The diploma thesis deals with the attitude of students to a healthy diet with the possibility of their own free choice. It represents possible justified risks arising from insufficiently timely information. Most mental and health threats occur in old school age. For this reason, my part is focused on the younger school age, where it is necessary to apply primary prevention against these threats. The aim of my diploma thesis is to provide information about the level of students' knowledge of healthy eating, taking into account the biological, psychological and social aspects by which they are affected. I carried out the research at the 1st stage of a Prague primary school. Quantitative questionnaire surveys, consisting of closed and open questions, were used as research methods. The results provide a comprehensive picture of students' attitudes and levels of awareness of healthy eating with regard to their own eating habits before the end of primary school and before transfer to secondary school or leaving for multi-year grammar schools. The research revealed an opportunity to influence these views at a time when they are being formed and strengthened at a younger school age by a separate school subject. This gives pupils the opportunity to increase, expand and organize the information provided by...

Übergewichtige Personen, die keine fettleibigkeitsbedingten metabolischen Komplikationen zeigen, wurden als 'metabolisch gesund fettleibig' (MHO, Metabolically healthy obesity) definiert. Im Gegensatz zu metabolisch ungesunden fettleibigen (MUO, Metabolically unhealthy obesity) Individuen zeigen MHOs keine metabolischen Störungen wie Bluthochdruck, Dyslipidämie, Insulinresistenz und Entzündung [50]. Aufgrund des Mangels an allgemein akzeptierten Kriterien ist die genaue Definition des MHO-Status jedoch immer noch umstritten. Es wird allgemein angenommen, dass die MHO-Definition von der Einführung zusätzlicher Biomarker profitieren könnte, welche wiederum zur Klärung der zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen metabolischer Komplikationen herangezogen werden können [24]. Darüber hinaus hat sich die klinische Forschung hauptsächlich auf Erwachsene konzentriert, und es liegen nur wenige Studien zu MHO bei jungen Menschen vor. Daher wird die Untersuchung des MHO-Status in der jungen Bevölkerung unter Verwendung gut etablierter und potentiell neuer Indikatoren als wesentlich angesehen, um einen positiven Beitrag zur Prävention und/oder Behandlung von zukünftigen fettleibigkeitsbezogenen Krankheiten zu leisten. Unter den möglichen neuen Biomarkern wurde festgestellt, dass Serumharnsäure (Serum-UA) eine wichtige Rolle als kardiometabolischer Risikofaktor [22] für Adipositas-assoziierte Komorbiditäten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen spielt. Dennoch haben nur wenige Studien den Zusammenhang zwischen dieser biochemischen Variablen und MHO in der jungen Bevölkerung untersucht. Der Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Studie lag auf der Identifizierung potenzieller klinischer und metabolischer Indikatoren, die zur Unterscheidung zwischen MHO- und MUO-Phänotypen beitragen können. Die anthropometrischen, klinischen und biochemischen Merkmale von 458 Kindern und Jugendlichen wurden analysiert und diskutiert. MHO- und MUO-Individuen repräsentieren 38% bzw. 16% der dieser Grupe. Der häufigste kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktor bei MUO-Patienten war Hypertriglyceridämie (54,2%), gefolgt von niedrigem Serum-HDL-C (45,8%), Hypertonie (19,5%) und gestörter Glukosetoleranz (14,7%). Zusammenfassend deuten diese Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass eine frühzeitige Identifizierung von MUO in der Jugend möglich ist, wodurch eine frühzeitige Erkennung möglicher metabolischer Komplikationen gewährleistet ist. Verglichen mit der MUO-Gruppe zeigten MHO-Individuen niedrigere Nüchterninsulinwerte, Triglyceride, Blutdruck, Nüchternglucose und höhere Insulinsensitivität sowie niedrigere Serumharnsäure-, hs-CRP-, Albumin- und C-Peptidspiegel. Interessanterweise wurden im Gegensatz zu früheren Studien in den MHO- und MUO-Gruppen ähnlich hohe Werte für die Marker der Leberfunktion, einschließlich der zirkulierenden Konzentrationen von ALT, AST und alkalischer Phosphatase, festgestellt. Dieses Ergebnis legt nahe, dass niedrigere Leberenzyme zu dem günstigen metabolischen Profil von MHO-Individuen beitragen könnten. Darüber hinaus fördert diese Forschung ein besseres Verständnis der Wirkung potenzieller Indikatoren, die verwendet werden können, um MHO von MUO zu unterscheiden, insbesondere mit dem Fokus auf Serum-UA. