Šioje disertacijoje tyrinėjama modalumo semantika, ypatingą dėmesį skiriant norvegų kalbos modaliniams veiksmažodžiams. Modalumas suvokiamas kaip kategorija, susijusi su požiūriu į propozicijų tikėtinumą (episteminis požiūris) ir kliūčių buvimą ar nebuvimą įvykiams įvykti ar situacijoms susiklostyti (neepisteminis požiūris). Išskiriami, viena vertus, neutralus ir neneutralus požiūris, ir, kita vertus, paprastas ir kompleksinis požiūris. Terminas paprastas požiūris vartojamas kalbant apie atvejus, kai kalbėtojas posakyje tik išreiškia vieną požiūrį, nesudarymas prielaidų manyti, kad egzistuoja ir kitokių požiūrių galimybė. Terminas kompleksinis požiūris vartojamas kalbant apie atvejus, kai kalbėtojas, išreikšdamas vieną požiūrį, sykiu leidžia manyti, kad galima turėti ir kitokį, alternatyvų požiūrį. Neutralus požiūris visada būna paprastas, o neneutralus požiūris gali būti arba paprastas, arba kompleksinis. Toliau disertacijoje šis modelis pritaikomas norvegų kalbos modalinių veiksmažodžių KUNNE, MÅTTE, SKULLE, VILLE ir BURDE semantiniam aprašui. Esamojo laiko forma kan dažniausiai vartojama neutraliam požiūriui išreikšti, o esamojo laiko formos må, skal ir vil dažniausiai vartojamos paprastam neneutraliam požiūriui išreikšti. Ir esamojo laiko forma bør, ir būtojo laiko (preterito) forma burde dažniausiai vartojamos kompleksiniam neneutraliam požiūriui reikšti. Būtojo laiko formos skulle ir ville gali būti pavartojamos ne temporaline reikšme, transformuojant paprastą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This dissertation deals with semantics of modality in general and semantics of the Norwegian modal verbs in particular. My starting point is the assumption that modality deals with people’s attitude towards the trustworthiness of propositions (epistemic attitude) and the presence or absence of obstacles for states of affairs to occur (non-epistemic attitude). I distinguish between neutral and non-neutral attitude on the one hand and between simple and complex attitude on the other. The terms simple and complex attitude are used to distinguish between cases where the speaker in her utterance expresses only one attitude without admitting any alternative attitudes (simple), and cases where she expresses one attitude at the same time as she signals in the same utterance that other participants may have a different attitude towards the status of the target of attitude (complex). Neutral attitude is always simple, while non-neutral attitude may be either simple or complex. Then I apply this model on the Norwegian modal verbs KUNNE, MÅTTE, SKULLE, VILLE and BURDE. I argue that the present tense form kan typically expresses neutral attitude, while the present tense forms må, skal and vil typically express non-neutral simple attitude. Both the present tense form bør and the preterite form burde typically express non-neutral complex attitude. The preterite forms skulle and ville may be used with non-temporal meaning, to transform a non-neutral simple attitude into complex attitude.

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Vietovardis Lietuva rašytiniuose šaltiniuose minimas nuo 1009-ųjų metų. Iš Lietuvių kalbos žodyno (LKŽe) buvo išrinkti 58 dariniai turintys kamieną lietuv- ir suklasifikuoti kategorinėmis klasėmis (kalbos dalimis). Juos sudaro 31 daiktavardis, 11 būdvardžių ir 16 veiksmažodžių. Iš daiktavardžio Lietuva išvesti 5 dariniai. Pastebėta, kad vienintelį darinį lietuvis išvestą iš daiktavardžio Lietuva supa didžiausias semantinis ir darybinis giminiškų žodžių laukas. Jį sudaro 22 dariniai (15 vedinių ir 7 dūriniai): 18 daiktavardžių, 1 būdvardis ir 3 veiksmažodžiai. Tolesnės darybos rezultatas yra dar 31 darinys: 10 daiktavardžių, 9 būdvardžiai ir 12 veiksmažodžių. Iš vietovardžio Lietuva sudaryti dariniai kartais laikytini darybiniais sinonimais arba darybiniais variantais: sudarytos 4 DS ir 3 DV eilės. Sudarytos 4 leksinių sinonimų eilės. LKŽe neužfiksuoti deminutyvai, išskyrus daiktavardį lietuvaitis, -ė. / The name of Lithuania in hand-written sources is mentioned since 1009. From Lithuanian dictionary (LKŽe) it has been selected 58 word-formations having a root “lietuv-“ and divided in classes on categories (in parts of speeches). It includes 31 noun, 11 adjectives and 16 verbs. From a noun Lietuva are formed 5 word-formations. It is established that unique word-formation “lietuvis“ formed from noun Lietuva surrounds a huge field of related words. It is made by 22 word-formations (15 – derivatives and 7 compounds): 18 nouns, 1 adjective and 3 verbs. The result of further formation is 31 word-formation: 10 nouns, 9 adjectives and 12 verbs. Word-formations formed from a word “Lietuva“ sometimes are considered as the formed synonyms or formed cases: are created 4 DS and 3 DV turns. It was created 4 turns of lexical synonyms. There are no more diminutives in the Lithuanian dictionary (LKŽe) except the noun lietuvaitis, -ė.

