Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:06:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 emediato_rms_me_botfmvz.pdf: 408774 bytes, checksum: 490883dafcb0a7067abad1d4a6c0f2b5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Delineou-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do uso de gordura protegida na dieta d ovelhas da raça Bergamácia sobre o desempenho produtivo, dinâmica de peso e nas medidas do úbere. Utilizou-se 77 ovelhas distribuídas em 2 grupos de forma homogênea por ordem de parição idade. Para os dois tratamentos propostos, utilizou-se: dieta Controle (C): silagem de milho e concentrado; e dieta Gordura Protegida (GP): a mesma de C e adição de gordura ruminalmente protegida (35 g/ovelha/dia) ao concentrado. As dietas foram isoenergéticas e isoprotéicas, contendo 16% PB e 70% NDT com base na matéria seca. Os cordeiros permaneceram com suas mães em pasto durante o dia e separados à noite. Eles retornavam à suas mães após a ordenha matinal e foram desmamados aos 45 dias de idade. As ovelhas, após 48 horas do parto, foram ordenhadas mecanicamente uma vez ao dia, às 7h 00, com produção de leite mensurada diariamente pelo período de 60 dias. Amsotras de leite foram coletadas semanalmente para determinação de proteína e gordura. Foram medidas a circunferência, profundidade e largura do úbere e largura e comprimento das tetas, aos 30 e 60 dias. O tratmaneto GP apresentou maior produção de leite média diária após a desmama dos cordeiros (0,531 vs 0,489 kg/cab/dia), entretanto, a produção de todo o período não foi diferente entre os tratamentos (0,468 vs 0,453 kg/cab/dia, para GP e C, respectivamente). As produções de leite ajustadas para 6,5% de gordura e 6,5% de gordura e 5,8% de proteína forma semelhantes entre os tratamentos. A utilização de 3,5% de gordura protegida no concentrado de ovelhas leiteiras foi economicamente viável, proporcionando produção de leite 12,7% maior após a 7ª semana de lactação. / This work aimed to evaluate the effect of use of protected fat in the diet of Bergamasca ewes on its performance and weight ranging. It was used 77 ewes allocated in 2 homogeneous groups by partutition and age. Following diets were used: control diet (C): corn silage and concentrate; and protected fat diet (GP): same of C and ruminally protected fat (35 g/ewe/d) added to concentrate. Diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous, containing 16% CP and 70% TDN on a dry-matter basis. lambs were kept with their mothers in pasture during daytime and were separated at night. They were returned to their mothers after the morning and were weaned at 45 days of age. After 48 hs postpartum, ewea were machine milked once a day at 7h 00, and milk production was daily measured for a period of 60 days. Milk samples were collected for protein and fat determination. Treatment GP presented higher daily average milk production after lambs weaning (0.531 vs 0.489 kg/head/d), however, average milk production of the whole period was not different (0.468 vs 0.453 kg/head/d for GP and C, respectively). Adjusted milk production for 6.5% fat and 6.5% fat and 5.8% protein were similar between treatments. After weaning, treatment C presented higher milk fat content. The use of 3.5% of protected fat on ewes concentrate was economically viable and milk production increases 12.7% after seventh lactation week.

No description available.