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass Serum-UA mit mehreren kardiometabolischen Risikofaktoren assoziiert ist, die normalerweise mit Fettleibigkeit in Verbindung gebracht werden, wie Serumtriglycerid SDS, systolischer Blutdruck, C-Peptid und Cystatin C. Keine signifikante Beziehung zwischen Glukose-SDS und Serum-UA-Spiegeln wurde gefunden. Höhere Serumspiegel von UA erwiesen sich als signifikanter Indikator für den MUO-Phänotyp. Höhere C-Peptid-Spiegel, Taillenumfangs-SDS und Pubertätstadium sind mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit des MUO-Status assoziiert. Umgekehrt zeigte das Geschlecht der Person keine signifikante Wirkung. Hs-CRP und Albumin waren keine signifikanten MUO-Indikatoren, wenn sie nach Alter, Geschlecht, Pubertät und BMI-SDS kontrolliert wurden. Die in dieser Arbeit präsentierten Ergebnisse könnten für eine bessere Unterscheidung zwischen MUO- und MHO-Phänotypen nützlich sein und adipositasbedingte Komorbiditäten frühzeitig im Leben behandeln. Längsschnittstudien in größeren Kohorten mit jüngeren Individuen werden als ein vernünftiger nächster Schritt angesehen, um das Ergebnis dieser Arbeit zu bestätigen und zu erweitern. Mögliche zukünftige Untersuchungen könnten zusätzliche Eigenschaften und Wirkungen von MHO/MUO-Indikatoren betreffen. Zum Beispiel, wie der Serum-UA-Spiegel durch Konsum zuckergesüßter Erfrischungsgetränke und Alkohol beeinfluss wird.:LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS III I. BIBLIOGRAPHISCHE BESCHREIBUNG IV 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Obesity and associated diseases, a world health threat 1.1.1 Definitions and classifications of overweight and obesity 1.2 A ‘metabolic healthy’ type of obesity 1.2.1 Distinguishing characteristics of healthy obesity 1.3 Physiology of uric acid (UA) 1.3.1 Serum UA and cardiometabolic risk factors 1.3.2 Serum UA and type 2 diabetes 1.3.3 Serum UA and hypertension 1.3.4 Serum UA and kidney-related complications 1.3.5 Connection between Serum UA levels and metabolic health status THE PROJECT RESEARCH 1.4 Research question and hypotheses 1.5 The LIFE-Child study 2 PUBLICATION MANUSCRIPT REFERENCES 3 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DER ARBEIT REFERENCES ANLAGEN II. Supplement Material III. Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit IV. Curriculum Vitae V. List of publications and conference participations VI. Acknowledgments / Obese individuals that do not show obesity-related metabolic complications have been defined as “metabolically healthy obese” (MHO). Unlike metabolic unhealthy obese (MUO) individuals, MHO do not show several metabolic disorders, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and inflammation. However, due to the lack of universally accepted criteria, the precise definition of the MHO status is still controversial. It is widely believed that the MHO definition might benefit from the introduction of additional biomarkers, which in turn can be used to clarify the underlying mechanisms of metabolic complications. Futhermore, clinical research has mostly focused on adults and few studies addressing MHO in young individuals are available. Therefore, the investigation of the MHO status in the young population, by using well-established and potential new indicators, is considered essential to positively contribute to prevention and/or treatment of future obese-related diseases. Among the possible potential new biomarker, serum uric acid (serum UA) has been found to play an important role as a cardiometabolic risk factor44 for obesity-related comorbidities in children and adolescents. Nonetheless, very few studies have investigated the association between this biochemical variable and MHO in the young population. The focus of the present study was to identify potential clinical and metabolic indicators that may help to distinguish between MHO and MUO phenotypes. The anthropometric, clinical and biochemical characteristics of 458 children and adolescents were analyzed and discussed. MHO and MUO individuals represent 38% and 16% of the overweight/obese population, respectively. The most frequent cardiovascular risk factor found in MUO individuals was hypertriglyceridemia (54.2%), followed by low serum HDL-C (45.8%), hypertension (19.5%) and impaired glucose tolerance (14.7%). Altogether, these findings suggest that early identification of MUO is possible during youth, thereby ensuring the early addressing of potential metabolic complications. Compared to the MUO group, MHO individuals showed lower fasting insulin values, triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting glucose and higher insulin sensitivity, as well as lower serum uric acid, hs-CRP, albumin and C-peptide levels. Interestingly, in contrast to previous studies, markers of liver function, including circulating concentrations of ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase, were found to be similarly high in MHO and MUO groups. This finding suggests that lower levels of hepatic enzymes could contribute