O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a produção escrita huguenote no exílio no decorrer de um período de aproximadamente trinta anos (1676-1707), época marcada pela revogação do édito de Nantes (1685). Dentre as dezenas de milhares de reformados proscritos da França em virtude das perseguições religiosas ocorridas durante o reinado de Luís XIV, alguns indivíduos publicaram, nomeadamente na Inglaterra e nas Províncias Unidas, escritos de gêneros totalmente distintos, como relações de viagem, cartas pastorais, tratados políticos, teológicos e filosóficos, utopias e projetos coloniais. A finalidade da dissertação é examinar detalhadamente tais escritos, identificando propostas e debates de ordem política, social, econômica e/ou religiosa, que indubitavelmente refletiam as inquietações e expectativas dos huguenotes no referido momento, ou seja, suas diferentes reações diante de uma conjuntura histórica antagônica. / The objective of this study is to analyze the Huguenot written production in exile during a period of approximately thirty years (1676-1707), a time marked by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). Amongst tens of thousands of protestants banned from France because of religious persecution that occurred throughout the reign of Louis XIV, some individuals published, particularly in England and the United Provinces, completely different genres of writings, like travel accounts, pastoral letters, political, theological and philosophical treaties, utopias and colonial projects. The purpose of the dissertation is to examine these writings in detail, identifying proposals and debates on political, social, economic and/or religious order, which undoubtedly reflected the concerns and expectations of the Huguenots in that time, ie, their different reactions under an antagonistic context.

Cette thèse analyse les formes et les effets de l’utopisme qui sous-tend le projet politique du SAP (parti social-démocrate suédois) entre 1932 et 1986. Dans le cadre d’une approche conceptuelle du politique nous nous interrogeons sur le pouvoir des idées, des symboles et de l’imaginaire dans la constitution d’un roman national original, mais aussi à travers la mise en oeuvre de l’action publique. A partir d’un important corpus inédit de discours et d’écrits rédigés par les trois leaders qui se sont succédés à la tête du gouvernement pendant un demi-siècle(Hansson, Erlander, Palme), la thèse s’efforce de mettre à jour « la cristallisation sémantique » qui a structuré le lexique politique du SAP. En son coeur figure la métaphore du Folkhem qui fonctionne comme un mythe mobilisateur pour la nouvelle société, avant de se transformer en élément essentiel de l’identité nationale et de la culture politique de la Suède. Autour du Folkhem, se noue le contrat social suédois, et la notion se transforme en source etressource de légitimité politique. L’histoire des récits du Folkhem permet de mieuxcomprendre les origines du modèle suédois et les modalités récentes de son évolution. Par son extrême plasticité, le Folkhem continue de nos jours à faire l’objet d’appropriations politiques nombreuses et diverses, confirmant ainsi son rôle fondateur d’institution de sens. / This thesis relates the forms and effects of the utopianism that underlies the SAP (Swedish Social-Democratic Party) political project between 1932 and 1986. The power of ideas,symbols and imaginary in politics is our theoretical base. The political discourse of the SAP leaders and the importance of words in the creation of public policy are studied. Our corpus consists of a vast archive material. Guided by utopianism, the leaders express their will to create a new society. The Folkhem political metaphor, narrative at the heart of the political glossary of the SAP, is in the centre of this utopianism. The notion is used as a mobilizingmyth for the new society and it works as a social contract for the Swedes. The Folkhem narratives help us understand the Swedish model and contemporary Sweden. By its extreme plasticity and by being part of the Swedish identity, the notion is still a source of political legitimacy and continues to produce meaning.

The overall aim of this thesis is to present a model for rational goal-setting and to illustrate how it can be applied in evaluations of public policies, in particular policies concerning sustainable development and environmental quality. The contents of the thesis are divided into two sections: a theoretical section (Papers I-IV) and an empirical section (Papers V-VII). Paper I identifies a set of rationality criteria for single goals and discusses them in relation to the typical function of goals. It is argued that goals are typically set to enhance goal achievement. A goal that successfully furthers its achievement is “achievement-inducing”. It holds for each of the identified criteria that, ceteris paribus, improved satisfaction of a criterion makes a goal better in the achievement-inducing sense.Paper II contains an analysis of the notion of goal system coherence. It is argued that the coherence of a goal system is determined by the relations that hold among the goals in the system, in particular the relations of operationalization, means and ends, support, and conflict. Paper III investigates the rationality of utopian goals. The paper analyzes four arguments that support the normative criterion of attainability: that utopian goals are (1) too imprecise and (2) too far-reaching to guide action effectively, (3) counterproductive, and (4) morally objectionable. A tentative defence of utopian goal-setting is built on counter-arguments that can be put forward to weaken each of the four objections. Paper IV investigates the nature of self-defeating goals. The paper identifies three types of situations in which self-defeating mechanisms obstruct goal achievement: (1) situations in which the goal itself carries the seeds of its own non-fulfilment (self-defeating goals), (2) situations in which the activity of goal-setting contributes to goal failure (self-defeating goal-setting), and (3) situations in which disclosure of the goal interferes with progress (self-defeating goal disclosure). Paper V provides a brief description of the Swedish system of environmental objectives and a preliminary inventory of the management difficulties that attach to this goal system.Paper VI contains an investigation into the rationality of five Swedish environmental objectives through an application of the rationality criteria identified in Papers I-II. The paper identifies and discusses some difficulties that are associated with management by objectives and the use of goals in environmental policy. Paper VII analyses the rationality of the Swedish environmental quality objective A good built environment. Among the conclusions drawn in the paper are that some of the sub-goals to the objective are formulated in terms that are unnecessarily vague from an action-guiding standpoint and that others are problematic from the viewpoint of evaluability. / QC 20100715