There was good correlation between the presence of biochemical and cultural features indicating pathogenicity and the ability to produce enterotoxin, but not to such a degree that these features can be used as an indication of enterotoxin-producing ability. / Master of Science

<p>Kontrola zdravlja vimena krava je bitan element u procesu proizvodnje zdravstveno<br />bezbednog mleka, te se na farmama visokomlečnih krava, kroz program kontrole mastitisa,<br />redovno sprovode mere otkrivanja i prevencije bolesti vimena. Klinički pregled vimena<br />predstavlja osnovni metod koji pruţa korisne informacije o zdravstvenom statusu vimena<br />krava, ali nailazi na pote&scaron;koće u otkrivanju patolo&scaron;kih promena unutar parenhima i papile<br />vimena. U cilju otkrivanja promena u parenhimu vimena moţe se primeniti ultrazvučni<br />pregled koji omogućava vizualizaciju strukturnih promena vimena nastalih kao posledica<br />upalnih procesa i tako olak&scaron;ava dijagnostiku oboljenja.<br />Tokom poslednjih godina, javio se problem povećanja rezistencije bakterija na<br />antimikrobne lekove, &scaron;to oteţava lečenje bolesti, ali i ugroţava zdravlje ţivotinja i ljudi.<br />Najče&scaron;ći uzroci toga su nepravilna upotreba i eventualna zloupotreba antimikrobnih lekova.<br />Mnoga istraţivanja vr&scaron;ena su u in vitro i in vivo uslovima na primeni laktoferina samog ili u<br />kombinaciji sa antibioticima u terapiji i prevenciji mastitisa krava. Laktoferin, gvoţĎe<br />vezujući antimikrobni glikoprotein koji se nalazi u mleku i drugim sekretima, predstavlja<br />bitan deo sistema odbrane mlečne ţlezde.<br />Cilj istraţivanja u okviru ove disertacije je procena dijagnostičke mogućnosti<br />ultrazvučnog pregleda u detekciji subkliničkog mastitisa i poremećene sekrecije vimena,<br />kao i razmatranje opravdanosti primene laktoferina u prevenciji i lečenju mastitisa.<br />Kliničkim pregledom izvr&scaron;ena je procena op&scaron;teg zdravstvenog stanja krava, kao i<br />ispitivanje mlečne ţlezde adspekcijom i palpacijom. Za otkrivanje poremećene sekrecije<br />vimena i subkliničkih mastitisa kori&scaron;ćeni su brzi testovi, Kalifornija mastitis test i<br />Draminski test, kao i ultrazvučni pregled mlečne ţlezde krava. OdreĎivanje broja somatskih<br />ćelija u uzorcima mleka uraĎeno je metodom protočne citometrije. Za identifikaciju<br />uzročnika mastitisa kori&scaron;ćene su klasične mikrobiolo&scaron;ke metode. Krave sa pozitivnim<br />bakteriolo&scaron;kim nalazom podeljene su u dve ogledne grupe. Krave ogledne grupe I su<br />tretirane intramamarnom aplikacijom antibiotika, dok je kravama ogledne grupe II<br />aplikovana kombinacija antibiotika i laktoferina. OdreĎivanje koncentracije imunoglobulina<br />G u mlečnom serumu krava vr&scaron;eno je metodom radioimunodifuzije, a odreĎivanje<br />koncentracije laktoferina u mleku krava ELISA testom.<br />U istraţivanjima u okviru ove disertacije, najče&scaron;će izolovani major mastitis patogeni<br />bile su bakterije Staphylococcus aureus i Streptococcus agalactiae, a najče&scaron;će izolovani<br />minor mastitis patogeni Corynebacterium spp. i koagulaza negativne stafilokoke.<br />Ultrasonografija mlečne ţlezde krava pokazala se kao efikasna metoda u dijagnostici<br />poremećaja sekrecije vimena. Veće vrednosti koncentracije imunoglobulina G u mlečnom<br />serumu krava uočene su tokom perioda predzasu&scaron;enja i zasu&scaron;enja, u odnosu na period rane<br />laktacije. Najveći uticaj na porast koncentracije laktoferina u mleku krava su imali<br />bakterijski uzročnici mastitisa. Efikasnost antibiotske terapije primenjene tokom perioda<br />zasu&scaron;enja kod krava ogledne grupe I iznosila je 52,7%, dok je efikasnost primenjene terapije<br />sa goveĎim laktoferinom i antibiotikom kod krava ogledne grupe II iznosila 60%. Aplikacija<br />laktoferina tokom perioda zasu&scaron;enja doprinela je efikasnosti terapije intramamarnih<br />infekcija, ali nije imala uticaj na koncentraciju laktoferina u mleku tokom perioda rane<br />laktacije.<br />Dalja istraţivanja su neophodna kako bi se u potpunosti potvrdila efikasnost<br />intramamarne terapije sa goveĎim laktoferinom i antibiotikom u cilju eliminacije uzročnika<br />mastitisa i da se precizno odredi terapijska koncentracija laktoferina.</p> / <p>Control of udder health is an essential element in the process of safe milk<br />production, thus, through the mastitis control program, dairy farms regularly conduct<br />measures of detection and prevention of udder diseases. Clinical examination of the udder<br />is a basic method that provides useful information about the health status of cow udders,<br />but this method is limited in its ability to detect pathological changes in the udder<br />parenchyma and teat. In order to detect changes in the parenchyma of the udder, an<br />ultrasound can be applied which allows visualization of udder structural changes incurred<br />as a result of inflammatory processes, thus facilitating diagnosis of diseases.