The overwhelming majority of plant species introduced into a new range never become invasive. Consequently, identification of factors allowing the small fraction of successful invaders to naturalize, increase in abundance, and displace resident species continues to be a key area of research in invasion biology. Of the considerable number of hypotheses that have been proposed to resolve why some plant species become noxious pests, the enemy release hypothesis (ERH) is one of the most commonly cited. The ERH maintains that invasive plants succeed in a new range because they are no longer regulated by their coevolved natural enemies, and this reduction in enemy pressure imparts a competitive advantage over native species, which continue to be negatively impacted by top-down processes. Alternatively, the ability of invasive plant species to outperform their counterparts, rather than escape from enemies, may be key in conferring invasion success. The importance of preadapted traits and release from natural enemies in successful invasion remains unclear, likely owing to a lack of empirical studies comparing their effects on relative performance and population growth of closely related species that differ in origin and invasiveness. A system of co-occurring native, introduced non-invasive, and invasive Eugenia congeners exists in south Florida, providing an opportunity to address deficiencies in our understanding of plant invasions by investigating the factors leading to invasion success for Eugenia uniflora. This approach is novel because very few studies have simultaneously incorporated both native and introduced non-invasive congeners into tests of these hypotheses, and no others have done so using this system of Eugenia congeners. The first study in this dissertation tested the ERH using an insect herbivore exclusion experiment in the field to compare the effects of natural enemies on the performance and population growth of Eugenia uniflora and its native congeners. The results showed that E. uniflora sustained more herbivore damage than its native counterparts, and that the effects of herbivores were sufficient to have negative impacts on performance and population growth. In sum, these findings contradict the ERH. Surprisingly, the vast majority of damage to E. uniflora was caused by the recently introduced Sri Lankan weevil (Myllocerus undatus), with which it shares no coevolutionary history. The second study compared seedling performance among native, introduced non-invasive, and invasive Eugenia congeners to determine if the success of E. uniflora can be attributed to superior performance traits. Invasive E. uniflora was found to outperform its native and introduced non-invasive counterparts in a number of seedling traits, including emergence, growth, and survival, in spite of sustaining higher levels of herbivore damage in the field. This result was consistent across years and sites, suggesting that superior performance may be an important factor in invasion success by E. uniflora. The final experiment investigated the role of enemy release on performance of native, introduced non-invasive, and introduced invasive Eugenia seedlings using an insect herbivore exclusion experiment in the field. In this study, the invasive E. uniflora was again found to sustain more damage by foliar herbivores compared to its native and introduced non-invasive counterparts. However, in spite of higher levels of herbivore damage, E. uniflora continued to outperform its congeners in terms of stem growth, and its congeners did not outperform E. uniflora in any attribute. Insect herbivores negatively affected survival of all species, but were found to have little effect on growth. In combination, the results of these studies indicate that the ability of E. uniflora to outperform its native and introduced congeners at the seedling stage, and not release from insect herbivores, may contribute to its success as an invader. Additionally, E. uniflora exhibits relatively low resistance to herbivory in the new range, and instead may possess an ability to tolerate moderate levels of damage. The implications of this study are that enemy release may not be important in determining invasion success in some systems, and that the accumulation of new enemies may mitigate the effects of invasive plants over time. The paucity of studies investigating interactions among invasive plants and herbivores that share no coevolutionary history warrants further research. Finally, this system of Eugenia congeners provides valuable opportunities to test additional hypotheses and to further explore factors leading to invasion success.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2015-12-15T15:56:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 849521 bytes, checksum: e944c384bed5c227995c1c652da6474d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-15T15:56:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 849521 bytes, checksum: e944c384bed5c227995c1c652da6474d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-19 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Para avaliar a ação conjunta do aerosol marinho e da deposição de material sólido particulado de ferro em plantas de Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento plantas de E. uniflora foram submetidas aos tratamentos: controle, aerosol com água desionizada, deposição de material sólido particulado de ferro, aerosol com água desionizada e deposição de material sólido particulado de ferro, aerosol marinho simulado e aerosol marinho simulado e deposição de material sólido particulado de ferro, durante 55 dias seguidos da avaliação de parâmetros