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a produção escrita huguenote no exílio no decorrer de um período de aproximadamente trinta anos (1676-1707), época marcada pela revogação do édito de Nantes (1685). Dentre as dezenas de milhares de reformados proscritos da França em virtude das perseguições religiosas ocorridas durante o reinado de Luís XIV, alguns indivíduos publicaram, nomeadamente na Inglaterra e nas Províncias Unidas, escritos de gêneros totalmente distintos, como relações de viagem, cartas pastorais, tratados políticos, teológicos e filosóficos, utopias e projetos coloniais. A finalidade da dissertação é examinar detalhadamente tais escritos, identificando propostas e debates de ordem política, social, econômica e/ou religiosa, que indubitavelmente refletiam as inquietações e expectativas dos huguenotes no referido momento, ou seja, suas diferentes reações diante de uma conjuntura histórica antagônica. / The objective of this study is to analyze the Huguenot written production in exile during a period of approximately thirty years (1676-1707), a time marked by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). Amongst tens of thousands of protestants banned from France because of religious persecution that occurred throughout the reign of Louis XIV, some individuals published, particularly in England and the United Provinces, completely different genres of writings, like travel accounts, pastoral letters, political, theological and philosophical treaties, utopias and colonial projects. The purpose of the dissertation is to examine these writings in detail, identifying proposals and debates on political, social, economic and/or religious order, which undoubtedly reflected the concerns and expectations of the Huguenots in that time, ie, their different reactions under an antagonistic context.

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奧塔維亞•巴特勒《撒種的比喻》與《才幹的比喻》描述一個末日的反烏托邦世界。這兩本小說截取當今社會問題，讓我們對可預期的未來有所警惕。它們不僅提升我們對於現在社會問題的意識，同時不斷地注入並維持希望，為社會改變提供不同的解決方案。 做為批評式反烏托邦的現代文類，《比喻》系列小說透過融合末日小說文類，論述希望、烏托邦主義與生存之間的辯證關係。《比喻》系列小說藉由地球之種（Earthseed）的信念及其核心思想「改變即是上帝」（“God is Change”） 強調生存的重要性，並將生存進一步分為兩個層次：即時生存（immediate survival）及永續生存（lasting survival），而即時生存與永續生存之間亦存在一種辨證關係。本論文目的為探討《比喻》系列小說中的希望、烏托邦主義與生存在《比喻》系列中的互動，及它們之間獨特的辨證關係如何反映當今社會的處境與現代烏托邦文學的趨勢。 本論文分為五個章節：第一章將烏托邦定義為以社會改變為目的的思想及文類；第二章闡述烏托邦文學領域的發展，並將《比喻》系列定位為批判式反烏托邦，以建構希望、烏托邦主義與生存之間的辯證關係；第三章與第四章透過《比喻》系列的文本例證研究希望、烏托邦主義與生存之間的辯證關係如何運作，第三章探討《撒種的比喻》與即時生存，而第四章則探討《才幹的比喻》與永續生存；最後，第五章總結《比喻》系列所反映的當今社會局勢，從文本中發現希望、烏托邦主義與生存之間的辯證關係，並藉由這三者之間關係的理解，避免人類文明社會可能面臨的災難。 / Octavia Butler’s Parable of the Sower and Parable of the Talents depict a postapocalyptic dystopian world, extrapolated from the problems of present day society to provide us with a warning of our conceivable future. They raise awareness of current social problems, while maintaining a locus of hope and providing possible alternatives for social change. In the contemporary genre of “critical dystopias,” the Parable series merges together with the genre of postapocalyptic fiction to demonstrate a dialectical relationship between hope, utopianism and survival. The importance of survival is emphasized in the Parables through the belief system of Earthseed and its core idea of “God is Change,” and can be further distinguished into two levels—immediate survival and lasting survival, which also exist in a dialectical relationship with each other. The aim of this thesis is to discuss how the concepts of hope, utopianism and survival interact in the Parables, and what this unique dialectical relationship reflects about contemporary literary utopias and the present. This thesis is divided into five chapters: Chapter One defines utopia through the function of social change; Chapter Two provides a brief overview of the development of the literary utopian genre and establishes the Parables as critical dystopias, a form that enables and constitutes the dialectical relationship of hope, utopianism and survival; Chapter Three and Four contain the textual analysis of how the dialectical relationship between hope, utopianism and survival functions in the Parables, with Chapter Three focusing on Parable of the Sower and immediate survival, and Chapter Four focusing on Parable of the Talents and lasting survival; finally, Chapter Five concludes with how the Parables relate to our present social conditions, and how understanding the dialectical relationship between hope, utopianism and survival may assist humanity’s effort to avert a major crisis.