Text in Afrikaans / Because of the variety of relationships which exist between transitive verbs and their objects, all direct objects are not comparable with one another. One class of object, however, which stands by itself and which is of considerable interest, is the OBJECT OF RESULT. Because of the particular relation which exists between object and transitive verb in resulting constructions, we have here an unique class of direct object. The resulting construction is therefore, in the first instance a relation construction. This specific relation between transitive verb and object is mainly determined by the presence of or absence of certain inherent distinctive characteristics by transitive verbs and which play a determining role in identifying OBJECTS OF RESULT. From this study it is also clear that there is a semantic value present in transitive verbs (that can combine with objects of result) which has not been observed or distinguished by lexicographers and grammarians until recently. / Omdat voorwerpe van sinne in 'n verskeidenheid van betrekkinge met (oorganklike) werkwoorde kan staan, is alle direkte voorwerpe nie almal in alle opsigte vergelykbaar met mekaar nie. Waarskynlik die interessantste voorwerp in hierdie verskeidenheid is die RESULTATIEWE VOORWERP. As gevolg van die besondere verhouding wat daar bestaan tussen hierdie voorwerp en die HW, het ans hier te make met 'n unieke tipe direkte voorwerp wat kan aanspraak maak op 'n eie bestaansreg as 'n subkategorie van die hoofkategorie: Direkte Voorwerpe. Die resulterende konstruksie is dus, in die eerste plek, 'n verhoudingskonstruksie. Hierdie spesifieke verhouding tussen die HW en die voorwerp word grootliks bepaal deur die aan- of afwesigheid van sekere inherente distinktiewe kenmerke wat by oorganklike werkwoorde voorkom en wat 'n bepalende rol speel by die ontstaan van en identifisering van RESUL TATIEWE VOORWERPE. Uit hierdie ondersoek sal verder blyk dat daar 'n semantiese waarde by oorganklike werkwoorde is wat tot dusver nag nie deur taalkundiges/woordeboekmakers of woordverklaarders onderskep en onderskei is nie. Oorganklike werkwoorde kan dus fyner gedefinieer word ten opsigte van hul verbindbaarheid, al dan nie, met resultatiewe voorwerpe. / Language Education, Arts and Culture / M.A. (Afrikaans)

The Czech conjugaion is typical of relative instability of particular conjugation paradigma. The aim of this thesis is to examine a systematic transitiv of verbs of one class to another class on the one hand and to examine fluctuation of chosen verbs between different patterns, to determine topical forms of these transitions and fluctuation and finally to determine the direction of this transitiv, i. e. identificate more frequently used paradigma for each transitiv and fluctuation on the other hand. De facto it is the eximinaton of stability of verbal conjugation, with the aim to identify stronger or more dominant paradigma. A typice example of the transitiv is the migration of verbs from first class (mazat) to fifth class (dělat), a typice example of fluctuation is the second class, in which individual verbs tend to fluctuate between different patterns. Neither the fluctuation nor the transitiv do not happen at the same level in all morphological forms: the aim of this thesis is to identify these forms and determine the level and frequency of fluctuations and transitions in the contemporary usage from the corpus data (ČNK) and data obtained from questionnaires. This work is dividend into a theoretical part and a practical part. In the theoretical part we discuss verbal categories and classification of verbs based od them. Besides the classical Czech systém, we describe also one-stem systém (Townsend 2000, section 2.2), then we describe individual classes, patterns and also transitions and fluctuations esistin in the Czech verbal systém. The practical part is dedicated to verification of described tendencies. We proceed along two lines: on the one hand we use data from ČNK and on the other hand, (led by an effort to reach even spoken, not only written languages, in which the corpus SYN is based), the author made a questionnaire to which 85 people responded. The results of both examinations overlap.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:30:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 avila_mc_me_ararafcl.pdf: 823198 bytes, checksum: 52b31eb7eed7746f26c518610ddd85b7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A partir da hipótese de que a estrutura de argumentos projetada pelo verbo reflete aspectos da sua estrutura conceitual, esta dissertação investiga um conjunto de teorias que analisam essa interface sintaxe-semântica com o objetivo de recortar uma representação das dimensões sintática e semântica para essa classe lexical. Do ponto de vista lingüístico, analisam-se as propriedades léxico-semânticas de um conjunto de verbos do português do Brasil, extraído da base de verbos da rede WordNet.Br e nocionalmente correspondente à classe semântica dos verbos do inglês Verbos de Destitução de Posse-Verbos do Tipo 'Roubar', isolada por Levin (1993). As representações léxico-semântica e léxico-sintática fundamentam-se, respectivamente, na teoria sobre as Estruturas Conceituais de Jackendoff (1990, 2002) e na teoria sobre a Estrutura de Argumentos de Hale e Keyser (2002). Do ponto de vista lingüístico-computacional, desenvolvem-se uma estratégia de construção e refinamento dos synsets de verbos da rede WordNet.Br e uma proposta de representação formal das dimensões sintáticas e conceitual para os verbos. / This thesis presents an inquiry on the lexical-syntactic and the lexical-semantic representation of verbs from the perspective that aspects of verb's argument structure reflect its conceptual structure. In the linguistic domain, the thesis investigates both the lexical-semantic and lexical-syntactic properties of the synset of Brazilian Portuguese verbs extracted from the WordNet.Br lexical database that corresponds to Levin's (1993) class of verbs of Possessional Deprivation-Steal/Rob Verbs. The lexical-semantic and lexical-syntactic representation are grounded in Jackendoff's (1990, 2002) Semantic Structures Theory and Hale and Keyser's (2002) Argument Structure Theory, respectively. In the computational-linguistic domain, it presents both a strategy for constructing and refining the WordNet.Br verb synsets and a formal representation for describing the syntactic and conceptual dimensions of verbs.