to the favorable metabolic profile of MHO individuals. In addition, the research promotes a better understanding of the action of potential indicators that can be used to distinguish MHO from MUO, especially focusing on serum UA. The results of this thesis revealed that serum UA is associated with several cardiometabolic risk factors usually linked with obesity, such as serum triglyceride SDS, systolic blood pressure, C-peptide and Cystatin C. No significant relationship between glucose-SDS and serum UA levels has been found. Higher levels of serum UA were found to be a significant indicator of the MUO phenotype. Higher levels of C-peptide, waist circumference SDS and pubertal stage are associated to higher likelihood of MUO status. Conversely, the individual’s gender showed no significant effect. Hs-CRP and albumin were non-significant MUO indicators when controlled for age, gender, pubertal stage and BMI-SDS. The results presented in this thesis might be valuable for a better distinction between MUO and MHO phenotypes and to properly address obesity-related comorbidities early in life. Longitudinal studies in larger cohorts with younger individuals are seen as a sensible next step to confirm and expand the outcome of this work. Possible future investigations might address additional properties and effects of MHO/MUO indicators, for instance by studying how serum UA levels are affected by alcohol consumption and sugar-sweetened soft drinks.:LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS III I. BIBLIOGRAPHISCHE BESCHREIBUNG IV 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Obesity and associated diseases, a world health threat 1.1.1 Definitions and classifications of overweight and obesity 1.2 A ‘metabolic healthy’ type of obesity 1.2.1 Distinguishing characteristics of healthy obesity 1.3 Physiology of uric acid (UA) 1.3.1 Serum UA and cardiometabolic risk factors 1.3.2 Serum UA and type 2 diabetes 1.3.3 Serum UA and hypertension 1.3.4 Serum UA and kidney-related complications 1.3.5 Connection between Serum UA levels and metabolic health status THE PROJECT RESEARCH 1.4 Research question and hypotheses 1.5 The LIFE-Child study 2 PUBLICATION MANUSCRIPT REFERENCES 3 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DER ARBEIT REFERENCES ANLAGEN II. Supplement Material III. Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit IV. Curriculum Vitae V. List of publications and conference participations VI. Acknowledgments

Syfte: Syftet var att jämföra gymnasieelevers munhygienvanor samt konsumtion av sötsaker och snacks, före respektive under distansundervisning, till följd av covid-19-pandemin. Med två frågeställningar, vilka syftade till att jämföra kvinnor och män. Metod: Metoden var en kvantitativ enkätstudie där 215 gymnasieelever i årskurs tre, vilka haft distansundervisning under läsåret 2020–2021, bjöds in till deltagande. Data analyserades genom Fisher exact test, där statistisk signifikans ansågs vid p≤0.05. Resultat: Totalt deltog 86 gymnasieelever. Resultatet visade statistisk signifikant skillnad vid jämförelse av samtliga respondenters tandborstningsfrekvens (p=0.040), mellanrumsrengöringsfrekvens (p=0.001) samt konsumtion av sötsaker och snacks (p=0.001) före respektive under distansundervisning. Vid jämförelse förändrades kvinnornas tandborstningsfrekvens mer än männens (p=0.026 respektive p=o.411). Slutsats: Både munhygienvanor och konsumtion av sötsaker och snacks har påverkats i hög grad av distansundervisning till följd av covid-19-pandemin. Minskad tandborstningsfrekvens och ökad konsumtion av sötsaker och snacks bidrar till risk för oral ohälsa. / Aim: The purpose was to compare high school students’ oral hygiene habits and consumption of sweets and snacks before and during distance education, because of the covid-19-pandemic. With two question statements, which aimed to compare women and men. Method: The method was a quantitative questionnaire study in which 215 high school students in year three who had distance education during the academic year 2020-2021 were invited to participate. Data were analyzed through the Fisher exact test; statistical significance was considered at p≤0.05. Results: A total of 86 students participated. The results showed statistically significant difference when comparing all respondents' toothbrushing frequency (p=0.040), frequency of interdental cleaning (p=0.001) and consumption of sweets and snacks (p=0.001) before and during distance education. By comparison, women's toothbrushing frequency changed more than men's (p=0.026 respectively p=o.411). Conclusion: Both oral hygiene habits and consumption of sweets and snacks have been affected by distance education because of the covid-19-pandemic. Reduced toothbrushing frequency and increased consumption of sweets and snacks contribute to risk of oral diseases.

