Zugl.: Bayreuth, Univ., Diss., 2006

Zugl.: Hamburg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2009.

This dissertation takes an ethnographic perspective on competing global discourses and contested nationalisms in a postcolonial, multicultural nation. Using the Festival au Desert, in Mali, West Africa as a case study, I investigate the complexities of using cultural productions and tourism to achieve political, economic, and social goals. I critically assess several projects of Tuareg Intangible Cultural Heritage preservation to show the contested nature of collective identities. Neoliberal development in the Global South necessitates niche markets such as tourism centered on culture; however these markets are inherently unstable due to historic and contemporary global economic practices. The Festival au Desert was opened to the world just a few years after an armed rebellion between Tuareg separatists and the state of Mali was suppressed. On the first full moon of 2001, the Festival brought Malian musicians and citizens together in celebration. It became a symbol of peace and reconciliation between formally opposed groups, most notably southern sedentary populations and northern nomadic groups, such as the Tuareg. It also became an important factor in income generation in Mali, and it was a space where international tourists and their Tuareg hosts came into contact and shared dialogue. Tuareg hoped that through the Festival the world could know who they were outside of the rebellion. But in 2012, a renewed rebellion was staged and subsequently co-opted by supporters of Al-Qaeda who instituted Shari'a law in Timbuktu sending the Festival into exile, and Mali's growing tourist economy came to a devastating halt. The Festival provides a rich case study of the benefits and perils of tourism in multicultural states and in wider globalizing frames. It highlights the contradictions in using tourism as a development strategy, as prescribed by international institutions such as the United Nations World Tourism Organization, as it is a fragile enterprise subject to the whims of the market, environment, and global and local politics. However, the research also shows the importance of the Festival for Tuareg identity and how it provided a space for nomads to continue a tradition of gathering after seasonal migrations to negotiate marriages, discuss politics, and celebrate together.

The theory of dyadic intrastate conflict cause and resolution containing transnational ethnic kin is under development. One of the things current research share is the focus on the cases where conflict erupts, or where conflict resolution fails, and its causes. The aim of this study is to try to contribute and develop the generalizing theory. The focus on the study rests on the impact that state apparatus characteristic has on risk for conflict. The research builds on theoretical framework from the consociational theory. The subject is of relevance both for the field of peace and conflict research as theory development, and for policy makers. The study has resulted in two observations. First, it supports the claim of consociational theory that enhanced presence of its nine favorable factors diminishes the risk for intrastate tension and violence. Second, it proposes that a successful decentralization is the possible key explanatory characteristic of state apparatus that decreases risk for dyadic intrastate conflict. The causal mechanism here being heightened credibility and legitimacy of constitution because of increased trust and lowered fear of further ethnic discrimination. It is necessary to verify these results before further theory development can be done.

Rural households in the West African Sahel have developed livelihood systems that allow them to survive in one of the most challenging social-ecological systems on Earth. These households have experienced environmental shocks including droughts, floods, and extreme heat for hundreds of years, and have well-established coping and adaptation mechanisms that allow them to recover from all but the most severe shocks. Climate change, particularly increased climatic variability, may stress Sahelian livelihood systems to the point that households must deploy a new set of coping and adaptation strategies in order to survive. This research, conducted as three interrelated mixed-method studies, explores the coping and adaptation strategies used by Tuareg transhumant pastoralists in Niger starting with the deep drought of 1968-1974.The first study involves rural households in the Tahoua Region of central Niger. These households have adapted to climate change and other livelihood stressors primarily by diversifying their assets, utilizing new technologies, and reducing the length of their annual transhumance. While there are donor-funded programs designed to assist rural households with adaptation to climate change, the households in this study have not been the beneficiaries of such programs. The second study attempts to disentangle climate shocks from other factors driving rural-urban migration while also exploring which households migrate to urban areas, and why. Climate change is perceived as the main factor driving rural-urban migration, as well as other livelihood changes. Household-level preferences, management skills, and luck played a greater role that asset endowments in determining which households would migrate to urban areas. The third study focused on livelihood strategies of households that had migrated to, and settled in, urban areas. These households worked hard to maintain social capital with their rural kin while also building social capital in their new urban environment. Social capital with expatriates and urban elites was an important element of urban households' asset endowment. Urbanized households possess significantly fewer livestock than their rural counterparts, and struggle to manage the cash earned from relatively low-paying wage labor. These three studies demonstrate that pastoralists perceive climate change as a significant driver of changes in livelihood strategies. Pastoralists' perceptions of climate change broadly match climate data. Furthermore, pastoralists, with little to no assistance from the state or development organizations, are successfully adapting to climate change in ways that are likely to increase their resilience to future climate shocks.

