Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-24Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:48:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000815840.pdf: 391408 bytes, checksum: c48b1a98d57e737982ccb63ca3a3b175 (MD5) / Sugere-se que as ultrassonografias convencional e Doppler podem ser utilizadas para se obter o diagnóstico da mastite em caprinos, de forma confiável e não invasiva. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar as características ultrassonográficas das glândulas mamárias e determinar os índices vasculares da artéria mamária de caprinos saudáveis, com mastite subclínica e clínica. Foram utilizadas 30 cabras das raças Saanen e Alpina Francesa em idade reprodutiva (de 2 a 5 anos) divididas em três grupos, animais saudáveis (GS), com mastite subclínica (GMSC) e com mastite clínica (GMC). Os animais foram submetidos ao exame clínico a fim de verificar sinais que indicassem a ocorrência de mastite. O leite foi avaliado pelos métodos da caneca de fundo preto e “California Mastitis Test” (CMT). Por meio da ultrassonografia convencional (Modo-B) do úbere observaram-se as características sonográficas (ecotextura e ecogenicidade) e biométricas das estruturas do órgão (diâmetro e área da cisterna do úbere, diâmetro e área da cisterna da papila mamária, e espessura da parede da papila mamária). Com a ultrassonografia Doppler, foram obtidos os índices vasculares da artéria mamária. Os resultados revelaram hiperecogenicidade com componente sólido para a cisterna da glândula, quando comparado o tecido de animais com mastite clínica com tecido mamário saudável. Em relação à ecotextura do tecido mamário, nos três grupos, verificou-se heterogeneidade do parênquima mamário e para o leite, homogeneidade para animais do GS e GMSC e heterogeneidade para animais do GMC. A avaliação quantitativa da ecogenicidade demonstrou um aumento de ecogenicidade (valor médio) para todas as estruturas ao se comparar os grupos experimentais. A biometria não revelou diferença estatística entre os grupos para nenhuma estrutura avaliada. Ao exame Modo-Doppler da artéria mamária verificou-se redução dos valores obtidos para a ... / It’s suggested that both B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography could be used to obtain the diagnosis of mastitis in goats on a trustful and non-invasive way, therefore, this study aims to evaluate the sonographic characteristics of the udder and teats and to determine the Doppler indexes of mammary artery at its bifurcation in healthy animals, as well as in animals with both subclinical or clinical mastitis. Thirty animals among Saanen and Alpine Brown goats aged between 2 and 5 years were arranged in three groups, healthy animals (GS), animals with subclinical mastitis (GMSC) and animals with clinical mastitis (GMC). The animals underwent clinical examinations to verify the occurrence of mastitis. The milk was evaluated using the strip cup test and California Mastitis Test (CMT). Using the B-mode, the sonographic characteristics (echotexture and echogenicity) and biometry (diameter and area of the udder cistern, diameter and area of the teat cistern and thickness of the teat wall) were evaluated. Using Doppler ultrasonography, the vascular indexes of the mammary artery were obtained. It was observed hiperecogenicity with solid component in the gland cistern when comparing animals with clinical mastitis and healthy mammary tissue. Regarding the echotexture of the breast tissue, there was heterogeneity in the mammary parenchyma on the three groups, for the milk, it was observed homogeneity for animals on GS and GMSC and heterogeneity for animals on GMC. Grey-scale quantitative assessment revealed increase in echogenicity (mean value) for all the structures when comparing the three groups. Biometry didn’t reveal statistical difference between groups, for none of the evaluated structures. Doppler examination of the mammary artery showed the decrease of final diastolic velocity (VDF) and raise of pulsatility index (IP) between groups. The association of B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography is useful for the evaluation of the udder of ...