The aim of this thesis is to examine what ideas of unhealthy lifestyle are prominent in the recently published national care protocol for unhealthy lifestyle habits in Sweden, henceforth Vårdprogrammet. These ideas will further be examined in relation to older systems of ideas/ideologies within health care, based on previous research. The empirical material consists mainly of Vårdprogrammet. Aiming to deepen the understanding of this material, I have further perused current official reports regarding public health, related guidelines from the National Board of Health and Welfare as well as related regional care protocols. The method used is inspired by the model developed by Mats Lindberg for qualitative analysis of ideas and ideological content. The analysis of the empirical material shows that the health concept is defined by pointing out its negation, i.e. what unhealthy lifestyles look like. Vårdprogrammet expresses a line of political, cultural and ethical values. They can analytically be summarized as (1) democracy and equality, (2) climate awareness, (3) demands of evidence-based knowledge (4) political cooperation, and (5) ethical principles. The work with unhealthy lifestyle is related to the UN global aim for sustainable development. Agenda 2030 can be viewed as an overall societal hygienic programme, within which the large health problem that lifestyle habits constitute, will be solved. Similar views were held within social hygiene in the mid-19th century, where health and disease were seen as a societal matter. Vårdprogrammet is stated to be based on the ethical principle of person-centred approach. One can however also discern other ethical principles, such as the autonomy, care and justice principles. A health-promoting approach, salutogenesis, pervades the view of the patient/human in the prescribed interaction with patients.

Ce travail financé par l'ACDI a été réalisé au Laboratoire TRANSNUT de l'Université de Montréal (Canada)en collaboration avec le Laboratoire National de Santé Publique (Burkina Faso) et HKI-Burkina Faso. / L’objectif de l’étude conduite à Ouagadougou était d’évaluer l’état nutritionnel et les habitudes de vie des écoliers ainsi que leurs pratiques alimentaires et certains déterminants, afin d’orienter puis plus tard d’évaluer une intervention nutritionnelle. L’étude a inclus 799 écoliers du cours moyen (âge moyen : 11,7 ± 1,4a) fréquentant 12 écoles privées ou publiques, urbaines ou péri-urbaines. Le poids, la taille, la tension artérielle et l’hémoglobine ont été mesurés et la thyroïde évaluée par palpation. Les lipides sanguins, la glycémie et le rétinol sérique ont été mesurés dans un sous-échantillon (N=208). Un questionnaire complété en classe portait sur la fréquence de consommation d’aliments « santé » (fruits, légumes, viande, poisson, légumineuses) et «superflus » (gâteaux, biscuits, bonbons, glaces, soda), les déterminants du comportement alimentaire ainsi que les pratiques d’hygiène et d’activité physique. Les signes carentiels étaient : une faible rétinolémie, l’anémie, la maigreur, le retard de croissance et le goitre. Les facteurs de risque cardio-métabolique (RCM) consistaient en une tension artérielle élevée, le surpoids/obésité, l’hyperglycémie et la dyslipidémie. Au moins une carence était présente chez 57% des participants. L’anémie (40,4%) et la carence en vitamine A (CVA) (38,7%) étaient fortement prévalentes. Le retard de croissance touchait 8,8% et la maigreur 13,7% des enfants. L’anémie (p=0,001) et la CVA (p<0.001) étaient significativement plus élevées dans les écoles publiques que privées. Aucun cas de goitre n’a été détecté. Le surpoids/obésité était rare (2,3%) . La maigreur et le retard de croissance étaient significativement plus élevés en milieu périurbain. Au moins un facteur de RCM était présent chez 36% des écoliers dont le principal était un taux de cholestérol-HDL-(HDL-C) bas (19,3%), suivi du cholestérol total et du LDL-C élevés (11,6% chacun) et la pression systolique élevée (9,7%). Le sexe féminin était indépendamment et positivement associé aux taux de lipides sanguins dont paradoxalement le HDL-C. L’IMC était indépendamment associé à une tension élevée. On observait que le double fardeau de la malnutrition (DFM) affectait 27,5% des participants. Le score de fréquence de consommation des aliments superflus était plus élevé que celui des aliments santé (p=0,001). Pendant la semaine précédant l’étude, 25 % des enfants n’avaient pas consommé de fruits, 20% pas de viande, 20% pas de légumineuses alors que 18,3% consommaient des glaces tous les jours. Les écoliers du privé consommaient plus fréquemment autant les aliments santé que superflus que ceux des écoles publiques. Les écoliers du milieu urbain avaient un score plus élevé de consommation des aliments superflus que ceux du milieu péri-urbain. La consommation des aliments santé ou superflus était essentiellement expliquée par le contrôle perçu, la