From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / The process of salt replacement desalination proposed is believed to be able to produce vast quantities of fresh water be desalination. This method, which is a novel approach to minimizing the costs of saline water conversion, consists of the substitution of solutes in a solution to be desalted by a replacer chemical, and the low energy removal of that replacer chemical. The ultrafiltration of larger molecular sized replacer chemicals with high flux membranes increases the produce yield rate and reduces the corresponding energy requirement, with respect to reverse osmosis. In addition, the initial captial investment is less since no pressure constraining devices are required. The alteration of the osmotic pressure of the replacer solution within the process can also take advantage of energy savings through the utilization of an easily reversible reaction which synthesizes and breaks down a constituent that has a significant osmotic pressure difference between phases. Finally, the unusual process of fixed gel syneresis shows potential as a low energy salt replacement type process, but still requires extensive investigation.

A non-reactive model system comprising a highly concentrated and unstable oil-in-water emulsion was used to investigate the retention of oil by the membrane in producing biodiesel with a membrane reactor. Critical flux was identified using the relationship between the permeate flux and transmembrane pressure along with the separation efficiency of the membrane. It was shown that separation efficiencies above 99.5% could be obtained at all operating conditions up to the critical flux. It was observed that the concentration of oil in all collected permeate samples using the oil-water system was below 0.2 wt% when operating at a flux below the critical flux. Studies to date have been limited to the characterization of low concentrated emulsions below 15 vol.%. The average oil droplet size in highly concentrated emulsions was measured as 3200 nm employing direct light scattering (DLS) measurement methods. It was observed that the estimated cake layer thickness of 20 to 80 mm was larger than external diameter of the membrane tube i.e. 6 mm based on a large particle size. Settling of the concentrated emulsion permitted the detection of a smaller particle size distribution (30-100 nm) within the larger particles averaging 3200 nm. It was identified that DLS methods could not efficiently give the droplet size distribution of the oil in the emulsion since large particles interfered with the detection of smaller particles. The content of the smaller particles represented 1% of the total weight of oil at 30°C and 5% at 70°C. This was too low to be detected using DLS measurements but was sufficient to affect ultrafiltration. In order to study the critical flux in the presence of transesterification reaction and the effect of cross flow velocity on separation, various oils were transesterified in another membrane reactor providing higher cross flow velocity. higher cross flow velocity provides better separation by reducing materials deposition on the surface of the membrane due to higher shearing. The oils tested were canola, corn, sunflower and unrefined soy oils (Free Fatty Acids (FFA< 1%)), and waste cooking oil (FFA= 9%). The quality of all biodiesel samples was studied in terms of glycerine, mono-glyceride, di-glyceride and tri-glyceride concentrations. The composition of all biodiesel samples were in the range required by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. A critical flux based on operating pressure in the reactor was reached for waste cooking and pre-treated corn oils. It was identified that the reaction residence time in the reactor was an extremely important design parameter affecting the operating pressure in the reactor. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-06T20:35:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ILIANA DE OLIVEIRA GUIMARÃES - TESE PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 50160837 bytes, checksum: 767ec5c57ef7319ccbd6b2d10571ff53 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-06T20:35:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ILIANA DE OLIVEIRA GUIMARÃES - TESE PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 50160837 bytes, checksum: 767ec5c57ef7319ccbd6b2d10571ff53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Capes / O processo Bayer, utilizado para a obtenção de alumina, usa bauxita como matériaprima. Este processo abrange quatro estágios: digestão, clarificação, precipitação e calcinação. O resíduo gerado na etapa de calcinação é um produto com pequeno tamanho de partícula, conhecido como ESP dust. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver membranas cerâmicas tubulares utilizando em sua composição o ESP dust, um pó de alumina do precipitador eletrostático, e uma argila bentonítica. Inicialmente, foi realizada a caracterização dos precursores. Foram analisadas duas amostras do resíduo, uma do resíduo bruto e outra do resíduo calcinado a 1200°C. Essas amostras apresentaram um alto teor de alumina nas suas composições químicas. As fases gibbsita e α-alumina foram identificadas no resíduo bruto e, após sua calcinação, a gibbsita foi totalmente transformada em α-alumina. Observou-se que não houve alterações significativas no tamanho e morfologia das partículas após a calcinação, mas durante este processo, as partículas tornaram-se porosas, provavelmente devido às mudanças de fase cristalina da alumina e a saída de água dos cristais. Dentre vinte formulações diferentes testadas para produzir membranas cerâmicas, quatro composições apresentaram os melhores resultados com relação ao processamento por extrusão: duas composições com o resíduo bruto e duas com o resíduo calcinado. Neste trabalho, as membranas tubulares compostas pelo resíduo de alumina e pela argila bentonítica foram produzidas por extrusão e foram sinterizadas a 900, 1000 e 1100°C. Foi observado que as membranas produzidas apresentaram superfícies com poros distribuídos. A porosidade aparente variou entre 47,70% (composição com 60% de resíduo calcinado e 40% de argila bentonítica sinterizada a 1000°C) e 58,40% (composição com 70% de resíduo bruto e 30% de argila bentonítica sinterizada a 1000°C). Foram realizados ensaios de fluxo tangencial com água deionizada em pressões de 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 Bar. O maior fluxo permeado (909,24L/h.m2) foi observado para as membranas feitas da composição contendo 70% de resíduo bruto e 30% de argila bentonítica sinterizadas a 1100°C, aplicando pressão de 1 Bar. / The Bayer process uses bauxite as raw material to obtain alumina. This process includes four stages: digestion, clarification, precipitation and calcination. The waste generated during the calcination step is a product with small particle size, known as ESP dust. This research aimed to develop tubular ceramic membranes using in its composition the ESP dust, an alumina powder from electrostatic precipitator, and a bentonite clay. Initially, the characterization of the precursors was performed. Two samples were studied, one from crude residue and other from calcined residue at 1200°C. These samples showed a high content of alumina in chemical compositions. The gibbsite and α-alumina phases were identified in crude residue and after calcination gibbsite was completely transformed into α-alumina. Were observed no significant changes in particles size and morphology after calcination, but during this process, the particles become porous, probable due changes in crystalline phase of alumina and the water outlet of crystals. Among twenty different formulations tested to produce ceramic membranes, four compositions showed better results with regard to the extrusion processing: two compositions with crude residue and two with calcined residue. In this paper, tubular membranes produced from alumina residue and bentonite clay were sintered at 900, 1000 and 1100°C. It was observed that the produced membranes had surfaces with distributed pores. The apparent porosity was between 47.70% (composition with 60% of calcined residue and 40% of bentonite clay sintered at 1000°C) and 58.40% (composition with 70% of crude residue and 30% of bentonite clay sintered at 1000°C). Tangential flow tests were performed with deionized water at pressures of 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 Bar. Higher permeate flow rate (909,24L/h.m2) was observed for membranes made of a composition containing crude residue (70%) and bentonite clay (30%) sintered at 1100°C, applying pressure of 1 bar.