<br />Over the last few years, the problem of increasing resistance to antimicrobial drugs<br />has appeared, making it difficult to treat disease and also threaten the health of animals and<br />humans. The incorrect and widespread use of antimicrobial drugs are the most common<br />cause of this. Many studies were conducted in vitro and in vivo conditions on the use of<br />lactoferrin alone or in combination with antibiotics in the treatment and prevention of<br />mastitis. Lactoferrin, an iron-binding antimicrobial glycoprotein which is found in milk<br />and other secretions, represents an important part of the mammary gland defense system.<br />The aim of the research within this thesis was to evaluate the diagnostic<br />possibilities of udder ultrasonography in the detection of subclinical mastitis and udder<br />secretion disorders, as well as considering the feasibility of lactoferrin application in the<br />prevention and treatment of mastitis.<br />The general condition of the animals was evaluated by clinical examination, as<br />well as udder examination by adspection and palpation. The California mastitis test,<br />Draminski test and ultrasound examination of the cow&#39;s mammary glands were used for<br />detection of udder secretion disorders and subclinical mastitis. Somatic cell count in milk<br />samples was determined by flow cytometry method. Classical microbiological methods<br />were used for the isolation and identification of mastitis causative agents. Cows with<br />positive bacteriological findings were divided into two experimental groups. Cows in<br />experimental group I were treated with intramammary applications of antibiotics, while the<br />cows in experimental group II were treated with a combination of antibiotics and<br />lactoferrin. Immunoglobulin G concentration in bovine milk serum was determined by the<br />immunodiffusion method, while lactoferrin concentration in bovine milk was determined<br />using the ELISA test.<br />In this study, the most common isolated major mastitis pathogens were<br />Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, while Corynebacterium spp. and<br />coagulase-negatice staphilococci were the most commonly detected minor mastitis<br />pathogens. Ultrasonography of the bovine mammary gland proved to be an effective<br />method in the diagnosis of udder secretion disorders. Higher immunoglobulin G<br />concentrations were observed in milk serum from cows during pre-dry and dry period,<br />relative to early lactation period. The biggest influence on the increase in the concentration<br />of lactoferrin in the bovine milk had mastitis pathogens. The efficacy of antibiotic therapy<br />during the dry period in cows of experimental group I was 52.7%, while the efficacy of the<br />applied therapy with lactoferrina and antibiotics in cows of experimental group II was<br />60%. Application of lactoferrin during the dry period contributed to the effectiveness of<br />the treatment of intramammary infections, but had no influence on lactoferrin<br />concentration in the milk during the early lactation period.<br />Further studies are necessary to in order to fully confirm the efficacy of<br />intramammary therapy with bovine lactoferrin and antibiotic to eliminate the mastitis<br />pathogens and to determine the therapeutic concentration of lactoferrin.</p>

9 pp. / As today's dairy industry consolidates, cows are being milked more rapidly through larger milking parlors on larger dairies than ever before. Because milk is the primary commodity and source of income for producers, the harvesting of milk is the single most important job on any dairy. Producing high-quality milk to maximize yields and economic value requires effective parlor management, an enormous challenge for producers. Managing large parlors includes managing labor, milking equipment, as well as monitoring and evaluating parlor performance. Decisions concerning the milking center are some of the most complicated decisions a dairy producer has to make. Milking procedures, herd size, milking interval, the milk market, and the equity position of a producer influence these decisions. Producers will have to make the following decisions before they can select or develop management protocols for a milking parlor: 1. How many cows will be milked through the parlor? 2. What milking procedure will be used (minimal or full)? 3. If a full milking routine; how much contact time do you want (strips per teat)? 4. Which milking routine will be used (sequential, grouping, or territorial)? 5. Are you willing to train teams of milkers to operate large parlors?