disponibilité des produits ainsi que l’influence de la mère pour les aliments santé et l’influence des pairs pour les aliments superflus parmi les explications explorées. Cette étude a montré que les signes de carence nutritionnelle sont répandus et prédominent encore chez les écoliers du milieu urbain, mais aussi que la fréquence des marqueurs de risque cardiométabolique n’est pas négligeable. Des mesures préventives devraient être entreprises pour contrer tant les problèmes de carences que de surcharge. / The aim of this study carried out in Ouagadougou was to assess the nutritional status of schoolchildren and to assess their lifestyle practices as well as their food habits and determinants, for the guidance and evaluation of a nutrition intervention. The cross-sectional survey included 799 schoolchildren in 5th grade (mean age 11.7 ± 1.4y) attending 12 private or public, urban or peri-urban schools. Weight, height, blood pressure and haemoglobin were measured and thyroid palpation was performed. Fasting serum lipids, glycaemia and serum retinol were measured in a sub-sample (N=208). A questionnaire was filled in classroom to assess consumption frequency of ‘healthy’ foods (fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, legumes) and ‘unhealthy’ items (cakes, cookies, candies, ice, soda) and underlying factors as well as hygiene and physical activity practices. Deficiencies signs were: low serum retinol, anaemia, thinness, stunting and goitre whereas cardiometabolic risk factors (CRF) signs consisted of elevated blood pressure (BP), overweight/obesity, hyperglycaemia, and dysglyceamia. At least one malnutrition sign was found in 57% pupils. Anaemia (40.4 %) and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) (38.7 %) were highly prevalent. Stunting affected 8.8% of children while thinness affected 13.7 % of them. Anaemia (p = 0.001) and DVA (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in public than private schools. Goitre was not detected. Overweight/obesity was rare (2.3 %). Thinness and stunting were significantly higher in peri-urban compared to urban schools. At least one CRF was found in 36% schoolchildren. The main risk factors were low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) (19.3%) followed by high total cholesterol, high LDL-cholesterol (11.6% each) and elevated systolic blood pressure (9.7%). Being a girl was independently associated with increased serum lipids including HDL-C paradoxically. Body Mass Index was independently associated with increased BP. It was found that the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) affected 27.5% children. Consumption scores of unhealthy food were significantly higher than healthy foods’ (p= 0.001). During the week prior to the survey, 25% of children had eaten no fruit, 20% no meat, 20% no legume, while 18.3% ate ice pop every day. Compared to public-school pupils, those from private schools consumed both healthy and unhealthy items more frequently. Urban school children had significantly higher unhealthy food scores compared to peri-urban schools. Children’s healthy and unhealthy food consumption was primarily explained by perceived control and availability for both types of foods, and maternal reinforcement for healthy foods and peers’ reinforcement for consumption of unhealthy items among the investigated explanations. This study showed that malnutrition is widely prevalent in schoolchildren in cities, concurrently with a sizeable prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors. Preventive measures should be tailored to prevent both dietary inadequacies and excess.

The thesis focuses on the topic of changing eating habits from the time of Magdalena Dobromila Rettigová to contemporary trends of healthy lifestyle. It is a gradual development of eating from the late 18th century to the present. In the thereoretic part there is a discription of the contrast of the Czech writer's life and a present-day lifestyle. We can find a chapter about a life of Magdalena Dobromila Rettigová, background information leading up to, writing the cook book "Cooking at home", which became a convenient handbook for women, containing instructions and directions for kitchen guidance and complex advice for women how to manner as a wife, mother and patriot and also their influence on education of young girls. Next chapter deal with the development of kitchen and cooking, habits connected with dining and lifestyle of that time. In the end of the theoretic part is compared the cuisine of the first half ofthe 19 th century to contemporary eating habits and lifestyle. In the empirical part we can find the results of the questionnaires, which were answered in Střední odborné učiliště Toužim and Střední zdravotnická škola a vyšší odborná škola zdravotnická v Karlových Varech. I wanted to find out how far the students follow the rules of lifestyle, what does their wholeday dining look like. The overall...