Enter de déterminer l’identité des membres d’une société, c’est vouloir énoncer ce qui peut les définir, c’est-à-dire les multiples réalités auxquelles ils appartiennent et qu’ils expriment. Autrement dit, c’est affirmer d’emblée que l’identité est plurielle, définie par des référents physiques, culturels, sociaux, historiques. L’objectif de ce travail est de donner à voir la société touarègue, de l’intérieur, par les référents fondamentaux qui la définissent et qu’elle considère comme inaliénables. J’ai choisi de décrire, parmi les référents identitaires multiples, ceux qui me semblent les plus pertinents dans la constitution de l’identité touarègue, sans minimiser ceux qui ne sont pas évoqués ici. La problématique prend donc en compte les grands axes de la vie de cette société en les considérant dans leurs spécificités et leur complémentarité, c’est-à-dire leur caractère indissociable et interactif : histoire événementielle et culturelle, anthropologie sociale et expression linguistique. Cette société, appartenant au monde berbérophone principalement localisé dans l’Afrique septentrionale, se trouve à la fois dans l’aire désertique saharienne et dans l’aire sub-saharienne et sahélienne. Ces communautés touarègues sahéliennes - les plus nombreuses - se trouvent en effet au contact de populations de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Maghreb. Cette situation particulière est à l’origine de revendication identitaire née de la perte de cohérence interne de la société par l’intrusion d’innovations, d’emprunts de traits culturels mal ou pas encore intégrés. Cette démarche - qui veut combiner la vision externe et la vision interne - me conduit à expliquer et à articuler les rubriques, que je pense fondamentales. / Trying to discover the identity of a society’s members means eliciting what defines them, i.e. the numerous realities to which they belong and which they express. In other words, it means claiming the pluralistic character of identity, defined by physical, cultural, social and historical features. This thesis aims at giving an insight into the tuareg society, observed from within, through fundamental features defining its specificity, conceived as inalienable properties. Among the numerous identifying features I have selected for description are those that seem to me most relevant in tuareg identity formation while not losing sight of the others features. The thesis therefore includes the major life dimensions of tuareg society, considering their specificity and complementariness, i.e. their interactive and bound characteristics, such as history and culture, social anthropology and linguistic expression. The tuareg society is part of the Berber-speaking world, mostly located in Northern Africa, and lies on the fringe of the Sahara desert, west Africa and the Sahel. These Sahel-based tuareg communities, the most populous ones, are in contact with Western and Northern African populations. This specific situation accounts for identity claims that stem from the loss of the society’s internal coherence due to borrowings of innovative cultural features that have not yet been totally digested. This method, which aims at combining the inside and outside analysis, leads me to explain and connnect the aspects that I feel are fundamental.

Lactase persistence (LP) is a genetically determined trate caused by the expression of lactase in adulthood. Lactase is the intestinal enzyme responsible for digestion of milk sugar, lactose. Its production in the small intestine decreases during the childhood, this physiological condition is called lactose intolerance. However, in some individuals production of this enzyme is not stopped. The persistence of lactase activity is a recent phenomenon, which arose independently in several parts of the world over the past roughly 10,000 years, in connection with the emergence of agriculture, specifically milk production and is (likely) still under strong selection pressure. LP was first observed in Europe, where it is associated with a mutation -13 910*T. Frequency of this mutation correlates with latitude. In Africa, the presence of LP is conversely associated with herding and falls under the hypothesis of genetic and cultural co-evolution associated with cattle and the use of secondary food sources. Pastoral populations living in different areas of Africa have different LP mutations that are linked to their origin. Although many investigation on LP have already been carried out, neither analysed the Tuareg populations. This study is focused on the analysis LP mutations in 93 samples of Tuaregs from...