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-12T17:35:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Bianca Pachiel Medeiros.pdf: 3428941 bytes, checksum: 22642dcf6ea2928765599063c978c85f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T17:35:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Bianca Pachiel Medeiros.pdf: 3428941 bytes, checksum: 22642dcf6ea2928765599063c978c85f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-27 / The aim of this study was to characterize by ultrasonography and histopathology the injuries of cows discarded. For this, 50 mammary glands were collected from cows slaughtered for food in a frigorific on Rio de Janeiro state. Each mammary quartery was externally and internally inspected and we evaluated the presence of injuries and alterations. Twenty-six glands were evaluated by ultrasonography using a 7.5 MHz transrectal transducer. For the histopatological examination we collected fragments with macroscopic alterations that were placed in flasks containing formalin 10% buffered solution of routinely processed, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and evaluated in microscopy. The most of macroscopic changes occurred in the mammary parenchyma and few changes were observed in the skin and teats. The most frequent changes in the parenchyma were fibrosis, followed by hyperemia, hypertrophy, presence of abscesses and edema. In addition, different types of secretion were observed: milky with normal appearance, milky with whitish or yellowish lumps, thick yellowish-greenish, gelatinous with homogeneous translucent appearance, ranging from colorless, yellowish and brownish yellow. In ultrasonography, changes in ecotexture, echogenicity, presence of gas, nodules and high cellularity content were observed in the parenchyma, gland cistern and teats. The most of teats showed normal wall, followed by hyperechoic and few of mixed echogenicity.The content observation was not possible in most of the teats cisterns, and when we observed, the majority had content without cellularity (normal). In the parenchyma, the most of the contents observed showed mixed or increased echogenicity, most of heterogeneity ecotexture. In the histopathological examination of the mammary tissues, the most frequent finding was the presence of inflammatory infiltrates more commonly consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages. Inflammatory cells were most frequently within the tubules and surrounding the acini and galactophore ducts. In the skin was observed orthokeratosisand and in teats the papilloma in addition moderate or mildmultifocal chronic granulomatous dermatitis. In lymph nodes only one alteration characterized as moderate multifocal acute purulent lymphadenitis was observed. In addition to inflammatory infiltrates, the presence of corpora amylacea in seven samples was observed in the mammary parenchyma. It is concluded that the macroscopic, ultrasonographic and histopathological evaluation methods added to the physical examination can promote a more complete and efficient diagnosis for the diseases of the mammary glands of this species. / Prop?s-se com este estudo caracterizar por ultrassonografia e histopatologia as les?es de gl?ndulas mam?rias de vacas de descarte. Para isso, foram coletadas 50 ?beres (200 quartos mam?rios) de vacas abatidas para consumo em um frigor?fico no Estado do Rio de janeiro. Cada quarto mam?rio foi inspecionado externa e internamente, sendo avaliadas as les?es e as altera??es presentes. Vinte e seis gl?ndulas foram avaliadas por ultrassonografia utilizando-se transdutor retal de 7,5 MHz. Para o exame histopatol?gico foram coletados fragmentos com altera??es macrosc?picas, acondicionados em frascos contendo formol a 10% tamponado, processados rotineiramente, corados com hematoxilina e eosina e avaliados em