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No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseGBGJ_TESE.pdf: 1585659 bytes, checksum: 9452e93bf012ba011555efd3d4e7e7f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate milk production performance and quality in 14 organically certified dairy farms in 05 states in the northeastern United States, through the evaluation of 14,246 records of monthly tests, with information on production and mammary gland health of Holstein (HO), Jersey (JE) and Holstein-Jersey cross-bred (XX) cows, in the period from May/2012 to June/2015. The number of lactating cows in the herds (mean ± standard deviation) was 38 ± 18. Milk yield (MY) and milk constituents were 21.33 ± 8.04 kg/animal/day, milk protein concentration (MPY) was 3.28 ± 0.45%, milk fat concentration (MFC) was 4.26 ± 0.98% and linear somatic cell count score (SCCS) was 2.54 ± 1.80 ~ SCC = 73 ± 44 x 10³ cells/mL. Milk production and composition and health of the mammary gland among the cow breeds were evaluated in the seasons and grazing season (GS) and non-grazing season (NGS) in the Northeastern region of the United States. Among the seasons of the year, MY was higher in the spring (22.51 kg/day) (P<0.05), being higher by 1.04, 1.58 and 1.96 kg/day compared to winter, summer and autumn, respectively. SCCS was higher in the summer (SCCS = 2.60 ~ SCC = 76 x 10³ cells/mL) (P<0.05) and lower in the spring (SCCS = 2.44 ~ SCC = 68 x 10³ cells/mL). Regarding the breeds, MY and milk corrected to 4% fat (4% FCM) presented better and significant (P<0.05) performance in HO, followed by XX and JE. SCCS was higher in HO (P<0.05), and it did not differ between JE and XX. In the GS, the variables MY and 4% FCM were higher than in the NGS. Only MFC had a higher and significant mean (P<0.05) in the NGS compared to the GS. Milk yield losses were estimated as a function of somatic cell counts in milk, considering the effects of cow breed, parity (primiparous or multiparous) and lactation stage. MY losses corresponded to 0.47 kg/day (2.4%) of lactation, equivalent to 150 kg in 320 days of lactation. Estimated losses between HO, JE and XX were 0.32 kg/day (2.04%), 0.26 kg/day (2.83%) and 0.27 kg/day (1.09%), respectively. Estimated losses were higher in multiparous cows 0.40 kg/day (2.59%) compared to primiparous 0.16 kg/day (1.27%), although, estimated losses were higher in primiparous cows during the first 30 days of lactation. The decrease in MY was more pronounced in the first 30 days post-partum, and at the end of lactation for all effects. The results obtained demonstrate the importance of observing the effects of seasonality, breed, grazing season, number of lactations and lactation stage in milk production and composition, and health of the mammary gland in herds under organic management in the study region, and they can be used as a tool to adjust herd management and to obtain better indexes of milk production and quality, reducing productive losses associated with mastitis / Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e a qualidade do leite em quatorze fazendas leiteiras com certificação orgânica em cinco estados na região nordeste dos Estados Unidos, através da avaliação de 14246 observações de testes mensais, com informações de produção e saúde da glândula mamária de animais da raça Holandesa (HO), Jersey (JE) e cruzados Holandês-Jersey (XX), no período de maio/2012 a junho/2015. O número de vacas lactantes nos rebanhos (média ± desvio padrão) foi 38 ± 18. O rendimento de leite (RL) e seus constituintes foram 21,33 ± 8,04 kg/animal/dia, concentração de proteína no leite (PROT) 3,28 ± 0,45%, concentração de gordura no leite (GOR) 4,26 ± 0,98% e escore linear de células somáticas (ECCS) 2,54 ± 1,80 ~ CCS = 73 ± 44 x 10³ cels/mL. Avaliaram-se a produção e composição do leite e saúde da glândula mamária entre as raças das vacas entre as estações do ano e estação de pastejo (EP) e sem pastejo (NEP) na região nordeste dos Estados Unidos. Nas estações do ano, o RL foi maior na primavera (22,51 kg/dia) (P < 0,05), sendo superior 1,04, 1,58 e 1,96 kg/dia em comparação ao inverno, verão e outono, respectivamente. O ECCS foi maior no verão (ECCS = 2,60 ~ CCS = 76 x 10³ cels/mL) (P < 0,05) e menor na primavera (ECCS = 2,44 ~ CCS = 68 x 10³ cels/mL). Nas raças, o RL e o leite corrigido para 4% de gordura (LCG4) apresentaram melhor e significativo (P < 0,05) desempenho na HO, seguida pela XX e JE. O ECCS