relacionados com a fotossíntese. O segundo experimento foi realizado para avaliar a progressão das alterações nos parâmetros fotossintéticos ao longo do tempo. Plantas de E. uniflora foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: controle, aerosol marinho simulado, deposição de material sólido particulado de ferro e aerosol marinho simulado em conjunto com a deposição material sólido particulado de ferro. O experimento teve duração de 60 dias. As avaliações de parâmetros relacionados à fotossíntese foram realizadas periodicamente. No primeiro experimento, foi observado o aumento da concentração de Fe total, Cl- e Na+ em resposta a deposição de ferro particulado, ao aerosol marinho simulado e ao efeito conjunto do aerosol marinho e da deposição de ferro particulado, respectivamente. Não foram observadas alterações no potencial osmótico. Nas plantas submetidas ao aerosol marinho em conjunto com a deposição de ferro particulado verificou-se a diminuição na taxa assimilatória líquida de CO2, na condutância estomática, na transpiração, no rendimento quântico efetivo do fluxo linear de elétrons no fotossistema II e na taxa linear de tranporte de elétrons no fotossistema II e o aumento na razão entre a concentração interna e externa de CO2. Houve um decréscimo na estimativa de centros de reações abertos do fotossistema II com base no modelo “lake” das plantas submetidas à deposição de ferro particulado. No segundo experimento, foi observado, em resposta à deposição de ferro particulado um aumento na condutância estomática, na transpiração e na razão entre concentração interna e externa de CO2 a partir do 35o, 21o, 49o dias, respectivamente. Os valores da xv taxa assimilatória líquida de CO2 não variaram. Foram observadas reduções no rendimento quântico da dissipação regulada de energia não-fotoquímica no fotossistema II e no rendimento quântico da dissipação não-regulada de energia não-fotoquímica no fotossistema II em resposta à deposição de ferro particulado e ao aerosol marinho simulado e um decréscimo nos valores de estimativa de centros de reações abertos do fotossistema II com base no modelo “lake” nas plantas submetidas à simulação do aerosol marinho. A simulação do aerosol marinho não gerou um estresse iônico nem um estresse osmótico. As alterações observadas em resposta à deposição de ferro particulado parecem estar relacionadas à diminuição da eficiência da absorção de luz pelo fotossistema II. O aerosol com água desionizada e o aerosol marinho simulado intensificaram os efeitos da deposição de material sólido particulado de ferro em plantas de E. uniflora. / Two experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the effects of marine aerosol in conjunction with iron solid particulate matter deposition on Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae). In the first experiment, plants of E. uniflora were submitted to the following treatments: control, aerosol with deionized water, iron solid particulate matter deposition, aerosol with deionized water plus iron solid particulate matter deposition, simulated marine aerosol and simulated marine aerosol plus iron solid particulate matter deposition. After 55 days of treatment application, the assessments of parameters related to photosynthesis were performed. The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the progression of changes in photosynthetic parameters. Plants of E. uniflora were treated as follows: control, simulated marine aerosol, iron solid particulate matter deposition and simulated marine aerosol deposition plus iron solid particulate matter deposition. The experiment lasted 60 days. The evaluations of parameters related to photosynthesis were periodically made during the experiment. In the first experiment, an increase in Fe total, Cl- and Na+ concentrations was observed in response to deposition of iron particulate matter, the simulated marine aerosol and the combined effect of marine aerosol and the deposition of iron particles, respectively. There were no changes in osmotic potential. A decrease in photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in photosystem II and electron transport rate through photosystem II and an increase in internal leaf CO2 to external CO2 ratio were observed in the plants exposed to the simulated marine aerosol plus iron solid particulate matter deposition. A decrease in photochemical quenching coefficient based on lake model was observed in the leaves of plants subjected to iron solid particulate matter deposition. On the second experiment, an increase in stomatal conductance, transpiration and internal leaf CO2 to external CO2 ratio from, respectively, 35th, 21st and 49th days of experiment was observed in response to the deposition of iron solid particulate matter. The values of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate did not change. Reductions in quantum yield of regulated and non- regulated energy dissipation in photosystem II occurred in response to deposition of xvii iron particles plus the simulated marine aerosol. A decrease in the values of photochemical quenching coefficient based on lake model was observed in plants exposed to the simulation of marine aerosol. The simulated marine aerosol did not cause an ionic and neither an osmotic stress. The changes observed in response to deposition of iron particulate matter seem to be related to decreased efficiency of light absorption by photosystem II. The results indicate that the aerosol with deionized water and simulated marine aerosol intensified the effects of iron solid particulate matter deposition in E. uniflora. / Não foi encontrado o cpf do autor.