microscopia ?ptica. A maior parte das altera??es macrosc?picas ocorreu no par?nquima mam?rio e poucas altera??es foram observadas na pele e nos tetos. As altera??es mais encontradas no par?nquima foram fibrose, seguida de hiperemia, hipertrofia, abscessos e edema. Al?m destas foram observados diferentes tipos de secre??o: leitosa com aspecto normal, leitosa com grumos esbranqui?ados ou amarelados, espessa de colora??o amarelo-esverdeada, gelatinosa com aspecto homog?neo transl?cido variando entre incolor, amarelada e amarelo-amarronzada. Na ultrassonografia foram observados no par?nquima, cisterna da gl?ndula e dos tetos altera??es de ecotextura, ecogenicidade, presen?a de g?s, n?dulos e conte?do com alta celularidade. A maioria dos tetos apresentou parede normoecoica, seguida por hiperecoica e poucos de ecogenicidade mista. A observa??o de conte?do n?o foi poss?vel na maioria das cisternas do teto, e quando observado a maioria apresentava baixa celularidade (normal). No par?nquima, a maioria dos conte?dos observados apresentaram ecogenicidade mista ou aumentada, a maioria de ecotextura heterog?nea. No exame histopatol?gico dos tecidos mam?rios, o achado mais frequente foi a presen?a de infiltrado inflamat?rio, mais comumente consistindo de linf?citos e macr?fagos. As c?lulas inflamat?rias estavam com maior frequ?ncia no interior dos t?bulos e circundando os ?cinos e ductos galact?foros. Na pele foi observada ortoqueratose, nos tetos papiloma e dermatite granulomatosa cr?nica multifocal leve ou moderada. Em linfonodos apenas observou-se uma altera??o caracterizada como linfadenite purulenta aguda multifocal moderada. Al?m dos infiltrados inflamat?rios, no par?nquima mam?rio foi observada a presen?a de corpora amylacea em sete amostras. Conclui-se que os m?todos de avalia??o macrosc?pica, ultrassonogr?fica e histopatol?gica, somados ao exame f?sico podem promover um diagn?stico mais completo e eficiente para as enfermidades de gl?ndulas mam?rias desta esp?cie.

Orientador: Wilter Ricardo Russiano Vicente / Coorientador: Marcus Antonio Rossi Feliciano / Coorientador: Luiz Fernando de Souza Rodrigues / Coorientador: Maria Emilia Franco Oliveira / Banca: Joaquim Mansano Garcia / Banca: Érika da Silva Carvalho Morani / Resumo: Sugere-se que as ultrassonografias convencional e Doppler podem ser utilizadas para se obter o diagnóstico da mastite em caprinos, de forma confiável e não invasiva. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar as características ultrassonográficas das glândulas mamárias e determinar os índices vasculares da artéria mamária de caprinos saudáveis, com mastite subclínica e clínica. Foram utilizadas 30 cabras das raças Saanen e Alpina Francesa em idade reprodutiva (de 2 a 5 anos) divididas em três grupos, animais saudáveis (GS), com mastite subclínica (GMSC) e com mastite clínica (GMC). Os animais foram submetidos ao exame clínico a fim de verificar sinais que indicassem a ocorrência de mastite. O leite foi avaliado pelos métodos da caneca de fundo preto e "California Mastitis Test" (CMT). Por meio da ultrassonografia convencional (Modo-B) do úbere observaram-se as características sonográficas (ecotextura e ecogenicidade) e biométricas das estruturas do órgão (diâmetro e área da cisterna do úbere, diâmetro e área da cisterna da papila mamária, e espessura da parede da papila mamária). Com a ultrassonografia Doppler, foram obtidos os índices vasculares da artéria mamária. Os resultados revelaram hiperecogenicidade com componente sólido para a cisterna da glândula, quando comparado o tecido de animais com mastite clínica com tecido mamário saudável. Em relação à ecotextura do tecido mamário, nos três grupos, verificou-se heterogeneidade do parênquima mamário e para o leite, homogeneidade para animais do GS e GMSC e heterogeneidade para animais do GMC. A avaliação quantitativa