foi maior na raça HO (P < 0,05), e não diferiu entre JE e XX. Na EP, as variáveis RL e LCG4 foram superiores à NEP. Apenas GOR apresentou média maior e significante (P < 0,05) na NEP comparada à EP. Foram estimadas as perdas de rendimento de leite em função da contagem de células somáticas no leite, considerando os efeitos de raça da vaca, parição (primípara ou multípara) e estágio de lactação. As perdas no RL corresponderam a 0,47 kg/dia (2,4%) da lactação, equivalente a 150 kg em 320 dias de lactação. As estimativas de perdas entre HO, JE e XX foram 0,32 kg/dia (2,04%), 0,26 kg/dia (2,83%) e 0,27 kg/dia (1,09%), respectivamente. As estimativas de perdas foram superiores nas multíparas 0,40 kg/dia (2,59%) comparadas às primíparas 0,16 kg/dia (1,27%), embora, nos primeiros 30 dias de lactação, as estimativas de perdas tenham sido superiores nas primíparas. O decréscimo no RL foi mais acentuado nos primeiros 30 dias pós-parto e ao final da lactação para todos os efeitos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a importância da observação dos efeitos das estações do ano, raças, estação de pastejo, número de lactações e estágio de lactação na produção, composição e saúde da glândula mamária em rebanhos sob manejo orgânico na região em estudo, como ferramenta para o ajuste de manejo dos rebanhos e obtenção de melhores índices de produção e qualidade do leite e redução das perdas produtivas associadas à mastite / 2017-06-20

A mastitis is an inflammatory illness of a milk gland, currently the mastitis is one of the most common health problems in cattle breeding. In most cases the mastitis is caused by bacterial infections of an udder, it can be also caused by viruses, protozoa, yeast, algae and molds. There are huge variety of factors reducing defensive immune mechanisms of the udder and predispose a cow for the inflammation. An etiology of mastitis and mainly ways of prevention are very interesting not only for dairy cows breeders, but also for researchers, scientists and veterinarians. Main reason is economy of dairy cattle the inflammation of milk gland reduces actual milk production, it can influenced milk yield in next lactations and lenght of productive life of the dairy cow too. Usually culling rate and death rate grow. The mastitis has negative effect on reproduction and health status of the cow, especially on hooves' health; that also leads to shortening of cow's productive life and necessity of faster replacement of affected cows by heifers. An aim of this work is to found out risk factors which enlarges chance of the mastitis. Rate of mastitis is influenced by an age of a cow and a number of lactation, a number of days in lactation, an age of a cow at the 1st calving, an yield of the previous lactation, cases of mastitis at the 1st and next lactations and health problems on start of a lactation. A number of treated teats is influenced by an age of a cow at the 1st calving, an yield of the previous lactation and days of the dry-period. Negative effect of mastitis on the reproduction wasn't completely demonstrated; there were only found out that higher number of treating cases extends time between calvings.

Orientador: Edson Ramos de Siqueira / Banca: Roberto de Oliveira Roça / Banca: Ivanete Susin / Resumo: Delineou-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do uso de gordura protegida na dieta d ovelhas da raça Bergamácia sobre o desempenho produtivo, dinâmica de peso e nas medidas do úbere. Utilizou-se 77 ovelhas distribuídas em 2 grupos de forma homogênea por ordem de parição idade. Para os dois tratamentos propostos, utilizou-se: dieta Controle (C): silagem de milho e concentrado; e dieta Gordura Protegida (GP): a mesma de C e adição de gordura ruminalmente protegida (35 g/ovelha/dia) ao concentrado. As dietas foram isoenergéticas e isoprotéicas, contendo 16% PB e 70% NDT com base na matéria seca. Os cordeiros permaneceram com suas mães em pasto durante o dia e separados à noite. Eles retornavam à suas mães após a ordenha matinal e foram desmamados aos 45 dias de idade. As ovelhas, após 48 horas do parto, foram ordenhadas mecanicamente uma vez ao dia, às 7h 00, com produção de leite mensurada diariamente pelo período de 60 dias. Amsotras de leite foram coletadas semanalmente para determinação de proteína e gordura. Foram medidas a circunferência, profundidade e largura do úbere e largura e comprimento das tetas, aos 30 e 60 dias. O tratmaneto GP apresentou maior produção