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-04-25T22:57:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LuandaBarbaraFerreiraCanarioDeSouza_DISSERT.pdf: 2996890 bytes, checksum: 9a5f76941d2b2ee6ded886c004b1965d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-27T23:22:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LuandaBarbaraFerreiraCanarioDeSouza_DISSERT.pdf: 2996890 bytes, checksum: 9a5f76941d2b2ee6ded886c004b1965d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T23:22:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuandaBarbaraFerreiraCanarioDeSouza_DISSERT.pdf: 2996890 bytes, checksum: 9a5f76941d2b2ee6ded886c004b1965d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / A candid?ase ? uma importante manifesta??o oral em pacientes transplantados renais. Candida spp. possuem fatores de virul?ncia que contribuem para o processo infeccioso, incluindo a capacidade de aderir a c?lulas epiteliais e a forma??o de biofilme em superf?cies bi?ticas e abi?ticas. O extrato obtido a partir das folhas de Eugenia uniflora [acetona: ?gua (7:3, v/v)] tem demonstrado atividade antif?ngica contra Candida spp. Este estudo avaliou a influ?ncia do extrato de E. uniflora na ades?o ?s C?lulas Epiteliais Bucais Humanas (CEBH) e forma??o de biofilme de 42 cepas de Candida spp. isoladas da cavidade oral de pacientes transplantados renais. As cepas de Candida spp. pertencentes a um banco de microorganimos foram reativadas e reidentificadas fenotipicamente atrav?s da metodologia cl?ssica e por m?todos moleculares (genotipagem ABC e RAPD), quando necess?rio, para a conclus?o da identifica??o em n?vel de esp?cie. Para os ensaios de virul?ncia avaliados in vitro, as leveduras foram cultivadas na presen?a e aus?ncia de 1000 ?g/ mL de extrato. Uma propor??o de 10:1 c?lulas (c?lulas Candida spp. x CEBHs) foi incubada durante 1 hora a 37 ?C, 200 rpm, fixadas com formalina a 10% e o n?mero de c?lulas de Candida aderidas a 150 CEBH foram determinadas em microsc?pio ?ptico. Os biofilmes foram formados em microplacas de poliestireno na presen?a e aus?ncia do extrato. A quantifica??o foi realizada com colora??o por cristal violeta a 570 nm. Todos os isolados apresentaram-se vi?veis e na reidentifica??o fenot?pica apresentaram caracter?sticas sugestivas de cada esp?cie identificada. Duas cepas identificadas presuntivamente como Candida dubliniensis foram confirmadas como pertencentes a esta esp?cie atrav?s da genotipagem ABC, e as cepas identificadas como pertencentes ao complexo Candida parapsilosis foram diferenciadas atrav?s da genotipagem por RAPD. Candida albicans destacou-se como a esp?cie com maior potencial de ades?o ao epit?lio bucal, enquanto que C. tropicalis apresentou expressiva forma??o de biofilme. Detectamos que o extrato de E. uniflora foi capaz de reduzir a ades?o ao CEBH tanto para Candida albicans como para as esp?cies de Candida n?o-Candida albicans. Por outro lado, apenas 16 cepas de Candida spp. (36%) apresentaram a forma??o de biofilme reduzida na presen?a do extrato. No entanto, duas cepas de C. tropicalis altamente produtoras de biofilme tiveram uma redu??o expressiva na capacidade de forma??o de biofilme. Este estudo refor?a a ideia de que, al?m da inibi??o do crescimento, E. uniflora pode interferir com a express?o de alguns fatores de virul?ncia de Candida spp., e pode ser eventualmente aplicada no futuro como um poss?vel agente antif?ngico. / Candidiasis is a major oral manifestation in kidney transplant patients. Candida spp. possess essential virulence factors which contribute for the infectious process, including the ability to adhere to epithelial cells and biofilm formation. The extract obtained from the leaves of Eugenia uniflora [acetone: water (7:3, v/v)] has demonstrated antifungal activity against Candida spp. This study evaluated the influence of the extract of E. uniflora in adhesion to human buccal epithelial cells (HBEC) and biofilm formation of 42 strains of Candida spp. isolated from the oral cavity of kidney transplant patients. Candida spp. strains belonging to a culture collection were reactivated and phenotypically re-identified by classical and molecular methods (genotyping ABC and RAPD), when necessary, to complete the identification to the species level. For the virulence tests evaluated in vitro, yeasts were grown in the presence and absence of 1000 ?g/mL of the extract. A ratio of 10: 1 (Candida spp. cells x HBECs) was incubated for 1 hour at 37 ? C, 200 rpm, fixed with 10% formalin and the number of Candida cells adhered to 150 HBEC determined by optical microscope. Biofilms were formed on polystyrene microplates in the presence or absence of the extract. The quantification was performed with crystal violet staining at 570 nm. All isolates were viable and exhibited phenotypic characteristics suggestive of each species identified. Two strains presumptively identified as Candida dubliniensis belonged to this species as determined with genotyping ABC, while strains identified as belonging to the Candida parapsilosis species complex were differentiated by RAPD genotyping. Candida albicans was found to be the most adherent species to the buccal epithelia, while C. tropicalis showed remarkable biofilm formation.We could detect that the extract of E. uniflora was able to reduce adhesion to HBEC for both Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans Candida species. On the other hand, only 16 Candida spp. strains (36 %) showed reduced biofilm formation. However, two highly biofilm producer strains of C. tropicalis had an expressive reduction in biofilm formation. This study reinforces the idea that besides growth inhibition, E. uniflora may interfere with the expression of some virulence factors of Candida spp., and may be possibly applied in the future as a novel antifungal agent.