La topographie de l’Afrique du Nord est marquée en domaine intraplaque par des bombements topographiques importants, associés à du magmatisme cénozoïque. Le Bouclier Touareg, un de ces bombements, est constitué d’un socle précambrien structuré à l’orogénèse panafricaine et culminant à plus de 2400 m d’altitude. Les séries paléozoïques affleurent actuellement sous forme de cuestas autour de ce bombement topographique. Localement, des témoins sédimentaires d’âge présumé crétacé, en discordance sur le socle précambrien, traduisent l’affleurement de celui-ci au Mésozoïque. Le volcanisme cénozoïque, qui se met également en place sur le socle, est actif entre 35 Ma et aujourd’hui. Afin de mieux contraindre l’évolution du Bouclier Touareg durant le Phanérozoïque, nous avons mené deux études : des travaux de modélisation géophysique, et une étude de thermochronologie basse température. L’étude géophysique a consisté en la modélisation de quatre profils longue distance permettant d’imager la structure lithosphérique. Nous avons montré que le bombement du Hoggar est actuellement soutenu par un important amincissement lithosphérique. En outre, nous avons estimé que sans cet amincissement, la topographie serait négative : le bassin ainsi reconstitué avant amincissement de la lithosphère aurait permis le dépôt d’une couverture sédimentaire d’épaisseur plurikilométrique. L’étude de thermochronologie basse température s’est portée sur deux méthodes : les analyses de traces de fission sur apatite, et les analyses (U-Th)/He sur apatite. Les analyses (U-Th)/He ont montré que le socle du Bouclier Touareg, avant d’avoir subi une importante exhumation à l’Eocène Supérieur, étant enseveli sous une couverture sédimentaire et chauffé à approximativement ~80°C. Les analyses de traces de fission ont permis de préciser que cette phase de chauffe, probablement sous couverture sédimentaire, du Bouclier Touareg a eu lieu entre 100 et 50 Ma. Ainsi, le bombement du Hoggar constituait probablement un bassin sédimentaire de grande dimension au cours du Crétacé supérieur/Paléocène. Ces résultats nous ont permis de discuter des mécanismes géodynamiques possiblement actifs durant le Cénozoïque. Nous proposons que le bombement actuel du Bouclier Touareg, ainsi que son magmatisme, soient liés à des perturbations thermiques des parties superficielles de l’asthénosphère. Ces perturbations seraient induites par d’importantes variations d’épaisseur de la lithosphère saharienne, et pourraient expliquer la présence d’autres bombements en Afrique du Nord. / The North-African intraplate topography is underlined by massive topographic swells associated with Cenozoic volcanism. The Tuareg Shield, which is one of these swells, consists of Precambrian basement which has been structured by the Pan-African orogeny and reaches currently an altitude of 2400 m. The Paleozoic sedimentary series are outcropping as important cuestas surrounding the topographic swell. Locally, some Mesozoic sedimentary remnants, lying unconformably over the basement, testify of its exposure during the Mesozoic. The Cenozoic volcanism, which is also taking place on the basement, shows ages from 35 Ma to Quaternary. In order to improve the knowledge of the Phanerozoic evolution of the Tuareg Shield, we performed two separated studies: geophysical modelling works, and a low temperature thermochronology study. The geophysical study consisted of the modelling of four long-distance profiles allowing imaging the lithospheric structure. We have shown that the Tuareg Shield swell is currently sustained by a strong lithospheric thinning. Moreover, we have estimated that without this thinning, the topography would be negative and that such basin, prior to thinning, would have allowed the deposition of a plurikilometric sedimentary cover. The low temperature thermochronological study has focused on two methods: apatite fission-track analysis, and apatite (U-Th)/He analysis. The latter shown that the Tuareg Shield, before an important Late Eocene exhumation, was buried under a sedimentary cover and heated at ~80°C. The fission-track analyses have shown that this heating stage of the Tuareg Shield, related to burying, occurred from 100 and 50 Ma. Thus, the Tuareg Shield was probably a wide scale sedimentary basin during the Upper Cretaceous – Paleocene. These results allowed us to discuss the geodynamic mechanisms potentially active during the Cenozoic. We proposed that the current doming of the Tuareg Shield, as well as its volcanism, were related to thermal perturbations of the shallower levels of the asthenosphere. These instabilities would have been generated by strong Saharan lithospheric thickness variations, and could explain the presence of others swells in North Africa.