de leite média diária após a desmama dos cordeiros (0,531 vs 0,489 kg/cab/dia), entretanto, a produção de todo o período não foi diferente entre os tratamentos (0,468 vs 0,453 kg/cab/dia, para GP e C, respectivamente). As produções de leite ajustadas para 6,5% de gordura e 6,5% de gordura e 5,8% de proteína forma semelhantes entre os tratamentos. A utilização de 3,5% de gordura protegida no concentrado de ovelhas leiteiras foi economicamente viável, proporcionando produção de leite 12,7% maior após a 7ª semana de lactação. / Abstract: This work aimed to evaluate the effect of use of protected fat in the diet of Bergamasca ewes on its performance and weight ranging. It was used 77 ewes allocated in 2 homogeneous groups by partutition and age. Following diets were used: control diet (C): corn silage and concentrate; and protected fat diet (GP): same of C and ruminally protected fat (35 g/ewe/d) added to concentrate. Diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous, containing 16% CP and 70% TDN on a dry-matter basis. lambs were kept with their mothers in pasture during daytime and were separated at night. They were returned to their mothers after the morning and were weaned at 45 days of age. After 48 hs postpartum, ewea were machine milked once a day at 7h 00, and milk production was daily measured for a period of 60 days. Milk samples were collected for protein and fat determination. Treatment GP presented higher daily average milk production after lambs weaning (0.531 vs 0.489 kg/head/d), however, average milk production of the whole period was not different (0.468 vs 0.453 kg/head/d for GP and C, respectively). Adjusted milk production for 6.5% fat and 6.5% fat and 5.8% protein were similar between treatments. After weaning, treatment C presented higher milk fat content. The use of 3.5% of protected fat on ewes concentrate was economically viable and milk production increases 12.7% after seventh lactation week. / Mestre

A bidirectional selection experiment for increased and decreased somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk was conducted with two selected lines (high line or HSCC, low line or LSCC) and one control line (CSCC) of mice. Distribution of milk SCC in mice was 4 to 5 times the distribution in Holsteins. The shape of the lactation curve of mice was similar to that of Holsteins with maximum yield at day 7 (2.06 gms). The phenotypic regression of lactation milk yield on lactation milk SCC (-0.276) was significant (P < .05) and indicated that dams with higher SCC produce less milk. Small phenotypic correlations of milk SCC with blood SCC (-0.09) and percentage phagocytic cells (-0.06) were found, indicating that these traits are unrelated. A small but significant (P < .05) negative correlation (-0.14), was found between response to endotoxin challenge and milk SCC indicating that dams with inherently higher milk SCC responded less to endotoxin challenge than dams with lower milk SCC. No major pathogens which cause mastitis in cattle were detected in milk of mice. In addition, the bacteria identified (Bacillus sp., Corynebacterium sp. etc) did not cause any serious infections and/or increase in milk SCC in mice. Selection for high and low milk SCC produced a symmetrical response in the two selected lines (HSCC and LSCC), such that after 7 generations of selection, the two lines differed by more than 500,000 cells/ml of milk. A small negative genetic regression ( -0.162) of milk yield on milk SCC suggested a small correlated response in yield opposite in direction from the direct response for milk SCC. Small negative genetic regressions of blood SCC and percentage phagocytic cells on milk SCC ( -0.087 and -3.492) suggested that these three traits are genetically independent. Selection on milk SCC did not result in change either in total leukocytic cells per ml of blood or in percentage phagocytic leukocytes in blood. A negative genetic regression of response to challenge on milk SCC (-3.201) was found suggesting that selection for low milk SCC results in an increase of the ability of the individual mouse to elevate milk SCC after an injection with E. coli endotoxin. However, more data are needed to confirm this conclusion. Phenotypic correlations between milk SCC and several measures of fitness and genetic regressions of these measures on milk SCC were negligible. / Ph. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA15MA183.pdf: 887467 bytes, checksum: 2bc063cd18c41cbd3e4991109a6be33b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The crossbreeding with Jersey cattle has been used as an alternative in Holstein Cattle breeds aiming to raise solid contents of milk and poor performance in functional traits. Although there are recent research about productive and reproductive traits, there are few information about conformation of crossbred animals, despite the importance of this topic to determinate selection strategies. Thus, this work compared body measurements and body condition between Holstein X Jersey crossbred and Holstein cows. It was performed in four dairy herds with both Holstein and Holstein X Jersey cows, which was measured for 21 official body traits and an unofficial body trait called udder clearance, as well for body condition score. There was measured lactating cows, with metric measurements for the measurable traits, a 1-5 scale for body condition score and with a subjective score of 1-9, based on Canadian evaluation method to the not- measurable traits. The evaluations was done with a interval of 6-12 weeks, with three visits for each dairy farm, being collected information about milk production, birth date and lactation stage too. The data were submitted to analisys of variance with repeated measures, being the statistic model compound by genetic grouping, number of calvings, lactation stage, herd and the interaction of genetic grouping with number of calvings and lactation stage. For udder and dairy strength measurements was included the milk yield covariate. Factorial analisis was done to analyze the relationship between the body measurements and body condition score data in each genetic grouping. Difference was detected (P<0,0001) between genetic grouping for milk production, with advantage to Holstein cows (23,6 X 26,5 kg). In the udder traits, crossbred cows showed better scores for udder cleavage (P<0,01) and rear teat placement (P<0,01), but with worse results for udder depth and udder clearance (P<0,0001). Holstein cattle demonstrated better score for foot angle (P<0,001), but with worse bone quality (P<0,01). Holstein cows was taller (P<0,0001), had shallower body depth and worse body condition score (P<0,01) in comparison to crossbred cows. In rump traits was observed difference between the groups for loin strength, rump angle and rump width. The Holstein cows showed wider (P<0,0001) and less sloped rumps(P<0,0001), but worse loin strength (p<0,05) than crossbred cows. Factorial analisis showed negative relationship of milk yield with body measurements related with udder depth and udder clearance and positive with body depth, angulosity, bone quality and udder width and texture. There was a positive association between stature and rump width also, as well a positive relationship between younger cows with taller and shallower udders, better udder clivage and texture / O cruzamento com a raça Jersey vem sendo empregado como alternativa de recurso genético em rebanhos da raça Holandesa, visando amenizar baixos teores de sólidos no leite e mau desempenho em características funcionais. Embora haja pesquisas recentes sobre aspectos produtivos e reprodutivos deste cruzamento, há pouca informação sobre a conformação destes animais, apesar do tema ser importante para determinar estratégias de seleção. Assim, o trabalho objetivou comparar vacas mestiças Holandês X Jersey em relação a vacas da raça Holandês quanto à conformação e condição corporal. O trabalho foi realizado em quatro rebanhos leiteiros que possuem animais da raça Holandês e cruzadas Holandês X Jersey, as quais foram avaliadas para 21 caracetrísticas lineares de tipo e para a característica de conformação não-oficial udder clearance, bem como condição corporal. Foram mensuradas vacas lactantes, com medidas métricas para as características mensuráveis, com escala de 1 a 5 para escore de condição corporal e com pontuação subjetiva de 1 a 9, baseada na metodologia canadense de avaliação linear, para as demais características. As avaliações foram realizadas em três visitas para cada propriedade, com intervalo entre 6 e 12 semanas, sendo coletadas também informações referentes à produção leiteira, idade e estágio de lactação das vacas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, com medidas repetidas, sendo o modelo estatístico composto pelo grupamento genético, paridade, estágio de lactação, rebanho e interação do grupamento genético com a paridade e o estágio de lactação. Para