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento e qualidade de mudas de três espécies nativas do Cerrado, em função de lâminas de irrigação e tamanhos de recipiente, três experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, em Piracicaba, São Paulo. As espécies utilizadas foram o jatobazeiro (Hymenaea courbaril L.), a pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.) e o baruzeiro (Dipteryx alata Vog.), nos Experimentos I, II e III, respectivamente. Os experimentos foram instalados no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em parcelas subdivididas, no esquema 2 x 5. Nas parcelas, utilizaram-se dois tamanhos de recipientes, e nas subparcelas, cinco lâminas de irrigação (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% e 100% da evapotranspiração potencial - ETp, obtida por pesagem das mudas). Cada subparcela foi constituída por oito mudas, espaçadas em 22,5 cm entre si. Os recipientes, no Experimento I, foram vasos de 3,1 L e citrovasos de 4,0 L, enquanto nos Experimentos II e III, foram utilizados vasos (2,3 L) e sacos de polietileno (2,0 L). O substrato foi constituído de uma mistura de 50% substrato comercial e 50% areia fina (v/v). Para cada 100 L da mistura, foram adicionados 15 L de vermiculita. Utilizou-se o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, com emissores autocompensantes de 2,0 e 4,0 L h-1, em diferentes combinações para atender as lâminas. As irrigações foram realizadas diariamente. Durante o período experimental, foram registrados em datalogger, a temperatura, a umidade relativa e a radiação solar global, e em tanque Classe A, a evaporação. Aos 80, 120, 160 e 200 dias após a semeadura (DAS), foram avaliados a altura, o diâmetro de caule e o número de folhas. Aos 120, 160 e 200 DAS, foram mensurados a área foliar, o comprimento do sistema radicular, as massas de matéria seca de raízes, caule, folhas e de muda, a relação das massas de matéria seca de raízes e parte aérea (MSR/MSPA) e a qualidade das mudas (Índice de Qualidade de Dickson - IQD). O coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) foi determinado em cinco fases de desenvolvimento. Lâminas de irrigação de 90,1% a 100% da ETp proporcionaram maior desenvolvimento vegetativo e IQD das mudas de H. courbaril L., até 200 dias de idade. Com relação aos recipientes, maior desenvolvimento de mudas de jatobazeiro, pitangueira e baruzeiro foi observado no citrovaso, no vaso (2,3 L) e no saco plástico, respectivamente. Mudas de pitangueira e de baruzeiro apresentaram maior desenvolvimento e IQD, na lâmina de irrigação de 100% (ausência de deficit hídrico). Maior ac úmulo de matéria seca pelo jatobazeiro e baruzeiro, foi observado de 120 a 160 DAS, e pela pitangueira, de 160 a 200 DAS. Mudas de pitangueira submetidas a deficit hídrico mais intenso, se mostraram resistentes à seca, em razão da maior relação MSR/MSPA. Nos primeiros 200 dias após semeadura, o Kc das espécies, obtido pela metodologia de Penman-Monteith apresentou os seguintes valores: 0,54 a 1,01 (H. courbaril L), 0,35 a 0,67 (E. uniflora L.) e 0,52 a 0,85 (D. alata Vog), sendo maior na fase de 160 a 200 DAS. / Aiming to evaluate the development and seedlings quality of three native plants species of the Savannah, in function of irrigation levels and container sizes, three experiments were carried in greenhouse, in Piracicaba, São Paulo. The species used were jatoba plant (Hymenaea courbaril L.), Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) and \"baru\" plant (Dipteryx alata Vog.) in the Experiments I, II and III, respectively. The experiments were installed in randomized blocks design, with three replications, in split-plot, in the scheme 2 x 5. Two sizes of containers were used in the plots, and five irrigation levels (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of the potential evapotranspiration - ETp, obtained by weighting of seedlings) were used in the subplots. Each subplots was constituted by eight seedlings, at the spacing 22.5 cm between themselves. The containers in the Experiment I, were pots 3.1 L and stiff plastic tube of 4.0 L, while in the Experiments II and III, pots (2.3 L) and container of polyethylene (2.0 L) were used. The substrate was constituted of 50% commercial substrate and 50% fine sand (v/v) mixture. Fifteen liters of vermiculite were added per each 100 L of that mixture. The drip irrigation system was used, with self compensating emitters at flow of 2.0 and 4.0 L h-1, in different combinations to satisfy the irrigation levels. The irrigations were accomplished daily. During the experimental period, the temperature, relative humidity and global solar radiation were recorded in data logger, and the evaporation was mensured in class A pan. The seedling height, the stem diameter and leaves number were appraised at the 80, 120, 160 and 200 days after sowing (DAS), while the leaf area, the root system length, the dry matter mass of roots, stem, leaves and seedling, the ratio between roots dry matter mass and aerial part (MSR/MSPA) and seedlings quality (Dickson Quality Index - IQD) were measured at 120, 160 and 200 DAS. The crop coefficient (Kc) was determined in five stages of the species development. Irrigation levels between 90.1% and 100% of ETp provided larger vegetative development and IQD of H courbaril L. seedlings, up to 200 days of age. Regarding the containers, larger development of the H. courbaril L., E. uniflora L. and D. alata Vog. seedlings was obtained in the stiff plastic tube, the pot (2.3 L) and the polyethylene container, respectively. E. uniflora L. and D. alata Vog. seedlings presented larger development and IQD, under the irrigation level 100% (absence of water deficit). Larger dry matter mass production of the H. courbaril L. and D. alata Vog. seedlings was observed between 120 and 160 DAS, and of the E. uniflora L., in the stage from 160 to 200 DAS. E. uniflora L. seedlings under to more intense water deficit, they presented resistance to the drought, in reason of the largest ratio MSR/MSPA. Seedlings of up to 200 days after sowing, the Kc presented the following values, by methodology of Penman-Monteith: 0.54-1.01 (H. courbaril L), 0.35-0.67 (E. uniflora L.) and 0.52-0.85 (D. alata Vog.), being larger in the stage from 160 to 200 DAS.