Cette thèse étudie le procédé d’ultrafiltration tangentiel assisté par ultrasons aux échellesmacro et nanométriques. Différentes dispersions colloïdales ont été filtrées (argiles, micelle decaséine, nanocristaux d’amidon et de cellulose). Les propriétés d'écoulement et les changementsinduits par les ultrasons (US) ont été caractérisés. Les organisations structurelles à proximité de lamembrane ont été mises en évidence pour la première fois aux échelles nanométriques, lors de lafiltration par diffusion de rayons X aux petits angles in-situ. L’application des US a permis uneaugmentation significative des flux de perméation d’un facteur 1,6 à 13,5, selon l'organisationstructurale des colloïdes. Trois mécanismes induits par les US ont été identifiés : une érosioncomplète, une rupture partielle ou pas de changement (nanométrique) des couches de particulesaccumulées. Grâce aux profils de concentration obtenus, une approche de modélisation a permisune prévision du flux perméation. / This thesis studies an ultrasonic assisted cross-flow ultrafiltration process from macro tonano scales. Different types of colloids were investigated: synthetic and natural clay dispersions,casein micelles (skim milk) and starch or cellulose nanocrystal suspensions. Firstly, flowproperties and the changes due to ultrasound (US) were investigated. Secondly, structuralorganizations at nanometer length scales in the vicinity of the membrane during filtration havebeen revealed for the first time by real-time in-situ Small Angle X-ray Scattering. The applied USincreased significantly the permeate flux of ultrafiltration by an enhancement factor of 1.6 to13.5, depending on the structural organization of the colloids. The applied US has led to threemain effects: a removal of accumulated particle layer, a partial disruption or no change of thenano-organization. Thirdly, thanks to the obtained concentration profiles, a modeling approachhas allowed a prediction of the permeate flux.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalila M Formentini Schmitt.pdf: 1687104 bytes, checksum: d5ea17cddd5fa8a48f15d9203dd84077 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Brazil, the dairy industry are mostly small and medium-sized and using conventional processing techniques coupled with the use of inorganic coagulants. Therefore, this sector needs special attention with regard to advanced techniques for treating their wastewater, in order to meet new environmental regulations and seek alternatives for reuse of treated water. Within this context, this study evaluated the effectiveness of treatment techniques based on principles of coagulation / flocculation using coagulant extracted from Moringa oleifera seed with salt solutions of KCl and NaCl 1.0 Molar, adsorption with Moringa oleífera seed as biosorbent and ultrafiltration with tubular ceramic membrane. The different techniques were evaluated individually and in combination, the efficiency of processes was assessed in terms of removal of parameters: apparent color, turbidity and COD. Among the techniques evaluated the best results were obtained with the combination of technique and the coagulation / flocculation / sedimentation for 60 min using 1500 ppm of coagulant extracted from Moringa oleífera with 1.0 Molar KCl solution combined with ultrafiltration technique at a pressure of 2 bar. This combination of techniques has achieved a 99.9% removal of apparent color and turbidity, and 98.5% of COD. Based on the results of Moringa oleífera was presented as a promising natural coagulant for the treatment of wastewater from the dairy industry. This technique combined with ultrafiltration can enable the reuse of water within the industry. / No Brasil, as indústrias de laticínios na sua maioria são de pequeno e médio porte e utilizam técnicas de tratamento convencionais somadas ao uso de coagulantes inorgânicos. Por isso, este setor precisa de atenção especial no que se refere a técnicas avançadas para o tratamento de suas águas residuárias, com objetivo de atender as novas regulamentações ambientais e buscar alternativas de reúso desta água tratada. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho avaliou a eficiência das técnicas de tratamento baseadas nos princípios de coagulação/ floculação utilizando coagulante extraído da semente de Moringa oleífera com soluções salinas de KCl e NaCl 1,0 Molar, adsorção com semente de Moringa oleífera como biossorvente e ultrafiltração com membrana tubular cerâmica. As diferentes técnicas foram avaliadas individualmente e de forma combinada, a eficiência dos processos foi avaliada em termos de remoção dos parâmetros: cor aparente, turbidez e DQO. Dentre as técnicas avaliadas os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a combinação da técnica de coagulação/ floculação/ sedimentação de 60 min utilizando 1500 ppm do coagulante de Moringa oleífera extraído com solução de KCl 1,0 Molar combinada à técnica de ultrafiltração na pressão de 2 bar. Esta combinação de técnicas alcançou uma remoção de 99,9% de cor aparente e turbidez e 98,5% de DQO. Com base nos resultados obtidos a Moringa oleífera apresentou-se como um coagulante natural promissor para o tratamento das águas residuárias da indústria de laticínios. Esta técnica combinada à ultrafiltração pode possibilitar o reúso desta água dentro da indústria.