da ecogenicidade demonstrou um aumento de ecogenicidade (valor médio) para todas as estruturas ao se comparar os grupos experimentais. A biometria não revelou diferença estatística entre os grupos para nenhuma estrutura avaliada. Ao exame Modo-Doppler da artéria mamária verificou-se redução dos valores obtidos para a ... / Abstract: It's suggested that both B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography could be used to obtain the diagnosis of mastitis in goats on a trustful and non-invasive way, therefore, this study aims to evaluate the sonographic characteristics of the udder and teats and to determine the Doppler indexes of mammary artery at its bifurcation in healthy animals, as well as in animals with both subclinical or clinical mastitis. Thirty animals among Saanen and Alpine Brown goats aged between 2 and 5 years were arranged in three groups, healthy animals (GS), animals with subclinical mastitis (GMSC) and animals with clinical mastitis (GMC). The animals underwent clinical examinations to verify the occurrence of mastitis. The milk was evaluated using the strip cup test and California Mastitis Test (CMT). Using the B-mode, the sonographic characteristics (echotexture and echogenicity) and biometry (diameter and area of the udder cistern, diameter and area of the teat cistern and thickness of the teat wall) were evaluated. Using Doppler ultrasonography, the vascular indexes of the mammary artery were obtained. It was observed hiperecogenicity with solid component in the gland cistern when comparing animals with clinical mastitis and healthy mammary tissue. Regarding the echotexture of the breast tissue, there was heterogeneity in the mammary parenchyma on the three groups, for the milk, it was observed homogeneity for animals on GS and GMSC and heterogeneity for animals on GMC. Grey-scale quantitative assessment revealed increase in echogenicity (mean value) for all the structures when comparing the three groups. Biometry didn't reveal statistical difference between groups, for none of the evaluated structures. Doppler examination of the mammary artery showed the decrease of final diastolic velocity (VDF) and raise of pulsatility index (IP) between groups. The association of B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography is useful for the evaluation of the udder of ... / Mestre

Mūsų tyrimų duomenimis analizuotoje fermoje yra pakankamai aukštas išmilžis, kuris už 2007 metus sudarė 6234 kg per laktaciją. Karvių bandoje per mažą procentą sudaro pimaveršės (11,3%). Vyresnės karvės bandoje pasiskirsto beveik vienodai : antraveršės – 24,7 %, trečiaveršės- 39,1 % ir ketvirtos laktacijos- 24,7 %. Karvių sergamumas slaptuoju mastitu priklauso nuo produktyvumo. Mūsų tyrimai rodo, karvės, kurių produkcija per laktaciją buvo 3000 kg pieno - iki 200 tūkst./ml somatinių ląstelių turėjo 20,93 %, 3001 – 5000 kg – 55,8 % ir virš 5001 kg – 23,26 % karvių. Antroje bandomoje grupėje, karvių somatinių ląstelių skaičius buvo 201 – 400 tūkst./ml pirmaveršių buvo 20,0 %, 3001 – 5000 kg- 43,3% ir virš 5001 kg – 36,6 %. Trečioje bandomojoje grupėje ( 24 karvės) 401 tūkst./ml SLS turėjo 25 %, 3001 – 5000 kg – 16,7% ir virš 5001 kg – 58,3 %. Tyrimai rodo, kad didėjant karvių produktyvumui jos dažniau serga slaptuoju mastitu. Tuo mūsų tyrimų duomenys sutampa su J. Rudejevienės (2007), E Aniulio (2007), Sederevičiaus (2004) tyrimų duomenimis. Analizuojant pažeistus karvių tešmens ketvirčius pastebėjome, kad vienas ketvirtis buvo pažeistas pas 40,0 %, du ketvirčiai - 30 %, trys ketvirčiai - 16,7 % ir visi ketvirčiai 13,3 %. Šio tyrimo duomenys nevisiškai sutampa su J. Klimaitės (2005) duomenimis. Manome, kad pažeistų ketvirčių skaičius priklauso nuo karvių laikymo būdo, sanitarinių ir kitų priežasčių. Pieno sanitarinė būklė priklauso nuo tvarto higienos, spenių paruošimo melžimui... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / According to the data of our studies, there is quite high milk yield in analyzed farm. This milk yield composed 6234 kg per lactation during 2007. In the herd of cows there is a small percent of first-calf cows (11,3%). Older cows are spread in the herd almost equally: second- calf cows – 24,7 %, third-calf cows- 39,1 %, and cows of fourth lactation- 24,7 %. Cows’ morbidity with subclinical mastitis depends on productivity. Our study shows that cows whose production during lactation was 3000 kg- till 200 thousands/ml of somatic cells had 20,93 %, 3001 – 5000 kg – 55,8 % and over 5001 kg – 23,26 % of cows. In the second experimental group the somatic cells count 201 – 400 thousands/ml had 20,0 % of first-calf cows, 3001 – 5000 kg- 43,3% and over 5001 kg – 36,6 %. In the third experimental group ( 24 cows) 401 thousands/ml of SCC (somatic cells count) had 25 %, 3001 – 5000 kg – 16,7% and over 5001 kg – 58,3 %. Studies show that during the rise of productivity of cows they more often suffer from subclinical mastitis. According to this aspect our studies data are compatible with research data of J. Rudejevienė (2007), E Aniulis (2007), Sederevičius (2004). While analysing damaged udder quarters we noticed that one quarter was damaged at 40,0 %, two quarters - 30 %, three quarters - 16,7 % and all four quarters- 13,3 %. The data of this study are only partially compatible with data of J. Klimaitė (2005). It is clear that the number of damaged quarters depends on the way of cows’... [to full text]

Tyrimų metu nustatyta, kad iš visų tešmens ketvirčių daugiau primelžta pieno rytinio nei vakarinio melžimo metu. Rytinio melžimo metu nustatytas 1,39 proc. didesnis tešmens indeksas palyginus su vakariniu melžimu. Palyginus primelžto pieno kiekį iš priekinių ir užpakalinių tešmens ketvirčių nustatyta, kad daugiau pieno primelžta iš užpakalinių tešmens tiek rytinio, tiek vakarinio melžimo metu. Rytinio melžimo metu iš užpakalinių tešmens ketvirčių primelžta vidutiniškai 3,05 kg daugiau, o vakarinio melžimo metu 2,76 kg daugiau negu iš priekinių ketvirčių (p<0,01). Išanalizavus priekinių ir užpakalinių tešmens ketvirčių melžimo trukmę rytinio ir vakarinio melžimo metu, nustatyta ilgesnė melžimo trukmė užpakaliniuose tešmens ketvirčiuose. Rytinio melžimo metu užpakalinių tešmens ketvirčių melžimo trukmė buvo 1,07 min. ilgesnė nei priekinių (p<0,01). Vakarinio melžimo metu šis skirtumas buvo 0,95 min. (p<0,01). Priekiniuose tešmens ketvirčiuose melžimo trukmė buvo 0,53 min. (p<0,01) ilgesnė, o užpakaliniuose 0,65 min.(p<0,01) rytinio melžimo metu palyginus su vakariniu. Tiek priekinių, tiek užpakalinių tešmens ketvirčių melžimo greitis didesnis nustatytas rytinio melžimo metu palyginus su vakariniu. Priekiniuose tešmens ketvirčiuose nustatyta 0,09 kg/min., o užpakaliniuose 0,07 kg/min. didesnis melžimo greitis rytinio melžimo metu palyginus su vakariniu. Suskirsčius karves į grupes pagal SLS klases palygintas atskirų tešmens ketvirčių primelžto pieno kiekis rytinio ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The analyses showed that all quarters of the udder produced more milk during the morning milking compared to the evening milking. During the morning milking the udder index was by 1.39 % higher than during the evening milking. The comparison of the quantity of milk produced by the front and rear quarters of the udder showed that the rear quarters of the udder produced more milk both during the morning and evening milking. During the morning milking the rear quarters of the udder produced 3.05 kg more milk on average compared to the front quarters, whereas during the evening milking they produced 2.76 kg more milk on average compared to the front ones (p<0.01). The analysis of the duration of milking the front and rear quarters of the udder