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2018-02-22T13:54:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Ferreira Lima Tenorio.pdf: 1676555 bytes, checksum: 5aef9244e7a794028037da3695731eab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-22T13:54:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Ferreira Lima Tenorio.pdf: 1676555 bytes, checksum: 5aef9244e7a794028037da3695731eab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The use of medicinal plants is an alternative for pest control, as they provide chemical compounds with potential ectoparasiticidal action. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro biological activity of extracts of Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) JB Gillett, Ziziphus joazeiro Mart., Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth, Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & Grimes and Eugenia uniflora L. against ixodids, culicidae and small ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes. The tickcide activity was evaluated against Anocentor nitens by the technique of immersion of engorged females. Concentrations of 100 % and 50 % of the hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves of C. leptophloeos, C. heliotropiifolius and Z. joazeiro and distilled water as negative control were used. In the assay with Culicids Aedes (stegomyia) aegypti third instar larvae were exposed to concentrations of 30 mg / mL, 20 mg / mL and 10 mg / mL of leaf extracts of C. leptophloeos and C. heliotropiifolius, and for Z. joazeiro 30 mg / mL, 1 mg / mL and 0.5 mg / mL according to a methodology recommended by the World Health Organization. An biological larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis sorovar israelensis at concentrations of 0.06 ppm and 0.37 ppm was used as positive control and a negative control with dechlorinated water. Under the same conditions, the ethanolic extract of A. cochliacarpos stem bark at a concentration of 10 mg / mL was tested, and the industrial larvicide Pyriproxyfen at a concentration of 0.002 g / L and distilled water were used as positive control and negative control respectively. The antihelminthic activity against gastrintestinal helminths of small ruminants was evaluated for the ethanolic extract of A. cochliacarpos stem bark (10 %, 25 % and 50 % concentrations) and of the aqueous extract of E. uniflora leaves (concentrations of 20 %), determined by the calculation of percentages of larvae reduction per gram of faeces. Negative controls were used with distilled water and positive controls with Ivermectin 1 % and Albendazole 5 %. The species C. leptophloeos was effective at all concentrations tested against A. nitens, and the species Z. joazeiro and C. heliotropiifolius demonstrated efficacy only at the concentration of 100 %. In the A. aegypti assay, the highest mortality rates were obtained at the highest concentrations tested, being 66.5 % for C. leptophloeos, 92.75 % for Z. joazeiro and 33.75 % for C. heliotropiifolius. With the extract of A. cochliacarpos (10 mg / mL) the mortality rate was 34.75 %. In the larvae reduction per gram of faeces, larvae of genus Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Oesophagostomum were identified, obtaining a highly effective reduction for the 25 % and 50% concentrations of A. cochliacarpos against the three genera. The aqueous extract of E. uniflora (20 %) had no effect on the reduction of the number of larvae of said gastrointestinal nematodes. It is concluded that hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves of C. leptophloeos, Z. joazeiro and C. heliotropiifolius present biological activity against A. nitens, and the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of A. cochliacarpos shows a better mortality activity than conventionally commercial larvicides used against A. aegypti larvae. The aqueous extract of the leaves of E. uniflora at the concentration of 0.2 g / mL is not present enough to promote reduction of larvae per gram of feces. / O uso de plantas medicinais é uma alternativa para o controle de pragas, pois fornecem compostos químicos com potencial ação ectoparasiticida. Desta forma, objetivou-se no presente estudo avaliar a atividade biológica “in vitro” de extratos de Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) JB Gillett, Ziziphus joazeiro Mart., Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth, Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & Grimes e Eugenia uniflora L. contra ixodídeos, culicídeos e nematoides gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes. A atividade carrapaticida foi avaliada contra Anocentor nitens pela técnica de imersão de fêmeas ingurgitadas. Foram utilizadas concentrações de 100 % e 50 % dos extratos hidroalcoólicos das folhas de C. leptophloeos, C. heliotropiifolius e Z. joazeiro e água destilada como controle negativo. No ensaio com culicídeos, segundo metodologia preconizada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde com larvas de terceiro estádio de Aedes (stegomyia) aegypti expostas à concentrações de 30 mg / mL, 20 mg / mL e 10 mg / mL dos extratos das folhas de C. leptophloeos e C. heliotropiifolius, e 30 mg / mL, 1 mg / mL e 0,5 mg / mL para Z. joazeiro, e como controle positivo larvicida biológico Bacillus thuringiensis sorovar israelensis nas concentrações de 0,06 ppm e 0,37 ppm, e controle negativo com água declorada. Nas mesmas condições, testou-se o extrato etanólico da casca do caule de A. cochliacarpos na concentração de 10 mg / mL, tendo como controle positivo o larvicida industrial Pyriproxyfen na concentração de 0,002 g / L e controle negativo água destilada. Pelo cálculo dos percentuais de redução de larvas por grama de fezes, o mesmo extrato de A. cochliacarpos foi avaliado contra helmintos gastritestinais de pequenos ruminantes (concentrações a 10 %, 25 % e 50 %), e o extrato aquoso das folhas de E. uniflora (concentrações a 20 %). Utilizaram-se controles negativos com água destilada e controles positivos com Ivermectina 1 % e Albendazole 5 %. Contra A. nitens, a espécie C. leptophloeos mostrou-se eficaz em todas as concentrações testadas, e as espécies Z. joazeiro e C. heliotropiifolius demonstraram eficácia apenas na concentração de 100 %. No ensaio com A. aegypti, as mais elevadas taxas de mortalidade foram obtidas nas maiores concentrações testadas, sendo de 66,5 % para C. leptophloeos, 92,75 % para Z. joazeiro e de 33,75 % com C. heliotropiifolius. Com o extrato de A. cochliacarpos (10 mg / mL) a taxa de mortalidade foi de 34,75 %. No teste de redução do LPG, identificaram-se larvas dos gêneros Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus e Oesophagostomum, obtendo-se redução altamente efetiva para as concentrações de 25 % e 50 % de A. cochliacarpos contra os três gêneros. O extrato aquoso de E. uniflora (20 %) não apresentou efeito sobre a redução do número de larvas dos referidos nematoides gastrintestinais. Conclui-se que os extratos hidroalcoólicos das folhas de C. leptophloeos, Z. joazeiro e C. heliotropiifolius apresentam atividade biológica contra A. nitens, e o extrato etanólico da casca do caule de A. cochliacarpos demonstra melhor atividade de mortalidade que larvicidas comerciais convencionalmente utilizados contra larvas de A. aegypti. O extrato aquoso das folhas de E. uniflora na concentração de 0,2 g / mL não se apresenta suficiente para promover a redução de larvas por grama de fezes.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento e qualidade de mudas de três espécies nativas do Cerrado, em função de lâminas de irrigação e tamanhos de recipiente, três experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, em Piracicaba, São Paulo. As espécies utilizadas foram o jatobazeiro (Hymenaea courbaril L.), a pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.) e o baruzeiro (Dipteryx alata Vog.), nos Experimentos I, II e III, respectivamente. Os experimentos foram instalados no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em parcelas subdivididas, no esquema 2 x 5. Nas parcelas, utilizaram-se dois tamanhos de recipientes, e nas subparcelas, cinco lâminas de irrigação (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% e 100% da evapotranspiração potencial - ETp, obtida por pesagem das mudas). Cada subparcela foi constituída por oito mudas, espaçadas em 22,5 cm entre si. Os recipientes, no Experimento I, foram vasos de 3,1 L e citrovasos de 4,0 L, enquanto nos Experimentos II e III, foram utilizados vasos (2,3 L) e sacos de polietileno (2,0 L). O substrato foi constituído de uma mistura de 50% substrato comercial e 50% areia fina (v/v). Para cada 100 L da mistura, foram adicionados 15 L de vermiculita. Utilizou-se o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, com emissores autocompensantes de 2,0 e 4,0 L h-1, em diferentes combinações para atender as lâminas. As irrigações foram realizadas diariamente. Durante o período experimental, foram registrados em datalogger, a temperatura, a umidade relativa e a radiação solar global, e em tanque Classe A, a evaporação. Aos 80, 120, 160 e 200 dias após a semeadura (DAS), foram avaliados a altura, o diâmetro de caule e o número de folhas. Aos 120, 160 e 200 DAS, foram mensurados a área foliar, o comprimento do sistema radicular, as massas de matéria seca de raízes, caule, folhas e de muda, a relação das massas de matéria seca de raízes e parte aérea (MSR/MSPA) e a qualidade das mudas (Índice de Qualidade de Dickson - IQD). O coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) foi determinado em cinco fases de desenvolvimento. Lâminas de irrigação de 90,1% a 100% da ETp proporcionaram maior desenvolvimento vegetativo e IQD das mudas de H. courbaril L., até 200 dias de idade. Com relação aos recipientes, maior desenvolvimento de mudas de jatobazeiro, pitangueira e baruzeiro foi observado no citrovaso, no vaso (2,3 L) e no saco plástico, respectivamente. Mudas de pitangueira e de baruzeiro apresentaram maior desenvolvimento e IQD, na lâmina de irrigação de 100% (ausência de deficit hídrico). Maior ac úmulo de matéria seca pelo jatobazeiro e baruzeiro, foi observado de 120 a 160 DAS, e pela pitangueira, de 160 a 200 DAS. Mudas de pitangueira submetidas a deficit hídrico mais intenso, se mostraram resistentes à seca, em razão da maior relação MSR/MSPA. Nos primeiros 200 dias após semeadura, o Kc das espécies, obtido pela metodologia de Penman-Monteith apresentou os seguintes valores: 0,54 a 1,01 (H. courbaril L), 0,35 a 0,67 (E. uniflora L.) e 0,52 a 0,85 (D. alata Vog), sendo maior na fase de 160 a 200 DAS. / Aiming to evaluate the development and seedlings quality of three native plants species of the Savannah, in function of irrigation levels and container sizes, three experiments were carried in greenhouse, in Piracicaba, São Paulo. The species used were jatoba plant (Hymenaea courbaril L.), Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) and \"baru\" plant (Dipteryx alata Vog.) in the Experiments I, II and III, respectively. The experiments were installed in randomized blocks design, with three replications, in split-plot, in the scheme 2 x 5. Two sizes of containers were used in the plots, and five irrigation levels (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of the potential evapotranspiration - ETp, obtained by weighting of seedlings) were used in the subplots. Each subplots was constituted by eight seedlings, at the spacing 22.5 cm between themselves. The containers in the Experiment I, were pots 3.1 L and stiff plastic tube of 4.0 L, while in the Experiments II and III, pots (2.3 L) and container of polyethylene (2.0 L) were used. The substrate was constituted of 50% commercial substrate and 50% fine sand (v/v) mixture. Fifteen liters of vermiculite were added per each 100 L of that mixture. The drip irrigation system was used, with self compensating emitters at flow of 2.0 and 4.0 L h-1, in different combinations to satisfy the irrigation levels. The irrigations were accomplished daily. During the experimental period, the temperature, relative humidity and global solar radiation were recorded in data logger, and the evaporation was mensured in class A pan. The seedling height, the stem diameter and leaves number were appraised at the 80, 120, 160 and 200 days after sowing (DAS), while the leaf area, the root system length, the dry matter mass of roots, stem, leaves and seedling, the ratio between roots dry matter mass and aerial part (MSR/MSPA) and seedlings quality (Dickson Quality Index - IQD) were measured at 120, 160 and 200 DAS. The crop coefficient (Kc) was determined in five stages of the species development. Irrigation levels between 90.1% and 100% of ETp provided larger vegetative development and IQD of H courbaril L. seedlings, up to 200 days of age. Regarding the containers, larger development of the H. courbaril L., E. uniflora L. and D. alata Vog. seedlings was obtained in the stiff plastic tube, the pot (2.3 L) and the polyethylene container, respectively. E. uniflora L. and D. alata Vog. seedlings presented larger development and IQD, under the irrigation level 100% (absence of water deficit). Larger dry matter mass production of the H. courbaril L. and D. alata Vog. seedlings was observed between 120 and 160 DAS, and of the E. uniflora L., in the stage from 160 to 200 DAS. E. uniflora L. seedlings under to more intense water deficit, they presented resistance to the drought, in reason of the largest ratio MSR/MSPA. Seedlings of up to 200 days after sowing, the Kc presented the following values, by methodology of Penman-Monteith: 0.54-1.01 (H. courbaril L), 0.35-0.67 (E. uniflora L.) and 0.52-0.85 (D. alata Vog.), being larger in the stage from 160 to 200 DAS.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T14:38:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Lisiane - Final 1.3.pdf: 2575911 bytes, checksum: e1b3f8411383f73d3a79b306974f2334 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T18:40:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Lisiane - Final 1.3.pdf: 2575911 bytes, checksum: e1b3f8411383f73d3a79b306974f2334 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T18:40:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Lisiane - Final 1.3.pdf: 2575911 bytes, checksum: e1b3f8411383f73d3a79b306974f2334 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-12 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS / Bala mastigável é um produto obtido da cocção de açúcares que se caracteriza por ser mastigável (gomoso) e de dissolução relativamente lenta na boca e cuja cor, sabor, aroma e/ou textura devem-se aos aditivos químicos. A inserção de frutas na formulação de balas mastigáveis pode eliminar ou reduzir o uso destes aditivos, além de incorporar compostos da fruta associados a benefícios à saúde. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se desenvolver balas mastigáveis convencionais e de reduzido valor calórico utilizando polpas de araçás e de pitanga, avaliando suas características físico-químicas, fitoquímicas, microbiológicas e apresentando características sensoriais agradáveis, além da estabilidade no armazenamento. Com relação à composição centesimal este estudo mostrou que as balas sofreram modificações ao longo do armazenamento ocorrendo o fenômeno da “mela”. Os parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados demonstraram estar adequados para este tipo de produto. O processamento e armazenamento por 180 dias influenciaram na composição fitoquímica e antioxidante das balas, onde se observou maior conteúdo nas formulações convencionais devido ao maior percentual de polpa (7,2 %) nesta bala. As balas de reduzido valor calórico apresentaram menor teor de lipídios que as balas convencionais e podem ser categorizadas como bala light em lipídios. As balas elaboradas neste estudo não apresentaram contaminação por coliformes termotolerantes e Salmonella sp. Na avaliação sensorial com crianças (consumidores usuais deste tipo de produto) entre 5 a 10 anos, obteve-se índice de aceitabilidade superior a 70 % indicando que os produtos balas têm um bom potencial para consumo. / Chewable candy is a product obtained from the cooking sugar which is characterized by being chewy (gummy) and relatively slow dissolution in the mouth and whose color, taste, flavor