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Research in communication disorders suggests that training linguistically complex forms will generalize to untrained, simpler forms with similar structural properties (see Thompson, 2007 for review). The present study investigated generalization patterns from transitive verbs to two classes of intransitive verbs following administration of Verb Network Strengthening Treatment (VNeST; Edmonds, Nadeau & Kiran, 2009). Based on the Argument Structure Complexity Hypothesis (ASCH; Thompson, 2003), it was predicted that greater generalization would occur to unergatives because unergatives bear a structural relationship to transitive verbs and unaccusatives do not. Results at post-treatment supported the hypothesis with both intransitive verb types showing generalization and slightly higher effect sizes observed for unergative than for unaccusative verbs. At maintenance, this pattern was not maintained due to improvements in production of unaccusative verbs. Results support the findings of Edmonds et al. (2009) that administration of VNeST results in gains on measures of untrained, semantically related verbs as well as standardized measures of lexical retrieval and connected speech. These results also suggest that training transitive verbs results in slight generalization to untrained intransitive verbs; however, it is inconclusive whether unergative and unaccusatives intransitives show differential improvement. / Communication Sciences

Cette recherche porte sur les verbes d’imminence assimilés ou apparentés dans l’oeuvre de Rachid EL-DAÏF et leur traduction en français. Nous avons procédé à l’analyse de ces verbes en arabe ancien et moderne, ainsi qu’en français, dans une perspective contrastive afin de relever les similitudes et les différences entre les deux langues. Nous avons étudié les verbes d’imminence dans la première partie, les verbes de souhait ou de probabilité dans l’expression de la modalité dans la deuxième, les verbes inchoatifs dans la troisième, l’analyse du verbe pouvoir et de son équivalent devoir en français dans la quatrième, l’exposant temporel kâna à la forme préfixée dans la cinquième partie. / Our research concerns assimilated or related imminent verbs in the work of Rachid EL-DAÏF and their translation into French. We analyzed these verbs in ancient and modern Arabic, as well as in French, in a contrasting perspective in order to identify the similarities and differences between the two languages. We have studied the verbs of imminence in the first part, the verbs of desire or probability in the expression of the modality in the second, the verbs in the third, the verb power and its equivalent duty in French in the fourth, the temporal exponent kana to the form prefixed in the fifth part.

L'étude porte sur la classe des verbes latins en -ficare, tels que aedifico « bâtir une maison » et amplifico « rendre ample ». Ce sont 150 verbes simples et 32 préverbés, répertoriés des premiers siècles de la latinité jusqu'à la mort d'Isidore de Séville, en 636. La mise au point du corpus est fondée sur une distinction concernant la structure morphologique des verbes, qui présentent en premier membre le thème d'un substantif (aedi-fico : aedes « maison ») ou d'un adjectif (ampli-fico : amplus « ample »). Une telle distinction s'est revélée cruciale, à la fois sur le plan sémantique et morphosyntaxique. L'alternance entre actif et déponent ne concerne pas les verbes à premier membre adjectival, mais la voix déponente est assignée à ceux des verbes pour lesquels il existe une construction à verbe-support, où facere [+ support] est associé au substantif à l'accusatif apparaissant en premier membre (par ex. paci-ficor « faire la paix » et pacem facere). Tous les verbes sont considérés comme des verbes composés et non comme des dérivés des adjectifs en -ficus correspondants, mais le premier membre est associable dans le type aedifico au complément d'objet, dans le type amplifico à l'attribut du complément d'objet du verbe facere de la locution verbo-nominale correspondante. Les verbes à premier membre adjectival sont toujours des factitifs, les verbes actifs à premier membre subtantival sont des causatifs, notamment des causatifs lexicaux (par ex. fumifico « faire de la fumée »), où le deuxième membre est associable à facere « produire ». Les verbes à premier membre adjectival, qui correspondent soit à des néologismes à l'intérieur du latin soit à des emprunts au grec, sont très bien représentés dans le latin des auteurs chrétiens et des ouvrages de médecine. / The aim of this study is to describe the class of Latin verbs in -ficare, such as aedifico ‘build a house’ and amplifico ‘amplify’. It examines 150 simple verbs and 32 preverbed verbs, collected from the first centuries of the Latin period to the death of Isidore of Seville in 636. The corpus is based on the morphological distinction between verbs whose first term is a noun stem (such as aedi-fico : aedes ‘house’) and verbs whose first term is an adjectival stem (ampli-fico : amplus ‘ample’). Such a distinction has proved to be crucial both morpho-syntactically and semantically. While the alternation between active voice and deponent voice is not shown in the verbs with an adjectival stem, the deponent voice is assigned to those verbs which coexist with a light verb construction, where facere [+ light verb] governs the noun in the accusative which appears as the first term (paci-ficor ‘to make peace’ and pacem facere). All verbs are interpreted as compound verbs, and not as derivatives from the adjectives in -ficus. In the verbs of the aedifico type, the first term can be associated with the direct object, while in the verbs of the amplifico type, the first term is associated with the predicative adjective of the direct object of facere within the correspondent noun-verb construction. The verbs with an adjectival stem as a first term are always factitive verbs, while the active verbs with a noun stem as a first-term are causatives and more specifically, lexical causatives (fumifico ‘make, produce smoke’), in which the second term is associated with facere ‘produce’. The verbs whose first term is an adjectival stem, which correspond to both neologisms in Latin and borrowings from Greek, are well represented in the Latin language used by Christian authors as well as medical texts.