Objetivo: Este trabalho Investigou a associação dos gastos com frutas, legumes e verduras (marcadores de dieta saudável) e com carnes e carnes processadas (marcadores de dieta não saudável) com fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e com preocupação com a saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de análise transversal que utiliza dados secundários da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF) 2008-2009 do IBGE, e investiga os fatores associados aos gastos com alimentos marcadores ou não de dieta saudável por meio de um modelo Tobit de regressão múltipla, determinando-se os efeitos marginais das variáveis explicativas. Assim, foi investigada a influência da preocupação com a saúde e de variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas sobre gastos com dois grupos de alimentos: (a) frutas, legumes e verduras e (b) carnes e carnes processadas. Resultados: O presente estudo mostrou que os gastos com alimentos marcadores de dieta saudável (FLV) e com alimentos marcadores de dieta não saudável (CCP) estão associados a variáveis econômicas e sócio demográficas e à preocupação com a saúde, conforme a expectativa baseada na literatura sobre o tema. Há, no entanto, uma única exceção: o efeito dos gastos preventivos com a saúde sobre os gastos com FLV. Tal achado merece investigação adicional, em termos da constituição da variável proxy da preocupação com a saúde, adotada neste estudo. / Objective: This paper strives to identify how the expenses with fruits and vegetables (healthy diet markers), meats and processed meats (unhealthy diets markers) are influenced by the presence of health seeking behavior, socioeconomic and regional factors. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis study based on secondary data from \"Household Budget Survey 2008-2009,\" IBGE, using the multiple regression TOBIT model. The analysis was about how one\'s concern with health influences the expenses with two food groups: (a) fruits and vegetables and (b) meats and processed meats. Health seeking behavior and socioeconomic characteristics were included as variables. The marginal effect of each explanatory variable over the probability of expenses with the food groups studied was determined. Results: The study shows that the expenses with fruits and vegetables (healthy diet markers) and meats and processed meats (unhealthy diet markers) are related to economical, socio demographic variables and to the concern for health, just as expected based on previous studies. There is, however, one exception: the effect of preventive expenses with health over the expenses with fruits and vegetables. Such finding requires additional investigation regarding the constitution of the concern for health\'s proxy variable.

<p>Background: Because of the high unhealthy rates among women in the com-mune a project to reduce it have begun. For this reason we have been given the mission from the commune of Sotenäs to study the character of these women's health. Objective: To study the health among permanent employed women in the commune of Sotenäs. Method: Quantitative method. The data have been collected through question-naire survey. The purpose of choosing this method was to be able to see connec-tions between various variables. Result: A large number of women who do not have time to carry out their duties during ordinary working hours have experienced that they are tense and anxious, which means that this mental demand may have affected women's health. The study reveals that many of the women who have not received enough informa-tion from their employer to perform their duties have experienced that they are worn out. The majority of women who lacked in development opportunities at work felt tense. These results imply that small decision latitudes could be one of the explanations of a lower level of health among women. The study identified a number of potential explanations for the sick leave in the commune, as the women felt tense and anxious. Adequate emotional support from friends and family, and a satisfactory everyday social life was related to a low degree of anxiety. A good distribution of practical domestic duties at home was a factor related to a low degree of tension among the permanent employed women in the commune of Sotenäs.</p> / <p>Bakgrund: På grund av det höga ohälsotalet bland kvinnorna i Sotenäs kom-mun har ett arbete med att reducera detta påbörjats. Vi fick därför i uppdrag av Sotenäs kommun att undersöka karaktären på dessa kvinnors hälsa.</p><p>Syfte: Att kartlägga hälsan bland tillsvidareanställda kvinnor i Sotenäs kommun och hur den påverkas av psykosociala faktorer i arbets- och privatliv.</p><p>Metod: Kvantitativ metod. Datainsamlingstekniken som tillämpades var enkät. Denna valdes för att kunna genomföra sambandsanalyser mellan olika faktorer.</p><p>Resultat: Ett stort antal kvinnor som inte hinner utföra sina arbetsuppgifter un-der ordinarie arbetstid uppgav att de är spända och utslitna, vilket innebär att detta psykiska krav kan ha påverkat kvinnornas hälsa. I undersökningen fram-kom vidare att många av kvinnorna som inte mottagit tillräckligt med informa-tion från sin arbetsgivare för att utföra sina arbetsuppgifter att de kände sig ut-slitna. Majoriteten av kvinnorna med bristande utvecklingsmöjligheter i arbetet kände sig spända. Dessa resultat antyder att ett litet beslutsutrymme kan vara en av förklaringarna till en lägre grad av hälsa bland kvinnorna. I undersökningen framkom några möjliga förklaringar till sjukskrivningarna i kommunen, såsom att kvinnorna kände sig spända och utslitna. Ett tillfredsställande emotionellt stöd från vänner och familj, samt ett tillfredsställande vardagligt socialt liv kun-de relateras till en låg grad av oro. En god fördelning av praktiska vardagssyss-lor i hemmet var faktorer, vilka kunde relateras till en låg grad anspänning bland de tillsvidareanställda kvinnorna i Sotenäs kommun.</p>

