedi' focusing on aspects of duration, namely ellipsis, pause, scene and summary, is undertaken. An interpretation of the stories according to Ricoeur's views on narrative identity is also undertaken in this chapter. In chapter four, a summary of the mam findings of this study as well as a conclusion, will be included. / Thesis (M.A. (African Languages))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003

The aim of this study is to apply Genette's narratological theory and Ricoeur's views on narrative identity to selected short stories from J.W. Mashike's Pelo Segole. The study comprises four chapters. The problem statement, a1ms as well as method of research are outlined in chapter one. In chapter two, Genette's narratological theory as well as Ricoeur's vtews on narrative identity, which form the basis of this study, are highlighted and discussed. In chapter three, a narratological analysis of the stories 'Di wele Morerwana', 'Pelo Pholwana' and 'Ga di ke di Mutlhwa di le Pedi' focusing on aspects of duration, namely ellipsis, pause, scene and summary, is undertaken. An interpretation of the stories according to Ricoeur's views on narrative identity is also undertaken in this chapter. In chapter four, a summary of the mam findings of this study as well as a conclusion, will be included. / Thesis (M.A. (African Languages))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ineffective treatment procedures of lexical items and inadequate information in the macrostructure and microstructure reduce the value of the reference quality of Thanodi of Setswana. This prompted an attempt at suggesting improvements with regard to the treatment and information retrieval of lexical items. This dictionary is not consistent in its use of structural marketslreference symbols to mark vital lexicographic information and reference addresses. Homonyms are not given the comprehensive lexicographic treatment, that would enable the user to access all relevant linguistic and semantic information, Another shortcoming is the lack of the use of labels on some headwords in this dictionary. The treatment procedure given to synonyms in this dictionary fails to provide the relevant information that the user needs. There is a lack of semantic linking among synonyms, because of the inadequate use of cross-reference symbols and reference markers. Loan-words are not marked to indicate their linguistic origin and to recognise them as being part of the Setswana lexicon and conveying lexicographic information. The unavailability of usage notes as part of the treatment of Thanodi ya Setswana, reduces the reference quality of the dictionary as a source of linguistic information. The use of this semantic information as part of the definiens is important to avoid unclear lemma definitions. The treatment procedure given to certain lemmas in this dictionary, suggests that the space saving principle is ignored. There are repeated definitions in the articles of synonymous lemmas and this creates redundancy. It is suggested that synonymous lemmas be treated by a crossreference depending on their usage frequency. The more frequently used lemmas should be given full lexicographic treatment and the less frequently used lemmas be given a partial treatment. The treatment of nouns in this dictionary also reduces its reference quality. Singular nouns are lemmatized but plural nouns are not lemmatized, The exclusion of these plural nouns in the macrostructure of this dictionary disadvantages an inexperienced user, especially in cases where these plural forms are more frequently used than the singular forms. A strategy to lemmatize both singular and plural nouns can maximise the usefulness of the dictionary. There are sublexical lexical items that are part of the Setswana lexicon but are not lemmatized in this dictionary. These sublexicallexical items should be lemmatized to recognise their status as lexical items. The treatment procedure given to inflectional and deficient verbs is a cause for concern in this dictionary. Instead of semantic information being provided, a derivation process is shown in the dictionary's article. This poor treatment given to these lexical items, leads to other senses of the lemma being left out and not being found by the dictionary user. The suggested strategies in the treatment of lexical items and the making available of lexicographic information, would make this dictionary more user-friendly. With such improvements, this dictionary would benefit the dictionary user. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die waarde en kwaliteit van Thanodi ya Setswana word verminder deur oneffektiewe prosedures in die behandeling van leksikale items en onvoldoende informasie in die makro- en mikrostruktuur van die woordeboek. Hierdie tesis kan beskou word as 'n poging om verbeteringe voor te stel vir die behandeling van leksikale items en die inwin van informasie daaromtrent. Die woordeboek IS me konsekwent III sy gebruik van struktuurmerkers en verwysingsimbole ten einde belangrike leksikografiese informasie en verwysingsadresse te merk nie. Homonieme kry nie die volledige leksikografiese behandeling wat dit vir die gebruiker moontlik sou maak om alle relevante taalkundige en semantiese inligting te bekom nie. 'n Ander tekortkoming is die gebrek aan etikette by sommige lemmas in hierdie woordeboek. Die wyse waarop sinonieme in die woordeboek behandel word, is ook gebrekkig: dit verskaf nie die relevante inligting wat die gebruiker benodig nie. Daar IS onvoldoende inligting betreffende die semantiese verband tussen lemmas wat as sinonieme beskou word, vanwee die onvoldoende gebruik van verwysingsimbole en - merkers. Leenwoorde word nie gemerk ten einde hulle linguistiese oorsprong aan te dui, en duidelik te maak dat hulle deel van die Setswana leks ikon is nie. Daar is 'n gebrek aan aantekeninge of voorbeelde betreffende die gebruik van woorde en dit verminder die nut van Thanodi ya Setswana as naslaanwerk en bron van taalkundige inligting. Sulke semantiese inligting as deel van die definiens is belangrik omdat dit onduidelike definisies help voorkom. Die manier waarop sekere lemmas behandel word, maak dit duidelik dat die beginsel van die ekonomiese gebruik van spasie hier geignoreer is. Definisies in die artikels van sinonieme word telkemale herhaal, en dit lei tot oortolligheid. Daar word voorgestel dat sinonieme liewer behandel moet word by wyse van kruisverwysings, afhangende van hul gebruiksfrekwensie: lemmas wat meer dikwels gebruik word, behoort 'n volle leksikografiese behandeling te kry: die wat minder dikwels gebruik word, kan dan 'n gedeeltelike behandeling kry. Die wyse waarop selfstandige naamwoorde behandel word, verminder ook die verwysingskwaliteit van die woordeboek. Die enkelvoudvorme van selfstandige naamwoorde word gelemmatiseer, maar nie die meervoudvorme nie. Die weglaat van die meervoudvorme van selfstandige naamwoorde in hierdie woordeboeke benadeel die onervare gebruiker, veral in die lig van die feit dat sommige meervoudvorme meer dikwels gebruik word as die enkelvoudvorme. Deur meervoudvorme sowel as enkelvoudvorme te lemmatiseer, sal die waarde en nuttigheid van die woordeboek verhoog word. Voorts is daar sekere subleksikale leksikale items wat deel is van die Setswana leksikon, maar wat nie in hierdie woordeboek gelemmatiseer word nie. Sulke subleksikale items behoort gelemmatiseer te word, ten einde erkenning te gee aan hulle status as leksikale items. Die behandeling van infleksie-werkwoorde en "negatiewe" werkwoorde ("deficient verbs") in hierdie woordeboek is gebrekkig. Instede van semantiese informasie te verskaf, word slegs die afleidingsproses aangetoon. Die gebrekkige behandeling van hierdie leksikale items veroorsaak dat sekere betekenisse van die lemmas weggelaat word - betekenisse wat vir die gebruiker van die woordeboek relevant mag wees. Indien die voorgestelde strategiee in die behandeling van die leksikale items toegepas word, en meer leksikografiese inligting verskaf word, sal die woordeboek meer gebruikersvriendelik word. Dit sal ook van groter nut en waarde vir die gebruiker wees.