as características de tipo das categorias sistema mamário e força leiteira foi incluída a covariável produção de leite. A relação entre as medidas de classificação linear e escore de condição corporal foi analisada utilizando-se análise multivariada (análise fatorial). Observou-se diferença (P<0,0001) entre grupamentos genéticos para produção de leite, sendo que vacas mestiças apresentaram produção de leite inferior às Holandês (23,6 X 26,5 kg). Nas características lineares relacionadas ao sistema mamário, observou-se melhor pontuação para clivagem de úbere (P<0,01) e colocação de tetos posteriors em mestiças (P<0,01), com piores resultados para profundidade de úbere e udder clearance (P<0,0001). Na categoria aprumos vacas Holandês apresentaram melhor conformação de ângulo de casco (P<0,001), com pior qualidade óssea (P<0,01). As vacas puras apresentaram, maior estatura (P<0,0001) e menor profundidade corporal e escore de condição corporal frente as cruzadas (P<0,01). Nas características de garupa, houve diferença significativa entre os grupos para força de lombo, ângulo e largura de garupa. As vacas Holandês demonstraram garupas mais largas (P<0,0001), menos inclinadas (P<0,0001) e com força de lombo inferior (P<0,05) que as vacas cruzadas. A análise fatorial demonstrou relação negativa de produção de leite com caraterísticas lineares relacionadas à queda de úbere e positiva com profundidade corporal, angulosidade, qualidade óssea, largura e textura de úbere. Demonstrou também associação positiva de estatura com largura de garupa, bem como uma relação entre vacas com menor ordem de parto e úberes mais altos, rasos e com melhores clivagem e textura de úberes

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_manuela_zardin_de_pellegrini.pdf: 867365 bytes, checksum: 0d6793294ffa9bf2c92471e5c33514d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-24 / The research evaluated the incidence of mastitis sheep and its relation to pain and behavioral variables in Corriedale herd, handled on native pasture in Rio Grande do Sul. The results were collected in two reviews. The first stage was conducted in December 2010 to determine the incidence of mastitis in multiparous ewes after weaning their lambs. The sheep were submittedto clinical examination and palpation of the udder and classified as scale change in consistency of the udder. No cases of clinical mastitis, but 25% of the herd had chronic mastitis. In the second stage, held in September 2011, was observed behavioral variables in two environments: pen and paddock. Two sheep were evaluated postpartum, which showing udderalteredconsistencyandnormal, respectively.The sheep with udderalteredconsistencyshowed alert behavior pen and paddock. The sheep with normal udder showed higher gregarious behavior and vocalised more often for her lamb. The presence ofnodulesin the udderalteredmaternal-filial behavior the sheep.The indicators of pain were not observed. The clinical mastitis is not a problem in the extensive breeding of sheep, but the presence of chronic mastitis indicates trauma or inflammation without prior treatment. / A pesquisa avaliou a incidência da mastite ovina e sua relação com variáveis de dor e comportamentais, em rebanho Corriedale, manejado em campo nativo no Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados foram coletados em duas avaliações. A primeira etapa foi realizada em dezembro de 2010, para verificar a incidência da mastite em ovelhas multíparas após o desmame dos seus cordeiros. As ovelhas foram submetidas ao exame clínico e palpação do úbere e classificadas conforme escala de alteração da consistência do úbere. Não houve casos de mastite clínica, porém 25% do rebanho apresentou mastite crônica. Na segunda etapa, realizada em setembro de 2011, foi observado as variáveis comportamentais em dois ambientes: mangueira (curral) e piquete. Duas ovelhas foram avaliadas no pós-parto, as quaisapresentaram consistência de úbere alterado e úbere normal, respectivamente. A ovelha com alteração no úbere mostrou comportamento alerta no curral e piquete. A ovelha com úbere normal apresentou maior comportamento gregário e vocalizou mais vezes para seu cordeiro. A presença de nodulações no úbere alterou o comportamento materno-filial. Os indicadores de dor não foram observados. A mastite clínica não é um problema na criação extensiva de ovinos, contudo a presença de mastite crônica indica trauma ou inflamação prévia sem tratamento.