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mahfouz Ag Adnane.pdf: 8797860 bytes, checksum: f09e68a514715795f684ec9c17e16c7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-25 / This work aims to offer a reflection on the history of the Kel Tamasheq through an analysis of the context and production of Malian and Nigerien Ichúmar youth musical groups and their experiences of migration andinsile, social and economic marginalization, and political exile. Techúmara is the movement of cultural resistance that arose around the mid-1980s. Nevertheless, such a movement needs to be understood in its roots in the political and economic histories that emerged. Tamasheq youth are undergoing a strong and accelerated process of change and of economic loss and loss of freedom. The main objective, therefore, is to analyze the production of Tamasheq music, articulated within the context of political action and the social and cultural developments that emerged from the conflict between society and the State to 1) establish a corpus from the discography of songs produced by the Ichúmar Movement (1980-2010) such as written poetry of resistance; 2 ) discuss the relationship between the corpus of musical text-literary production-of the Ichúmar generation, taking into consideration the historical events, and analyze the themes present in this form of cultural expression. The music is a hybrid expression and cultural form that is strongly open to influences, especially given the context of nomadism and exile. As a unique style, produced in confluence with Western, Arab, and Tamasheq music, Ichúmar music is an expression that is intensely inscribed in the present and in contemporary mobility. The text (musical poetry set to the lyrics of songs) that is produced within this literary form is the result of a complex process in which the imaginary and the real are profoundly interwoven in the effort to narrate the events (social, political, aesthetic, emotional, identity-related) that involve various dimensions of the human experience. The experience turns the guitar, the fundamental instrument of the rockers of Tenere (the desert), into a footbridge for communication that is at once internal and rooted (to raise awareness among young people and get them to join the struggle) and innovative and external, to raise awareness and make their causes known beyond the borders of this ancient Saharan society / Este trabalho visa oferecer uma reflexão sobre a história Tamacheque a partir da análise sobre o contexto e a produção de grupos musicais de jovens Ichúmar do Mali e do Níger. Considera-se a experiência de migração e de insílio e de marginalização social e econômica, bem como de exílio político. Techúmara é nome do movimento de resistência cultural que se concretizou em meados de 1980. Tal movimento precisa ser compreendido em sua ancoragem da história política e econômica em que emergiu. A juventude tamacheque exprime um forte e acelerado processo de mudança e de perda econômica e de liberdade. O objetivo central é, portanto, analisar a produção musical tamacheque articulada ao contexto da ação política e dos desdobramentos sociais e culturais que surgiram do conflito entre a sociedade e o Estado. Para tanto, procurou-se: 1) identificar os laços entre luta social, identidades comunitárias e coletivas com suas narrativas musicais; 2) compreender o papel do movimento dos Ichúmar para a construção da memória social de/sobre os Kel Tamacheque, tanto no Mali e no Níger como no exílio. De forma específica buscou-se estabelecer um corpus a partir dos textos das canções da discografia produzida pelo movimento dos Ichúmar (1980-2010) como escrita poética de resistência; discutir a relação entre o corpus de texto musical - produção literária , da geração Ichúmar, considerando os eventos históricos e analisando as temáticas presentes nessa forma de expressão cultural. A música é expressão híbrida e forma cultural fortemente aberta a influências, sobretudo nesses contextos de nomadismo e exílio. Com estilo único, produzido na confluência de músicas ocidentais, do norte do continente africano e tamacheque, a música Ichúmar é expressão intensamente inscrita no presente e na mobilidade contemporânea (incluindo sua diáspora). O texto - poesias musicadas das letras das canções -, produzido no bojo desta forma literária é resultado de processo complexo, em que o imaginário e o real estão profundamente entrelaçados no esforço de narrar os eventos, suas estéticas, sentimentos e afetos identitários desse mundo tamacheque, que comporta diversas dimensões da experiência humana. Fez da guitarra a passarela, o instrumento fundamental dos roqueiros do tenerê (deserto), para uma comunicação, por um lado, interna, dirigida para que os jovens tomassem consciência e aderissem à causa. Por outro lado, externa, destinada a dar visibilidade à luta política desta antiga sociedade do Saara

The thesis focuses on the current Malian situation, that observed a severe penetration of jihadist groups (transnational agents), and attempts to understand this phenomenon in accordance with a theoretical framework that accounts for the crisis of the concept of Westphalian state in contemporary international panorama. The analysis is structured on two levels, investigating the structural issues and the political and social mutations, both on the regional and on the state dimension.