MSc Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009 / The use of reliable and valid outcome measures in clinical research as well as clinical practice is very important. Self reported questionnaires are widely used as outcome measures to assess the subjective perception of disability caused by low back pain (LBP). The Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Quebec Disability Scale (QDS) and Waddell Disability Index (WDI) have been identified as reliable and valid instruments for assessing disability caused by LPB in English speaking patients. The three questionnaires were translated, back-translated and tested in a final version for use with Tswana speaking subjects. The questionnaires were tested on one hundred respondents, who met the inclusion criteria, at five hospitals in Tswana speaking areas. Of the one hundred respondents 31 were retested 24 hours later. No significant floor or ceiling effects were found for all three questionnaires. There was moderate correlation between the RMDQ, WDI and the DRI (0.74 and 0.63, respectively). The correlation between the QDS and the Disability Rating Index (DRI) was strong (0.85). The RMDQ, QDS and WDI correlated moderately with the VAS (pain) (0.63, 0.68 and 0.74, respectively). The RMDQ, QDS and WDI appeared to be internally consistent scales with Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.92, 0.95 and 0.75, respectively. The RMDQ, QDS and WDI showed excellent test-retest reliability with intra-class correlation coefficient values of 0.93, 0.91 and 0.84, respectively. The results suggest that the Tswana versions of the RMDQ, QDS and WDI validated in this study are easy to understand, valid and reliable instruments for the measurement of functional disability caused by LBP in a Tswana speaking population. Therefore, these translated instruments may be useful clinical methods for collecting standardised data on activity limitations resulting from LBP in a Tswana speaking population.

Thesis (M.A. (Translation and Linguistics Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013 / This research looks at the perceptions of parents and teachers about the learning and teaching of Setswana. It looks at Setswana not only as a subject but also as a first language that learners speak at home. It is said that learners have a negative attitude about learning their mother tongue, so this study aims at looking whether parents and teachers are indeed aware of this attitude o if there is an attitude at all. It also intend to indicate whether parents and teacher have a way of discouraging these learners about learning their mother tongues. Since English is seen as the most prestigious language parents may feel that their learners have to be competent in English or they will not achieve much or anything. As teachers teach the language that learners do not appreciate, how do they deal with discouraged learners? Most of all it plans to demonstrate and/or advice learners, parents and teachers about the importance of learning mother tongue in school especially now that they are in high school where by they are capable of making decision about what future path do they want to take. The research tools that are used are questionnaires and interviews. There is a selected number of parents and teachers that will participate. The teachers will answer questionnaires while parents will be interviewed. The data will be analyzed textually also with the help of the SPSS software. The data will be analyzed and interpreted as what they mean for the research and how they have helped that study as a whole and also how they can help further studies if there are any. This study aims to reach the department of education so that maybe they can be able to revise the curriculum of Setswana or maybe change the content. Most importantly it intends to show learners that mother tongue is not a dead end as they make it out to be. They may be as successful with language as they can be with other professions.