The objectives of this paper were (i) to perform a systematic review of the literature over the last 21 yr and (ii) to evaluate the efficacy of selective dry cow treatment (SDCT) vs. blanket dry cow treatment (BDCT) in dairy cows regarding the risk of intramammary infection (IMI) after calving, new IMI risk after calving, cure risk during the dry period, and a reduction in antibiotic use at drying-off by meta-analysis. The final number of included studies was n = 3 for IMI risk after calving and n = 5 for new IMI risk after calving, cure risk during the dry period, and antibiotic use. The relative risk (RR) levels for IMI, new IMI, and cure did not differ significantly between SDCT and BDCT. This meta-analysis provides evidence that SDCT seems to be an adequate alternative to BDCT regarding udder health with a simultaneous reduction in antibiotic use. Limitations might arise because of the small number of studies included.:1. Introduction 2. Material and Methods 2.1 Search Strategy 2.2 Study Selection 2.3 Data Extraction 2.4 Assessment of Bias Risk 2.5 Statistical Analysis 3. Results 3.1 Study Selection 3.2 Study Characteristics 3.3 Outcomes 3.4 Risk of Bias 3.5 Pairwise Meta-Analysis 3.6 Subgroup Meta-Analysis 4. Discussion 4.1 Risk of IMI after Calving 4.2 Risk of new IMI after Calving 4.3 Cure Risk during Dry Period 4.4 Antibiotic Use at Drying-Off 4.5 Strengths and Limitations / Ziele dieser Studie waren (i) ein systematisches Review über die Literatur der letzten 21 yr zu erstellen sowie (ii) die Effizienz von selektivem Trockenstellen (SDCT) im Vergleich zu konventionellem Trockenstellen (BDCT) bei Milchkühen anhand von Risiko an intramammären Infektionen (IMI) post partum (pp), Neuinfektionenrisiko pp, Heilungsrisiko während dem Trockenstehen und Reduktion des Antibiotikaeinsatzes zum Trockenstellen mittels einer Meta-Analyse zu untersuchen. Die finale Anzahl eingeschlossener Studien war n = 3 für das IMI-Risiko pp sowie n = 5 für Neuinfektionenrisiko pp, Heilungsrisiko während dem Trockenstehen und Antibiotikaeinsatz zum Trockenstellen. Die relativen Risiken für IMI pp, Neuinfektionen pp und Heilung während der Trockenstehperiode unterschieden sich dabei nicht signifikant zwischen SDCT und BDCT. Diese Meta-Analyse erbringt Evidenz, dass SDCT eine adäquate Alternative zu BDCT im Hinblick auf Eutergesundheit und Antibiotikareduktion ist. Limitationen entstehen durch die geringe Anzahl an eingeschlossenen Studien.:1. Introduction 2. Material and Methods 2.1 Search Strategy 2.2 Study Selection 2.3 Data Extraction 2.4 Assessment of Bias Risk 2.5 Statistical Analysis 3. Results 3.1 Study Selection 3.2 Study Characteristics 3.3 Outcomes 3.4 Risk of Bias 3.5 Pairwise Meta-Analysis 3.6 Subgroup Meta-Analysis 4. Discussion 4.1 Risk of IMI after Calving 4.2 Risk of new IMI after Calving 4.3 Cure Risk during Dry Period 4.4 Antibiotic Use at Drying-Off 4.5 Strengths and Limitations

Mastitis is an inflammation that is caused in the udder tissue of cattle and which annually causes high costs within productions and the profitability of farms. The purpose of this study is to determine if udder inflammation affects both the amount of milk that produces and investigate how the protein and fat -content are affected. To be able to implement the study, I have used data from a farm in Värmland where mastitis is a common disease affecting the cows, and which reduces profitability annually. From the year 2015, a total of 134 cows on the farm where the study occurred were treated with antibiotics by a veterinarian, where up to half of the cows were affected by a clinically visible infection. Two groups have been used in the study where 45 cows affected by mastitis have been examined through test milking results and then compared with a control group consisting of healthy individuals where I have used cows that have not been visibly affected by mastitis. The results for the study of how the milk volume is affected showed a significant difference for a decrease in the quantity last year (P =0,036). Based on the results, it is concluded that clinical mastitis reduces the amount of milk and the content of the milk. / Mastit är en inflammation som orsakas i juvervävnaden hos nötkreatur och som årligen orsakar stora kostnader inom produktionen och lönsamheten på gårdar. Syftet med denna studie var att fastställa om juverinflammationer kan påverkar en nedgång inom den mängd mjölk som produceras samt undersöka hur protein- samt fetthalten påverkas eftersom innehållet är en viktig del av lönsamheten. För att kunna genomföra studien har jag använt mig av data från en gård i Värmland där mastit är en vanlig förekommande sjukdom som drabbar korna, och som årligen drar ner på lönsamheten. Från år 2015 har totalt 134 kor på gården där studien genomförts varit behandlade med antibiotika av veterinär där uppemot hälften av korna drabbades av en klinisk synlig infektion. Två grupper har använts i studien där 45 kor drabbade av mastit har undersökts genom provmjölkningsresultat och som sedan jämförts med en kontrollgrupp bestående av friska individer där kor som ej har varit synligt drabbade av mastit använts. Resultatet för undersökningen av hur mjölkmängden påverkas visade en signifikant skillnad för en minskning av mängden sista året (P=0,036) men ingen signifikant skillnad över fett och proteinhalten kunde ses. Utifrån resultatet dras slutsatsen att klinisk mastit minskar mjölkmängden medan innehållet av fett och protein förblir opåverkat.