or texture and are due to the chemical additives. The inclusion of fruits in formulating chewable candy can eliminate or reduce the use of these additives, as well as incorporating fruit compounds associated with health benefits. This study aimed to develop conventional chewable candies and reduced calorie using pulps araçás and cherry, assessing their physicochemical properties, phytochemical, microbiological and featuring pleasant sensory characteristics, as well as storage stability. With respect to composition proximate this study showed that candies were modified during the storage occurring the phenomenon of "mela". The physicochemical parameters evaluated demonstrated to be suitable for this type of product. The processing and storage for 180 days influenced the phytochemical composition and antioxidant candies where there was a greater content in conventional formulations due to the higher percentage of pulp (7.2 %) in this candy. The reduced caloric value candies had a lower lipid content than the conventional ones and they can be categorized as light candies in lipids. The candies developed in this study showed no contamination by fecal coliforms and Salmonella sp. The sensory evaluation with children (usual consumers of this type of product) from 5 to 10 years, we obtained higher acceptance rate to 70 % indicating that candies products have good potential for consumption.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T13:49:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Geniane_Lopes_Carvalho.pdf: 819405 bytes, checksum: f22f88ad943127cecb020f19b9495b8a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T18:55:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Geniane_Lopes_Carvalho.pdf: 819405 bytes, checksum: f22f88ad943127cecb020f19b9495b8a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T18:55:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Geniane_Lopes_Carvalho.pdf: 819405 bytes, checksum: f22f88ad943127cecb020f19b9495b8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-03 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a propagação de mudas clonadas de pitangueira preta, oriundas da técnica de miniestaquia, sendo realizados três experimentos, organizados em três artigos. O primeiro artigo aborda o enraizamento de miniestacas de seleção de pitangueira preta obtidas na Embrapa Clima Temperado, com diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (0, 1000, 2000 mg.L-1) associado a dois tipos de ramos (miniestacas herbáceas e lenhosas). Foi avaliada a porcentagem de sobrevivência e enraizamento, número de raízes, comprimento de raízes, número de brotações e comprimento das brotações. Foi observado influência positiva do regulador de crescimento no enraizamento das miniestacas, sendo a concentração de 2000 mg L-1 a mais eficiente com o material herbáceo. Quanto ao segundo artigo, foi testado na concentração pré-definida do primeiro capítulo, com ramos herbáceos com e sem a presença do ápice, com delineamento de cinco repetições de 30 miniestacas cada. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem de sobrevivência, enraizamento, número de raízes, comprimento de raízes, número de brotações e comprimento das brotações. Foi observada diferença significativa nas miniestacas apicais que apresentaram maior porcentagem de enraizamento, com médias entre 80 e 100%. No terceiro artigo, foi testada a dinâmica de enraizamento de miniestacas de pitangueira, no período de dois meses, a partir de 20 miniestacas avaliadas semanalmente, sendo as variáveis analisadas: número de miniestacas com primórdios radiculares (intumescência e pontos brancos na lesão realizada na base); porcentagem de enraizamento; número de raízes; comprimento de raízes; e raízes com mais de um centímetro. As miniestacas demonstraram um aumento gradativo do enraizamento de acordo com o tempo de cultivo. Conclui-se, que com sete semanas as miniestacas estão aptas ao transplante. / The present experiment was to study some aspects related to the propagation and growth of seedlings pitangueira, from cuttings. For this, there were three chapters. The first article discusses the rooting of cuttings selection Cherry Surinam black courtesy Embrapa Clima Temperado, with different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) (0, 1000, 2000 mg.L1) associated with two kinds of branches (cuttings and herbaceous woody). It was evaluated the survival and rooting percentage, number of roots, root length, number of shoots and shoot length. It was observed positive influence of growth regulators on rooting, and the concentration of 2000 mg L-1 to more efficient with herbaceous material. The second article was tested at a concentration of predefined first chapter, herbaceous branches with and without the presence of the apex, design with five replicates of 30 cuttings each. It was evaluated the survival and rooting percentage, number of roots, root length, number of shoots and shoot length. Significant difference in apical cuttings that had higher rooting percentage, average between 80 and 100%. In the third article, was tested to determine the optimization time of rooting of cuttings of Surinam cherry, within two months, 20 cuttings were evaluated throughout the week and the variables analyzed were number of cuttings to root primordia (swelling and white spots on injury held at the base), rooting percentage, number of roots, length of roots and roots with more than an centimeters. In general, the cuttings have shown a gradual increase in growth according to the cultivation time. It was concluded that seven weeks the cuttings were able to transplant in plastic bags forming a seedling quality.