本論文「客語打類、忍類及促類動詞中動力學之體現」從物理學中之動力學觀點來審視語言之現象，以Lai (2000)針對客語打類動詞詞彙化類型之研究以及Gao (2001), Gao & Cheng (2002)針對中文與英語中肢體接觸類動詞之研究為基礎，並進一步修正及採用Talmy (2000a)所提出之動力學架構來加以分析客語打類、忍類及促類三類近義動詞。客語之打類動詞涉及內在心理意圖與外在肢體接觸，亦即同時牽涉到心理層面與肢體層面中「力」的作用，忍類動詞中「力」的衝突發生於內在心理層面，亦即本我與自我之間產生衝突，而促類動詞則表現出交互心理層面中「力」的相對關係，亦即藉由溝通等方式與他人產生「力」的對抗。因此，本論文藉由分析此三類動詞，將得已呈現心理肢體(psychophysical)，內在心理(intrapsychological)以及交互心理(interpsychological)三個不同層面中動力學之體現，並能夠進一步檢視語意內涵「力」與此三類動詞之句法表現間之相互關係。 / Based on Lai’s (2000) study of verbs of hitting in Hakka and Gao’s (2001) and Gao & Cheng’s (2002) studies of verbs of physical action by impact in English and Mandarin Chinese, this study modifies the force-dynamic model proposed by Talmy (2000a) to analyze Hakka hitting verbs in psychophysical domain, Hakka refraining verbs in intrapsychological domain, and Hakka urging verbs in interpsychological domain. The analysis proposes that two force-dynamic patterns can be generalized from these three groups of verbs, one ONSET CAUSATION pattern, and the other ONSET DESPITE pattern. Moreover, the correlation between the semantic component FORCE and the syntactic manifestation has been examined. This force-dynamic opposition is manifested in syntax as demonstrated by resultative complements, BUN-constructions, LAU-constructions, the potential mode and verb-copying constructions along with the adverbs of duration. In addition, the confirmation of the speaker’s expectation can be achieved by adverbs of evaluation and adverbs of justification. The well-formedness of these syntactic structures and the felicity of the usage of the adverbs depend heavily on the interaction of the Antagonist’s force and the Agonist’s force.

Text in Afrikaans / Because of the variety of relationships which exist between transitive verbs and their objects, all direct objects are not comparable with one another. One class of object, however, which stands by itself and which is of considerable interest, is the OBJECT OF RESULT. Because of the particular relation which exists between object and transitive verb in resulting constructions, we have here an unique class of direct object. The resulting construction is therefore, in the first instance a relation construction. This specific relation between transitive verb and object is mainly determined by the presence of or absence of certain inherent distinctive characteristics by transitive verbs and which play a determining role in identifying OBJECTS OF RESULT. From this study it is also clear that there is a semantic value present in transitive verbs (that can combine with objects of result) which has not been observed or distinguished by lexicographers and grammarians until recently. / Omdat voorwerpe van sinne in 'n verskeidenheid van betrekkinge met (oorganklike) werkwoorde kan staan, is alle direkte voorwerpe nie almal in alle opsigte vergelykbaar met mekaar nie. Waarskynlik die interessantste voorwerp in hierdie verskeidenheid is die RESULTATIEWE VOORWERP. As gevolg van die besondere verhouding wat daar bestaan tussen hierdie voorwerp en die HW, het ans hier te make met 'n unieke tipe direkte voorwerp wat kan aanspraak maak op 'n eie bestaansreg as 'n subkategorie van die hoofkategorie: Direkte Voorwerpe. Die resulterende konstruksie is dus, in die eerste plek, 'n verhoudingskonstruksie. Hierdie spesifieke verhouding tussen die HW en die voorwerp word grootliks bepaal deur die aan- of afwesigheid van sekere inherente distinktiewe kenmerke wat by oorganklike werkwoorde voorkom en wat 'n bepalende rol speel by die ontstaan van en identifisering van RESUL TATIEWE VOORWERPE. Uit hierdie ondersoek sal verder blyk dat daar 'n semantiese waarde by oorganklike werkwoorde is wat tot dusver nag nie deur taalkundiges/woordeboekmakers of woordverklaarders onderskep en onderskei is nie. Oorganklike werkwoorde kan dus fyner gedefinieer word ten opsigte van hul verbindbaarheid, al dan nie, met resultatiewe voorwerpe. / Language Education, Arts and Culture / M.A. (Afrikaans)

This paper investigates the mechanism for nominative/accusative Case alternations in the siph-ta ‘want-to’ construction in Korean. I argue that the Case alternations in the Korean siph-ta construction are motivated by the peculiar property of siph- that it has dual argument structures and restructuring properties. Specifically, the structural Case on the embedded object is determined by 1) the type of the matrix vP that siph- takes—vP(DO) or vP(BE) - and 2) the presence/absence of the functional category responsible for accusative Case checking, which is selected by the matrix predicate siph-. In so doing, it is demonstrated that the dual argument structure analysis can be extended to account for the same type of Case alternations exhibited by Korean psych-verbs as well as the incompatibility between a nominative object and an embedded psych-verb in the siph-ta construction.

The aim of the present paper is to present the componential analysis of English deverbal causative phrasal verbs with the postverb OUT as well as classify them according to classeme and into LSG. The research material used in the paper is 130 verbs containing the postverb OUT selected from 4 dictionaries involving the Internet sources. The structure of the paper consists of an Introduction, 5 parts (taking into consideration the theoretical and practical parts), Conclusions and references. The subject of the research, aim, objectives, research methods and relevance are defined in the Introduction. The 5 parts include linguistic status of English phrasal verbs, word formation and phrasal verbs, sememe, lexical meaning, the componential structure of sememe: the hierarchy of semes, classeme, the components Cause, Become, Be, archiseme, differential semantic components as well as paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. The Conclusions generalize the attained results from both the theoretical and practical backgrounds. The references provide with the list of all the sources which were used while writing and analyzing the bachelor thesis. / Darbo tikslas yra diverbinių, kauzatyvinių, frazinių anglų kalbos veiksmažodžių su postverb OUT komponentinė analizė ir jų klasifikacija pagal klasemą ir leksinę semantinę grupę. Tikslui pasiekti surinkta 130 frazinių veiksmažodžių su postverbu OUT iš 4 skirtingų žodynų pasitelkiant ir interneto šaltinius. Darbo struktūra susideda iš įvado, 5 dalių (teorinė ir praktinė dalys), išvadų ir literatūros sąrašo. Darbo tikslas, uždaviniai, tyrimo metodai ir aktualumas yra aptariami įvade. 5 dalys aprašo lingvistinį anglų kalbos frazinių veiksmažodžių statusą, žodžių darybą ir frazinius veiksmažodžius, sememą, leksinę reikšmę, sememos komponentinę struktūrą: semų hierarchiją, klasemą, komponentus Cause, Become, Be, archisemą, diferencinius sematinius komponentus ir paradigminius bei syntagminius ryšius. Išvados apibedrina gautus teorinės ir praktinės dalių rezultatus. Literatūros sąrašas pateikia šaltinių sąrašą, kuris buvo panaudotas rašant ir analizuojant bakalauro darbą.

This paper analyses the use of modal auxiliaries in an investment fund prospectus and how they are translated into Swedish. The semantics of modal auxiliaries is a rather fuzzy area. One modal verb such as may or will can have several different meanings, depending on the textual and situational context. Correctly interpreting the modal verbs is an important prerequisite for an accurate translation. A theoretical background founded on linguistic studies and grammatical presentations by Palmer (2001), Huddleston and Pullum (2002), Coates (1983), Teleman et al. (1999) and Wärnsby (2006) and others, provides a framework for analysing the meanings of the modal verbs in the source text and determining the most equivalent expressions in the Swedish modal system. Different types of modality, such as epistemic, deontic and dynamic, are discussed, along with the different textual and situational factors associated with each type. The analysis includes the most frequent modal auxiliaries found in the source text, namely (in the order of frequency from high to low) may, will, should, can, shall and must. Each modal verb is analysed in terms of its meanings and possible Swedish translations are discussed. One interesting aspect highlighted in the study is the close relationship between modality and futurity, which is particularly true for will. Due to the nature of the source text as a legal contract between the investment fund and the investors, the use of modal verbs specific to legal register is also considered in the analysis. The analysis shows that an awareness of the various factors associated with different types of modality and the linguistic features typical for the particular text type can help the translator correctly interpret and translate the modal verbs as accurately and consistently as possible.

The purpose of this thesis is to determine whether the setting of the verb movement parameter in L2 is dependent on agreement acquisition. The Optionality hypothesis (Eubank, 1994) is tested by examining the L2 grammar of Chinese learners of English. To test this hypothesis, the sentence matching procedure originally described in Freedman and Forster (1985) is used. It is found that no current theory truly accounts for the results that are obtained.