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da produção do leite, das exigências líquidas de lactação e do peso de vacas de corte sobre a eficiência energética, econômica e ambiental do sistema de cria. Diversos genótipos utilizados no sistema de cria nacional foram avaliados em três experimentos tendo seus dados analisados por meta-análise. Os genótipos estudados foram Nelore (NL), Angus x Nelore (AN), Canchim x Nelore (CN), Caracu x Nelore (CR) e Simental Nelore (SN). Um experimento inicial definiu a melhor forma de avaliação da produção de leite e da forma da curva de lactação. Foram testadas as metodologias de pesagem do bezerro antes e após a mamada (PMP) e de ordenha mecânica (OM). Os resultados destes estudos permitiram primeiramente defender as seguintes questões: i) a técnica OM é melhor que PMP para predizer diferenças genéticas e ambientais na produção do leite entre vacas de corte e ii) dados obtidos pela OM e analisados pelos modelos não-lineares de efeitos mistos (NLEM) permitem a inclusão dos efeitos que afetam as curvas de lactação e as exigências das vacas. Na análise do modelo de cria, com objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos diferentes parâmetros e características produtivas, alguns métodos estatísticos foram utilizados. Estes incluíram além da modelagem das curvas de lactação por NLEM, o uso da meta-análise, assim como de modelos de equações estruturais para estudo do modelo ambiental e econômico. Nas simulações do ciclo completo de cria foi possível verificar o impacto dos parâmetros avaliados nos experimentos, incluindo o peso adulto e a produção de leite. Em função da inexistência de dados de reprodução, o modelo não assumiu nenhum efeito de genótipo ou exigências sobre as taxas reprodutivas. Os resultados demonstram que o aumento do peso adulto reduz a eficiência do sistema de produção e reduz a lucratividade da produção por unidade de peso de bezerro a desmama (P < 0.05). O aumento da produção de leite aumenta a eficiência e a lucratividade do setor de cria. Vacas Nelore apresentam menor demanda energética que vacas Nelore x Bos taurus (8 a 20% menor, P = 0,036). Vacas com maior potencial de produção de leite, e mais leves são também mais lucrativas e concomitantemente apresentam menores impactos ambientais (menor produção total de gases de efeito estufa). / Our objective was to evaluate the effects of milk production, net energy requirements for lactation and mature live weigh of beef cows on energetic, economic and environmental efficiency of the cow-calf system. Several genotypes were used in a model that simulates the Brazilian cow-calf system in which data from three large experiments were analyzed by metaanalyses. The genotypes were Nellore (NL), Angus x Nellore (AN), Canchim x Nellore (CN), Caracu x Nellore (CR) and Simental Nellore (SN). An initial experiment defined the best approach to measure milk production as well as the parameters of the lactating curve. Two methodologies were tested: weigh-suckle-weigh (WSW) and machine milking (MM). Our results support the following: i) MM methodology is superior than WSW to predict genetic and environmental differences in milk production among beef cows and; ii) MM data analyzed by non-linear mixed (NLMM) models allow the evaluation of how different characteristics (e.g. genotype) affect the shape of the lactation curve and the net energy and protein requirements of the cows. With the data from the experiments, a cow-calf biologic, environmental and economic model was developed. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different parameters and productive characteristics of animals on efficiencies. Several statistical methods were used: lactation curve modeling by non-linear mixed-effects models (NLME), meta-analysis and structural equation modeling to establish the model. The complete cow-calf cycle simulation demonstrated the impact of mature body weight (BW) and milk production . Due to the lack of experimental reproductive data, the model assumed no genotype or requirements effects on the reproductive rates which were maintained constant. Results show that increasing mature BW reduces the system efficiency and reduces profitability by kilogram of weaned calf. The increase in milk production increases the efficiency and profitability of the cow-calf system (P < 0.05). Nellore cows presented lower energetic requirements than Nellore x Bos taurus cows (8 to 20% lower, P = 0.036). Cows having greater milk production potential and lower mature body weight are more profitable and at the same time have lower environmental impacts (less greenhouse gases emission per unit of beef).