during the morning and evening milking showed that the milking duration was longer in the case of the rear quarters of the udder. During the morning milking the duration of milking the rear quarters of the udder was by 1.07 min longer compared to the front quarters (p<0.01). During the evening milking the difference was 0.95 min (p<0.01). During the morning milking the milking duration was by 0.53 min (p<0.01) longer in the case of the front quarters and by 0.65 min (p<0.01) longer in the case of the rear quarters compared to the evening milking. After dividing the cows into groups according to the classes determined by the number of somatic cells, the quantities of milk produced by the separate quarters of the udder during the morning and... [to full text]

Darbo tikslas : Įvertinti karvių produktyvumo, somatinių ląstelių skaičiaus piene ir reprodukcinių savybių rodiklius ir nustatyti jų tarpusavio ryšius. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti: a) Karvių pieno kiekio ir sudėties (riebumo, baltymingumo) rodiklius; b) Somatinių ląstelių skaičių karvių piene; c) Karvių reprodukcines savybes. 2. Nustatyti karvių pieno kiekio bei sudėties, somatinių ląstelių skaičiaus ir reprodukcinių savybių tarpusavio ryšius. 3. Apskaičiuoti koreliacijos koeficientus tarp karvių pieno kiekio bei sudėties, somatinių ląstelių skaičiaus ir reprodukcinių savybių rodiklių. Išvados: 1. Įvertinus karvių pieno kiekio ir sudėties rodiklius nustatyta, kad iš visų tirtų karvių vidutiniškai primelžta 5176,442 kg pieno, gauta 223,08 kg riebalų ir 175,07 kg baltymų. Geresniu produktyvumu išsiskyrė karvės, kurios buvo laikomos B ūkyje. Iš šių karvių vidutiniškai daugiau buvo primelžta 912,99 kg pieno, gauta 29,30 kg riebalų ir 31,74 kg baltymų nei A ūkyje laikomų karvių. 2. Įvertinus SLS karvių piene nustatyta, kad tirtų karvių piene vidutinis SLS buvo 307,946 tūkst./cm3. Tai atitinka tinkamo supirkimo pienui keliamus ES reikalavimus. Tirtų karvių, laikomų A ūkyje SLS piene buvo 15,05 tūkst./cm3 mažesnis. 3. Įvertinus tirtų karvių reprodukcines savybes nustatyta, kad karvės buvo vidutiniškai 3,5 laktacijų skaičiaus, laktacija vidutiniškai truko 225,6 dienas, neveršingumo laikotarpis – 155,6 dienas, trukmė tarp apsiveršiavimų – 470,4 dienos ir vidutinis sėklinimų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of work: To evaluate cow productivity, somatic cell count in milk and reproduction traits and to determine correlation between them. Place of research: The work was carried out in the Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics of Veterinary Academy and also in the dairy cow‘s farm during 2011 – 2013 years of studies. The Results of Survey: Evaluation of cow milk amount and composition showed that average amount of milk from all analyzed cows was 5183.442 kg, 223.08 kg of fat was obtained, as well as 175.07 kg of proteins. Cows in farm B were more productive. 912.99 kg more milk, 29.30 kg more fat and 31.74 kg proteins were obtained from these cows on an average, in comparison to cows in farm A. Evaluation of SCC in cow milk showed that average SCC( somatic cells count) in analyzed cow milk was 307.946 thousand/cm3. It corresponds to EU requirements established for milk for production. SCC in milk of analyzed cows in farm A was 15.05 thousand/cm3 less. Evaluation of reproduction traits of analyzed cows showed that lactation of cows occurred 3.5 times on an average, average duration of lactation was 225.6 days, dry period lasted 155.6 days, number of days between parturitions was 470.4 and average number of seminations was 1.9. The research allowed to determine statistically reliable negative phenotypic correlation between SCC in milk and amount of milk (p<0.05). As productivity of cows increased, SCC in milk increased as well, it caused more frequent udder inflammation to... [to full text]