La alternancia ser/estar ha inspirado numerosos estudios y, consecuentemente, una significativa variedad de conceptos técnicos. Ante este panorama, proponemos avanzar hacia un refinamiento de los parámetros aspectuales empleados, con énfasis en los niveles lingüísticos en los que se originan y en la diferenciación entre semántica léxica/construccional. A partir de diagnósticos específicos, proponemos: primero, que ser y estar se alejan de la noción estándar de cópula y verbo estativo y son cuanto menos ambiguas respecto al tipo eventivo de las construcciones que articulan; segundo, que propiedades asignadas en la literatura no responden a lacópula, sino a la construcción; tercero, que la delimitación [boundedness] capta más eficientemente las situación de ser/estar, como propiedad semántica diferente y lógicamente distinguible de la perfectividad y telicidad. / Spanish copulas have inspired a vast amount of studies involving a significant number of technical concepts in their description. Against this background, we concentrate on the need to refine the technical parameters used, focusing on the linguistic domains where they are encoded and on the distinction between lexical and constructional semantics. Building on specific tests, we propose that ser and estar: (i) depart from both the standard notion of copula (semantically trivial verb) and of stative verb (lacking temporal structure) and are at least ambiguous as for the eventive type of construction they render; (ii) that many properties observed in the literature do not actually ensue from to the copula per se, but rather from the construction they head; (iii) and that the parameter boundedness best captures their situation, as long as it is conceived as a different semantic property, logically distinguishable from perfectivity telicity.

abstract: The presence of two copula verbs (ser and estar) in Spanish has caused a semantic competition between the two. This semantic competition has been documented from the XII century (Vañó-Cerdá, 1982). Some scholars (Brown & Cortés-Torres, 2012; Cortés-Torres, 2004; Gutiérrez, 1992; Ortiz-López, 2000; Silva-Corvalán, 1994) have demonstrated the presence of this competition in which estar has been occupying structures traditionally reserved for ser in different Spanish varieties. This study investigates the extent to which the extension of estar to contexts previously limited to ser is present in the Spanish of Puerto Rico in adjectival structures (copula + adjective). The investigation analyzed 21 Puerto Rican Spanish speakers, who completed five different instruments (interview, description of a picture, 2 questionnaires and grammar judgment). Nine of the participants completed the five tasks and the other 12 completed the 2 questionnaires. A multi-variable and qualitative analysis were employed to examine the linguistics (class or individual frame of reference, copulas the adjective allows, animacy, susceptibility to change, and type of adjective) and social factors (sex, age, level of education, and bilingualism) that favor the phenomenon. The results showed that type of adjective, copulas the adjective allows, susceptibility to change, and type of questionnaire favored the innovative use of estar. Both analyses showed a clear tendency of the linguistics factors that favor the innovative use of estar. The results of this study concur with previous studies (Cortés-Torres, 2004; Gutiérrez, 1992; Ortiz-López, 2000; Silva-Corvalán, 1994) about the phenomenon in other monolingual and bilingual Spanish dialects. This study confirms Puerto Rican Spanish follows the internal change tendency in Spanish language about the uses of ser and estar. The use of different instruments for data collection provides a clear view of the phenomenon in Puerto Rican Spanish. The use of questionnaires with confirmed estar predictors shows that some adjectives resist the phenomenon more; even with the perfect conditions for the use of estar, the participants did not allowed its use. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Spanish 2013