Ce travail est axé sur l’étude d’un profil de sol et des solutions de sol prélevés sur une parcelle expérimentale couvertes d’épicéas. Tous ces échantillons proviennent du Bassin Versant du Strengbach (Observatoire HydroGéochimique de l’Environnement – OHGE), ont été échantillonnés à différentes profondeurs (5, 10, 30 et 60 cm) et durant la période comprise entre 2009 et 2013.Les caractérisations des extraits des sols par spectroscopie Infra-Rouge ont permis de mettre en évidence les modifications des groupements fonctionnels organiques avec la profondeur et que ces modifications ont une forte incidence sur le comportement des cations (majeurs et traces) dans le sol. Des expérimentations d’ultra-filtration ont permis d’identifier les flux colloïdaux et dissous du carbone organique ainsi que ceux des éléments majeurs et traces présents dans les solutions de sol. L’utilisation conjointe des traceurs isotopiques (87Sr/86Sr et δ44/40Ca) et chimiques (Terres Rares) ont mis en évidence des processus ayant lieu aux interfaces eau-sol-plante, comme le prélèvement racinaire ou l’altération des sols. / This work is focused on the study of a profile of soil and soil solutions collected on an experimental plot covered with spruce. All these samples come from the watershed of the Strengbach (environment - OHGE Hydrogeochimique Observatory), were sampled at different depths (5, 10, 30 and 60 cm) and during the period between 2009 and 2013. Characterizations of soil extracts by infrared spectroscopy allowed to highlight changes in the organic functional groups with depth and that these changes have a significant impact on the behaviour of the cations (major and trace) in the soil. Ultrafiltration experiments helped to identify flows of colloidal and dissolved organic carbon as well as those of the major and trace-element present in soil solutions. The joint use of isotope tracers (87Sr / 86Sr and δ44 / 40 Ca) and chemical (Rare Earth Elements) have highlighted processes taking place at the water-soil-plant interface, as the uptake by root or soil alteration.

Ce travail de doctorat traite l’optimisation des méthodes d’extraction des composés phénoliques à partir des sous-produits de la viticulture et de la viniculture, à savoir les sarments de vigne et les marcs de raisins. Plusieurs technologies innovantes sont appliquées et comparées : l’extraction accélérée par solvant (EAS), les décharges électriques de haute-tension (DEHT), les ultrasons (US) et les champs électriques pulsés (CEP). Les extractions solide-liquide faites sur les sarments ont montré que, parmi les solvants étudiés, l’eau est le moins efficace. L’ajout de la β-cyclodextrine dans l’eau améliore le procédé d’extraction mais est moins efficace que les mélanges hydroéthanoliques. L’extraction en milieu alcalin donne le meilleur rendement en composés phénoliques. L’intensification de l’extraction des composés phénoliques des sarments est possible grâce aux nouvelles technologies d’extraction. L’efficacité des méthodes testées est la moindre avec les US, moyenne avec les CEP pour atteindre le meilleur rendement phénolique avec les DEHT. La filtrabilité de ces extraits est d’autant plus lente que leur composition est complexe. L’ultrafiltration membranaire permet une très bonne purification et concentration des composés phénoliques. L’étude des mécanismes d’action des DEHT a permis d’identifier les phénomènes favorisant l’extraction des composés phénoliques à partir des sarments. Un effet mécanique des DEHT, capable de fragmenter les sarments, est en majorité responsable de cette amélioration. Le procédé énergivore du broyage pourra alors être omis. Un effet électrique contribuant également à l’intensification du procédé d’extraction est démontré. La formation de peroxyde d’hydrogène durant le traitement par DEHT est quantifiée mais ne semble pas altérer les composés phénoliques qui sont des molécules à capacité antiradicalaire élevée. Quant aux études portées sur les marcs de raisins, la variation simultanée de plusieurs paramètres opératoires a permis l’optimisation de l’extraction aqueuse et hydroéthanolique des composés phénoliques en ayant recours à la méthodologie de surface de réponse (MSR). Le passage d’un milieu aqueux à un milieu hydroéthanolique a permis d’améliorer nettement le procédé d’extraction solide-liquide des composés phénoliques et l’utilisation de l’EAS a permis l’augmentation du rendement en composés phénoliques jusqu’à trois fois par rapport à l’optimum obtenu en milieu hydroéthanolique. / This study deals with the optimization of the extraction methods of phenolic compounds from viticulture and viniculture by-products, namely vine shoots and grape pomace. Several innovative technologies were tested and compared: high voltage electrical discharges (HVED), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), ultrasounds (US) and pulsed electric fields (PEF). The solid-liquid extraction conducted on vine shoots showed that, amongst the studied solvents, water is the least effective. The addition of the β-cyclodextrin to water improves the extraction process but remains less effective than that with hydroethanolic mixtures. The extraction in alkaline medium gives the highest phenolic compound extraction yields. The intensification of phenolic compound extraction from vine shoots was possible thanks to new extraction technologies. The effectiveness of the tested methods was the least with US, followed by PEF to accomplish the highest phenolic yield with HVED. The filterability of the extracts was slower when their composition was complex, and the membrane technology allowed a good purification and concentration of phenolic compounds. The reason behind the high effectiveness of HVED was investigated. The action mechanisms of HVED were studied in details. A mechanical effect of HVED provoked vine shoots fragmentation and particle size reduction. This was the main phenomenon responsible for the intensification of the extraction process. It also suggested that a grinding pretreatment would not be necessary prior to HVED, which considerably diminishes the energy input of the overall process. The presence of a non-mechanical effect and its contribution in the efficiency of HVED were also shown. The formation of hydrogen peroxide during the treatment was observed. However it did not seem to alter vine shoot phenolic compounds since these demonstrated a high radical scavenging capacity. As for the studies conducted on grape pomace, the simultaneous variation of several operating parameters allowed the aqueous and hydroethanolic optimization of phenolic compound extraction from these byproducts by response surface methodology (RSM). The passage from an aqueous to a hydroethanolic medium clearly improved the solid-liquid extraction of phenolic compounds from grape pomace. The use of ASE further increased the phenolic compound yield up to three times as compared to the optimum obtained with a hydroethanolic solvent.

The most significant environmental problems related to the food industry is water consumption and pollution, energy consumption and waste production. Most of the water that does not become a part of the products ultimately leaves plants in the form of wastewater, which is often very specific and requires adequate handling / treatment / disposal. For the purpose of this thesis, brewery industry was chosen, because of its very long tradition in the Czech history and culture. Anaerobic technologies are applied for still wider range of industrial wastewater treating. In general anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) can very effectively treat wastewater of different concentration and composition and produce treated water (outlet, permeate) of excellent quality, that can be further utilised. At the same time, it can promote energy self-sufficiency through biogas production usable in WWTPs / plants. Main disadvantages include unavoidable membrane fouling and generally higher CAPEX / OPEX. Within the framework of Ph.D. studies and related research activities, immersed membrane modules for anaerobic applications were selected and lab-scale tested (designed and assembled laboratory unit), an AnMBR pilot plant was designed, built and subsequently tested under real conditions - at Černá Hora Brewery WWTP (waste waters from the brewery and associated facilities). The pilot AnMBR and the technology itself has been verified over more than a year (5/2015 – 11/2016) of trial operation - the initial and recommended operational parameters have been set up, minor construction adjustments / modifications and measurement & regulation optimizations have been made, the recommended membrane cleaning and regeneration procedure has been verified. Last, but not least, conclusions and recommendations of the trial operation were summarised - some key findings and recommendations for further operation, use and modifications of the existing AnMBR pilot plant are presented.

Předkládaná diplomová práce se zabývá extrakcí nanočástic oxidu titaničitého z produktů osobní péče, konkrétně opalovacích krémů a následnou charakterizací těchto částic. Počet komerčně dostupných produktů s obsahem nanočástic TiO2 se neustále zvyšuje a to se sebou přináší potřebu vyhodnotit potenciální osud a nepřímou expozici TiO2 nanošástic o různých velikostí a tvarů a zkoumat jejich celý životní cyklus. Bylo zkoumáno použití ultrafiltrace a ultracentrifugace jako extrakční metody. Dvě metody pro extrakci TiO2 nanočástic byly vyvinuty a aplikovány na vzorky opalovacích krémů. Extrahované částice mohou být použity pro ekotoxikologické studie, případně experimenty v mesokosmu. Velikost částic byla stanovena pomocí metody dynamického rozptylu světla a transmisní elektronové mikroskopie.

Clean drinking water is a vital part of our society and a basic human right. With an ever growing population and a decreasing quality of raw water, new methods need to be introduced to keep up with the demand for clean, biostable, and sustainable production of drinking water. The aim of this study is to evaluate Håbo municipality’s increasing usage of chemicals in their water treatment process and to investigate current and future possible technologies for water treatment for Håbo to make their process more sustainable. In this study four scenarios of different cost and change of today’s water treatment plants are presented, while our overall recommendation is to build a new facility. A new plant with new treatment methods such as ultrafiltration is most in line with Håbo municipality’s vision of decreasing chemical usage and sustainability, all while maintaining the water quality. Due to Håbo’s growing population and today’s water plants running close to maximum capacity, a new facility with a larger capacity should be considered.