Background: Because of the high unhealthy rates among women in the com-mune a project to reduce it have begun. For this reason we have been given the mission from the commune of Sotenäs to study the character of these women's health. Objective: To study the health among permanent employed women in the commune of Sotenäs. Method: Quantitative method. The data have been collected through question-naire survey. The purpose of choosing this method was to be able to see connec-tions between various variables. Result: A large number of women who do not have time to carry out their duties during ordinary working hours have experienced that they are tense and anxious, which means that this mental demand may have affected women's health. The study reveals that many of the women who have not received enough informa-tion from their employer to perform their duties have experienced that they are worn out. The majority of women who lacked in development opportunities at work felt tense. These results imply that small decision latitudes could be one of the explanations of a lower level of health among women. The study identified a number of potential explanations for the sick leave in the commune, as the women felt tense and anxious. Adequate emotional support from friends and family, and a satisfactory everyday social life was related to a low degree of anxiety. A good distribution of practical domestic duties at home was a factor related to a low degree of tension among the permanent employed women in the commune of Sotenäs. / Bakgrund: På grund av det höga ohälsotalet bland kvinnorna i Sotenäs kom-mun har ett arbete med att reducera detta påbörjats. Vi fick därför i uppdrag av Sotenäs kommun att undersöka karaktären på dessa kvinnors hälsa. Syfte: Att kartlägga hälsan bland tillsvidareanställda kvinnor i Sotenäs kommun och hur den påverkas av psykosociala faktorer i arbets- och privatliv. Metod: Kvantitativ metod. Datainsamlingstekniken som tillämpades var enkät. Denna valdes för att kunna genomföra sambandsanalyser mellan olika faktorer. Resultat: Ett stort antal kvinnor som inte hinner utföra sina arbetsuppgifter un-der ordinarie arbetstid uppgav att de är spända och utslitna, vilket innebär att detta psykiska krav kan ha påverkat kvinnornas hälsa. I undersökningen fram-kom vidare att många av kvinnorna som inte mottagit tillräckligt med informa-tion från sin arbetsgivare för att utföra sina arbetsuppgifter att de kände sig ut-slitna. Majoriteten av kvinnorna med bristande utvecklingsmöjligheter i arbetet kände sig spända. Dessa resultat antyder att ett litet beslutsutrymme kan vara en av förklaringarna till en lägre grad av hälsa bland kvinnorna. I undersökningen framkom några möjliga förklaringar till sjukskrivningarna i kommunen, såsom att kvinnorna kände sig spända och utslitna. Ett tillfredsställande emotionellt stöd från vänner och familj, samt ett tillfredsställande vardagligt socialt liv kun-de relateras till en låg grad av oro. En god fördelning av praktiska vardagssyss-lor i hemmet var faktorer, vilka kunde relateras till en låg grad anspänning bland de tillsvidareanställda kvinnorna i Sotenäs kommun.

L’objectif de l’étude conduite à Ouagadougou était d’évaluer l’état nutritionnel et les habitudes de vie des écoliers ainsi que leurs pratiques alimentaires et certains déterminants, afin d’orienter puis plus tard d’évaluer une intervention nutritionnelle. L’étude a inclus 799 écoliers du cours moyen (âge moyen : 11,7 ± 1,4a) fréquentant 12 écoles privées ou publiques, urbaines ou péri-urbaines. Le poids, la taille, la tension artérielle et l’hémoglobine ont été mesurés et la thyroïde évaluée par palpation. Les lipides sanguins, la glycémie et le rétinol sérique ont été mesurés dans un sous-échantillon (N=208). Un questionnaire complété en classe portait sur la fréquence de consommation d’aliments « santé » (fruits, légumes, viande, poisson, légumineuses) et «superflus » (gâteaux, biscuits, bonbons, glaces, soda), les déterminants du comportement alimentaire ainsi que les pratiques d’hygiène et d’activité physique. Les signes carentiels étaient : une faible rétinolémie, l’anémie, la maigreur, le retard de croissance et le goitre. Les facteurs de risque cardio-métabolique (RCM) consistaient en une tension artérielle élevée, le surpoids/obésité, l’hyperglycémie et la dyslipidémie. Au moins une carence était présente chez 57% des participants. L’anémie (40,4%) et la carence en vitamine A (CVA) (38,7%) étaient fortement prévalentes. Le retard de croissance touchait 8,8% et la maigreur 13,7% des enfants. L’anémie (p=0,001) et