Orientador: Maria Luiza Braga / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T11:31:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_AngelicaTerezinhaCarmo_D.pdf: 984053 bytes, checksum: f94d5eae89d1cdc7fe011f57d04b952c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Na presente tese, investigo as ¿construções do tipo foi fez¿, doravante CFFs, presentes na modalidade falada do Português do Brasil (PB). Essas construções apresentam propriedades morfossintáticas bem definidas, além de desempenharem um papel particular na situação de fala. Esta tese, desenvolvida sob o paradigma do funcionalismo lingüístico (vertente americana), se baseia em dados oriundos de amostras reais de fala, coletadas a partir do banco de dados constituído por pesquisadores e bolsistas do Projeto PEUL da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Para sustentar minhas hipóteses e examinar alguns fatores tradicionalmente utilizados nas pesquisas sociolingüísticas, trabalhei com 16 grupos de fatores que foram operacionalizados através do pacote VARBRUL, principalmente dos programas MAKECELL e CROSSTAB. As CFFs se formam a partir de uma seqüência mínima de V1 e V2, em que V1 corresponde a um dos verbos ir, chegar e pegar e V2 é relativamente livre. Essas construções podem ocorrer sob a forma de dois tipos distintos. No tipo 1, V1 e V2 são interligados pela conjunção e. No tipo 2, V1 e V2 apenas se justapõem. Ademais, V1 e V2 partilham flexões de tempo e pessoa e têm sujeitos correferenciais. Quanto à sua função, as CFFs atuam no nível discursivo-pragmático, dramatizando ou enfatizando os eventos descritos em V2. Uma vez que, além das propriedades exclusivas de sua categoria, apresentam ainda outras que são compartilhadas por diferentes tipos de construções, as CFFs não se encaixam no modelo clássico de categorização. Propus que apenas um modelo mais flexível, como aquele que prevê a existência de semelhança de famílias e de protótipos, é adequado para dar conta dos dados. Embora as CFFs possam ser concebidas como um membro de um continuum de construções de predicação complexa, com ocorrência em várias línguas, no que se restringe ao PB, as CFFs permanecem distintas de todos os outros tipos de construções. Tendo em vista as mudanças sofridas por ir, chegar e pegar que levaram ao desenvolvimento das CFFs, atesto que esses verbos percorrem os mesmos estágios iniciais previstos nos processos de gramaticalização, sem que, no entanto, tenham adquirido uma função gramatical prototípica, como tempo, aspecto e modo, mas sim uma função pragmática. Ao considerar que os verbos ir, chegar e pegar se gramaticalizaram, dando origem às CFFs, deixo claro que esses verbos exercem, nessas construções, uma função diversa daquelas originalmente previstas nos estudos de gramaticalização / Abstract: The present thesis examines the ¿foi fez constructions¿ (Lit. ¿Went Did constructions¿), henceforth FFCs, in spoken Brazilian Portuguese. FFCs exhibit definite morphosyntactic properties associated to the uses of the verbs ir (go), chegar (arrive) e pegar (take) and they also play a specific role on the speech situation. This thesis is developed under the functionalism paradigm (American version) and is based on data, collected from the PEUL Project database. In order to support my hypothesis and analyze some traditional sociolinguistics features, I adopted the methodological principles from the Theory of Linguistic Variation to make a quantitative analysis, using the VARBRUL, mainly the programs MAKECELL and CROSSTAB. FFCs consist minimally of a sequence of V1 and V2, where V1 and V2 share inflections for verb tense and subject. V1 is one of the verbs ir ¿go¿, chegar ¿arrive¿, and, pegar ¿take¿ and V2 is relatively open. V1 and V2 can be contiguous, type 1, or can be connected by e ¿and¿, type 2. The chief function of V1 in FFCs appears to be a discourse-pragmatic one, dramatizing or emphasizing the events codified by V2. FFCs do not constitute a sharply bounded grammatical category. As they share a number of resemblances with some other major construction, they cannot be analyzed in terms of discrete classical categories. I suggested that only a more flexible kind of categorization, as family resemblance and prototypic approaches, is appropriate to account for the data. Notwithstanding FFCs are understood here as a member of a group of complex predicates crosslinguistically observed, as far as Portuguese is concerned, they remain a distinctive class of grammatical construction. Furthermore I verified that ir, chegar e pegar have undergone changes, which result on the development of FFCs and concur with the first stages of grammaticalization. However, I stress that FFCs do not developed a prototypical grammatical function, like tense, aspect and mood, traditionally used to account for grammaticalization. Rather they developed a pragmatic one. Although I consider the development of FFCs as a result of a grammaticalization process, it is necessary to emphasize that they acquire a function different from those expected for grammaticalized items / Doutorado / Sociolinguistica / Doutor em Linguística

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished