Female mammals are known to exhibit pregnancy failure when exposed to various stimuli during the implantation phase of pregnancy. When newly inseminated female mice are exposed to novel males in the absence of the sire, implantation is disrupted. This phenomenon is known as the Bruce effect. When females are exposed to novel males in the presence of the sire, pregnancy failure does not occur. This latter effect has been referred to as the sire protection effect. In these studies we examine the nature of female and sire behaviour in the context of novel males. Female interactions with novel males significantly decrease in the presence of the sire. This reduction in female-novel male interaction in seen irrespective of whether sires are free or confined within the female's cage. Novel-male exposed females exhibit pregnancy failure and this pregnancy block is removed when either free of corral-confined sires remain present in the cage. Finally, sires are highly motivated to engage in aggressive conflicts with novel males both in the presence and absence of the pregnant female. Sires were observed to behave aggressively towards novel males through a wire-mesh grid and in this context were able to inflict severe wounding upon novel males through the wire-mesh partition. In a direct exposure paradigm, sires were also witnessed to exhibit this aggression and were found to initiate and win all conflicts with novel males. The sire protection affect is likely to involve a complex of both pheromonal and behavioural cues. Sire aggression towards novel males, pheromonal communication and limited behavioural interaction between the sire and the female, and reduced femalenovel male interaction are all likely components of the effect. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

在不同的光源環境下，顏色的資訊會隨著環境而改變，因此要做到穩定的膚色辨識並不容易。先前的研究指出，人類的膚色大致上可歸納於特定顏色座標系統中的一段範圍內。但是根據我們的實驗，這段範圍會隨著環境光源的改變而產生偏移，因此運用相同的標準，無法在不同的場景下做到準確的膚色辨識與切割。針對這個議題，我們提出利用影像中非色彩的資訊，找出最符合膚色的範圍。具體來說，借重臉部偵測獨立於色度的特性，我們使用臉部偵測的結果，做為調整膚色範圍的依據。實驗所得到的辨識結果，效能與效率都足以運用在以視覺為基礎的人機介面，例如手部與指尖偵測。 / Robust detection of skin color is a difficult task since color information changes under different lighting conditions. Previous research indicated that human skin color is restricted to a small range of values in certain color coordinate systems. However, the ranges tend to shift with varying illumination according to our experiments. It is therefore unattainable to derive a universal standard for skin color detection and segmentation for general scenes. To address this issue, we propose to use achromatic features to identify the proper ranges of skin color in an image. Specifically, we utilize the result of face detection, which is independent of chromatic properties, to guide the process of skin color range selection. Experimental results have validated the efficacy and efficiency of the proposed methodology for vision-based human-computer interface such as hand and finger detection.

Magistro darbe nagrinėjami ilgalaikių bedarbių integravimo į darbo rinką aspektai, iš kurių pagrindinis – ilgalaikių bedarbių integravimas per aktyvias darbo rinkos politikos priemones. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjami teoriniai darbo rinkos aspektai: darbo rinkos sampratos ir jos mechanizmo interpretacijos, taip pat daug dėmesio skiriama nedarbui ir jo rodikliams aptarti, analizuojamos nedarbo struktūrinės dalys ir tipai. Kiek plačiau nei kiti skyriai yra išanalizuotos ilgalaikio nedarbo ir ilgalaikių bedarbių sąvokos, šių reiškinių priežastys bei nedarbo mažinimo būdai, kur nukreipimas i aktyvias darbo rinkos priemones – esminis. Antrojoje darbo dalyje pateikiama ilgalaikio nedarbo analizė Klaipėdos apskrityje trimis koncentrais: pirmajame analizuojama ilgalaikių bedarbių dalyvavimo aktyviose darbo rinkos politikos priemonėse dinamika 2005 - 2007m. Apskaičiuoti kitimo ir pokyčio tempai, įvertinti ilgalaikio nedarbo socialiniai nuostoliai. Antrasis analizės koncentras yra plačiausias, nes čia pateikiama giluminė kiekvienos aktyvios darbo rinkos politikos priemonės analizė nagrinėjamu laikotarpiu: pagrindinis analizės komponentas – pokyčio įvertinimas ilgalaikių bedarbių dalyvavimo priemonėje požiūriu ir dviejų grupių – visų papildomai remiamų bedarbių ir ilgalaikių bedarbių – palyginimas apskrityje. Galiausiai pateikiami apibendrinti sociologinio tyrimo, kuris buvo atliktas Klaipėdos ir Palangos teritorinėse darbo biržose, rezultatai. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje kalbama apie... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This work is about integration of long term unemployed persons back to the job market using various job market measures. It consist out of three main parts. The first part talks about the theory of jobs market and it‘s components, how they relates to and affects each other. Significant attention is allotted to unemployment and it‘s indicators, structural parts and types. The emphasis is put on long term unemployment explaining those terms, reasons why it exists and what are the ways of reducing it using various active job market measures. In the second part analysis of long term unemployment in Klaipeda region is done in three major aspects: how long term unemployed persons participate in various programs of reducing unemployment in 2005-2007. Second aspect is the most detailed because it talks about each active job market mean in details, about how it changes. Comparison between all and long term unemployment is done. Last chapter summarizes the results of survey made in labour exchange of Klaip da and Palanga. Third part talks about directions of reducing long term unemployment and measures which are used at national, private and non-governmental levels. The work done confirms the hypothesis that long term unemployment is stipulated by objective and subjective reasons, that integration of long term unemployed persons back to the job market can be effectively done by using active jobs market means.

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First part of this thesis is a theoretical essay which deals with the basics of scanning electron microscopy, with structure and function of a scanning electron microscope, its’ special case of an various pressure scanning electron microscope, electron interaction with surrounding environment and with a scintillation detector. The applied part of the thesis is focused on evaluation of material contrast on Cu-W specimen. Material contrast is evaluated for different pressures of water vapors in the microscope specimen chamber and for different detection conditions.

La composition isotopique (¹³C/¹²C) du CO₂ respiré par les feuilles et les racines dans l'obscurité et celle des substrats respiratoires putatifs, y compris les sucres solubles et les acides organiques (malate et citrate), l'activité de la PEPc ainsi que les échanges gazeux des feuilles ont été déterminés sur le haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) et l’épinards (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivés dans du sable avec différents rapports NH₄⁺: NO₃⁻ dans N fourni. Le CO₂ respiré par les feuilles était enrichi en ¹³C sous NO₃⁻ s’appauvrissant progressivement avec l’augmentation de la fraction de NH₄⁺ dans le N fourni, tandis que la composition isotopique du CO₂ issu de la respiration des racines restait inchangée quel que soit le rapport NH₄⁺: NO₃⁻. Nous avons suggéré qu'une plus grande quantité de pools enrichis en ¹³C fixés par la PEPc via la voie anaplérotique contribuait à la respiration foliaire sous NO₃⁻. Cependant, un effet similaire dans les racines attendu sous NH₄⁺ a été masqué en raison d'une refixation (par la PEPc) du CO₂ respiré (appauvrie en ¹³C). De manière inattendue, les modifications de la composition isotopique du C des métabolites individuels, leurs quantités, ainsi que l'activité de l’enzyme PEPc, présentaient des profils différents entre les deux espèces étudiées. Des expériences de double marquage (¹³C et ¹⁵N) sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre l’impact de la plasticité métabolique du TCA sur l’écart isotopique entre le malate et le citrate et sur la composition isotopique du CO₂ respiré chez différentes espèces sous différentes formes d’azote. / C-isotope composition of leaf- and root-respired CO₂ in the dark and that of putative respiratory substrates including soluble sugars and organic acids (malate and citrate), PEPc activity, as well as leaf gas exchanges were determined on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plants grown in sand with varying ratios of NH₄⁺: NO₃⁻ in supplied N. Leaf-respired CO₂ was ¹³C enriched under NO₃⁻ nutrition and became progressively ¹³C depleted with increasing amount of NH₄⁺ in supplied N, while C-isotope composition of root-respired CO₂ remained unchanged across N-type gradient. We suggested that a higher amount of ¹³C enriched C-pools fixed by PEPc through anaplerotic pathway contributed to respired CO₂ in leaves under NO₃⁻ nutrition. However, a similar effect in roots expected under NH4+ nutrition was masked because of a rather ¹³C depleted C source (respired CO₂) refixation by PEPc. Unexpectedly, the changes in C-isotope composition of individual metabolites and their amounts as well as PEPc activity exhibited different patterns between the two species. Double labelling experiments (¹³C and ¹⁵N) are needed for better understanding the impact of metabolic plasticity of TCA on isotopic gap between malate and citrate and on C-isotope composition of respired CO₂ in different species under varying N-type nutrition.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:48:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO CEZAR NUNES DE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 601209 bytes, checksum: f00e70da41ef59f2d00e6d507bf61861 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-31 / This dissertation is about the using of symbols of traditional popular Catholicism by Church Universal Kingdom of God in Brazil. The author sustain that the use of these symbols for this Institution construct how one of the principal reason of your expansion and consolidation. Argument even that these symbols are effective because represents various signification in rituals of this Church. To demonstrate how these happen, this work expose the great importance that these symbols have in the construction of religious experience. The agreement with this theory, will be explored with this theory, be explore somewhat slope religious that compose, through of history, one complex field religious brasilian and finish show how somewhat symbols of Catholicism popular earn new sense in the theology and practice ritual of IURD. / A presente dissertação coloca em debate a utilização dos símbolos do catolicismo popular tradicional pela Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus no Brasil. Sustenta que o uso destes símbolos por esta Instituição se constitui em uma das principais razões da sua expansão e consolidação. Argumenta ainda que estes símbolos são eficazes porque os mesmos são re-significados nas muitas práticas rituais da Igreja. Para demonstrar como se dá este processo, a pesquisa tematiza a grande importância que o simbólico possui na construção das experiências religiosas. Partindo deste pressuposto teórico, são inicialmente exploradas algumas das vertentes religiosas que foram compondo, ao longo da história, o complexo campo religioso brasileiro. O trabalho finaliza mostrando como alguns símbolos do catolicismo popular ganham novo sentido na teologia e nas práticas rituais da IURD.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Fernando de Lima Carvalho.pdf: 1538151 bytes, checksum: 63f8be1c5e32ca2fc096d988cb8517cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-10 / The advancement of relations between men in the world today involved new analyzes of law. It became an indipensable measure to review institutes that for long centuries followed the initial format developed by the Romans. Among the reasons that required the review of contemporary legal systems, respect for human dignity is presented as the main one. In societies formed by humans, nobody respects the human being. Damage is caused daily, minute by minute, second by second. The result is a natural reaction of private law, as it serves to regulate the relations between men. In the field of private law was then the reanalysis of the civil liability. Occurring damages, this system should worry about restoring the previous situation of the offender and the victim. But the liability can not only serve to repair damages. It also has to punish those who practice them and also ensure that they will no longer occur. Therefore, the purposes of liability becomes compensation, punishment and prevention, or caution, depending on how damages to be avoided are seen. The liability has distinct functions: one directed exclusively to the victim and the to damage that was caused (reparative function); another directed to the offending agent, mainly the intensity of his guilt and punishment that should imposed to him (punitive function); and the last related to the prevention of damages that may occur in the future and, therefore, is independent of the occurrence of the damage. Taking this into consideration, the effective application of civil liability, ie the means of redress, can not be exhausted in just pecuniary compensation. Each function of liability should have its mean of redress. The scope of this work is the presentation of these other means of redress / O avanço das relações mantidas entre os homens no mundo atual implicou novas análises do direito. A revisão de institutos que por longos séculos seguiram, apenas com pequenos ajustes, a formatação inicial desenvolvida pelos romanos, se tornou providência indispensável. Dentre as razões que demandaram a reanálise dos sistemas jurídicos contemporâneos, o respeito à dignidade humana se apresentou como a principal. Nas sociedades formadas por seres humanos ninguém respeita o ser humano. Danos