la CVA (p<0.001) étaient significativement plus élevées dans les écoles publiques que privées. Aucun cas de goitre n’a été détecté. Le surpoids/obésité était rare (2,3%) . La maigreur et le retard de croissance étaient significativement plus élevés en milieu périurbain. Au moins un facteur de RCM était présent chez 36% des écoliers dont le principal était un taux de cholestérol-HDL-(HDL-C) bas (19,3%), suivi du cholestérol total et du LDL-C élevés (11,6% chacun) et la pression systolique élevée (9,7%). Le sexe féminin était indépendamment et positivement associé aux taux de lipides sanguins dont paradoxalement le HDL-C. L’IMC était indépendamment associé à une tension élevée. On observait que le double fardeau de la malnutrition (DFM) affectait 27,5% des participants. Le score de fréquence de consommation des aliments superflus était plus élevé que celui des aliments santé (p=0,001). Pendant la semaine précédant l’étude, 25 % des enfants n’avaient pas consommé de fruits, 20% pas de viande, 20% pas de légumineuses alors que 18,3% consommaient des glaces tous les jours. Les écoliers du privé consommaient plus fréquemment autant les aliments santé que superflus que ceux des écoles publiques. Les écoliers du milieu urbain avaient un score plus élevé de consommation des aliments superflus que ceux du milieu péri-urbain. La consommation des aliments santé ou superflus était essentiellement expliquée par le contrôle perçu, la disponibilité des produits ainsi que l’influence de la mère pour les aliments santé et l’influence des pairs pour les aliments superflus parmi les explications explorées. Cette étude a montré que les signes de carence nutritionnelle sont répandus et prédominent encore chez les écoliers du milieu urbain, mais aussi que la fréquence des marqueurs de risque cardiométabolique n’est pas négligeable. Des mesures préventives devraient être entreprises pour contrer tant les problèmes de carences que de surcharge. / The aim of this study carried out in Ouagadougou was to assess the nutritional status of schoolchildren and to assess their lifestyle practices as well as their food habits and determinants, for the guidance and evaluation of a nutrition intervention. The cross-sectional survey included 799 schoolchildren in 5th grade (mean age 11.7 ± 1.4y) attending 12 private or public, urban or peri-urban schools. Weight, height, blood pressure and haemoglobin were measured and thyroid palpation was performed. Fasting serum lipids, glycaemia and serum retinol were measured in a sub-sample (N=208). A questionnaire was filled in classroom to assess consumption frequency of ‘healthy’ foods (fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, legumes) and ‘unhealthy’ items (cakes, cookies, candies, ice, soda) and underlying factors as well as hygiene and physical activity practices. Deficiencies signs were: low serum retinol, anaemia, thinness, stunting and goitre whereas cardiometabolic risk factors (CRF) signs consisted of elevated blood pressure (BP), overweight/obesity, hyperglycaemia, and dysglyceamia. At least one malnutrition sign was found in 57% pupils. Anaemia (40.4 %) and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) (38.7 %) were highly prevalent. Stunting affected 8.8% of children while thinness affected 13.7 % of them. Anaemia (p = 0.001) and DVA (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in public than private schools. Goitre was not detected. Overweight/obesity was rare (2.3 %). Thinness and stunting were significantly higher in peri-urban compared to urban schools. At least one CRF was found in 36% schoolchildren. The main risk factors were low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) (19.3%) followed by high total cholesterol, high LDL-cholesterol (11.6% each) and elevated systolic blood pressure (9.7%). Being a girl was independently associated with increased serum lipids including HDL-C paradoxically. Body Mass Index was independently associated with increased BP. It was found that the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) affected 27.5% children. Consumption scores of unhealthy food were significantly higher than healthy foods’ (p= 0.001). During the week prior to the survey, 25% of children had eaten no fruit, 20% no meat, 20% no legume, while 18.3% ate ice pop every day. Compared to public-school pupils, those from private schools consumed both healthy and unhealthy items more frequently. Urban school children had significantly higher unhealthy food scores compared to peri-urban schools. Children’s healthy and unhealthy food consumption was primarily explained by perceived control and availability for both types of foods, and maternal reinforcement for healthy foods and peers’ reinforcement for consumption of unhealthy items among the investigated explanations. This study showed that malnutrition is widely prevalent in schoolchildren in cities, concurrently with a sizeable prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors. Preventive measures should be tailored to prevent both dietary inadequacies and excess. / Ce travail financé par l'ACDI a été réalisé au Laboratoire TRANSNUT de l'Université de Montréal (Canada)en collaboration avec le Laboratoire National de Santé Publique (Burkina Faso) et HKI-Burkina Faso.