são causados diariamente, minuto a minuto, segundo a segundo. A consequência disso é a reação natural do direito privado, já que serve para regular as relações entre os homens. No campo do direito privado houve, então, a revisitação da responsabilidade civil. Ocorrendo danos, deve esse sistema preocupar-se em restabelecer o estado em que se encontravam antes o ofensor e a vítima. Mas a responsabilidade civil não pode servir apenas para reparar danos, há de punir quem os pratica e também zelar para que eles não mais ocorram. Passam, portanto, a ser escopos da responsabilidade civil, a reparação, a punição e a prevenção, ou precaução, dependendo de como são vistos os danos que se pretende evitar. A responsabilidade civil possui funções distintas: uma voltada à vítima, exclusivamente, e ao dano que no presente lhe foi causado (função reparatória); outra relativa ao agente ofensor, principalmente, à intensidade de sua culpa e à sanção que no presente lhe deve ser imposta (função punitiva); e a última correspondente à prevenção dos danos que podem ocorrer no futuro e que, por assim considerar, diz-se que independe da ocorrência do dano. Ora, diante disso, os instrumentos de efetiva atuação da responsabilidade civil, isto é, os meios reparatórios, não se podem exaurir apenas nas indenizações pecuniárias. Cada função deve ter o seu meio reparatório. É a apresentação desses outros meios de reparação o escopo do presente trabalho

The main objective of the study is to analyze the role of family planning program in reducing maternal mortality in Bangladesh. A conceptual framework has been developed in which family planning is shown to be integrated in reducing maternal mortality. This study found that the risk factors of maternal mortality e.g. unwanted pregnancy, high parity, and early and old age at child birth still prevail in Bangladesh. It is hypothesized that the prevalence of these factors can be substantially reduced by a proper practice of family planning. There is a high level of unmet need for family planning Bangladesh, and its removal will substantially help in reducing maternal mortality in the country. The risk factors of maternal mortality are strongly associated with lack of family planning practice and other socio-economic and demographic background characteristics of women. By using data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) of 2004 and the Bangladesh Maternal Health and Maternal Mortality Survey (BMMS) of 2001 the study has analyzed the relationship of the risk factors of maternal mortality, namely wantedness of pregnancy, age at child birth, parity and birth interval with various socio-demographic factors. The analysis has shown that use status of family planning is influenced by the risk factors of maternal mortality. Wantedness of pregnancy has been found to be significantly related with age at birth, parity and birth interval. It has been also found that the risk factors of maternal mortality also affect on antenatal care. The study has identified some policy implications regarding family planning and maternal mortality, and has made appropriate recommendations. One of the major aspects of the strategies to reduce maternal mortality through family planning is to provide family planning services to all women, regardless of any group affiliation. Fulfilment of unmet for family planning has been recommended as an important strategy to reduce maternal mortality in the country. It addition, it is also recommended to raise the age at marriage and child birth, to space births and to limit family size by empowering women through education.

Diploma thesis deals with a suspension system of cords and slings called Redcord. Redcord helps physiotherapists as their auxiliary third hand. Redcord has a wide range of application. The main goal of the thesis is to develop and test training units in Redcord for spinal patients on a wheelchair in the Rehabilitation Institute Kladruby. This goal was successfully realized and the group exercise in Redcord were implemented between the procedures of the rehabilitation program. The study also discusses the effectiveness of exercise in Redcord, the evaluation of different dosage of load and monitoring the progression of a group training. The group exercise in Redcord for spinal patients on a wheelchair is effective, because it allows the same exercise training for patients with different level of spinal cord lesion and different stability of the trunk. This is possible thanks to the various dosage of load in Redcord. The feedback from spinal patients has been verified by subjective evaluation in the form of a questionnaire supplemented with a interview.