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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Par?metros ruminais em vacas em alta produ??o leiteira alimentadas com dieta total / The ruminal fermentation parameters in high yielding dairy cows fed total mixed ration

PELEGRINO, Stela Gomes 29 April 2008 (has links)
Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-09T18:09:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Stela Gomes Pelegrino.pdf: 247744 bytes, checksum: edcaaef4e983d4522513a9fcb967acdc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-09T18:09:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Stela Gomes Pelegrino.pdf: 247744 bytes, checksum: edcaaef4e983d4522513a9fcb967acdc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-29 / The search of better quality of the milk induces that changes and advances should be reached trought manipulation of de diet of the animals. The evaluation of the food absorption processes have been a very important in the investigation of the animal nutrition. The objective was to evaluate the on ruminal fermentation parameters in high yielding dairy cows fed total mixed ration (TMR). Eighteen Holstein cows in initial third of lactation were distributed to three groups. Cows were fed ad libitum thirty a day. The diet containing corn silage, barley, cottonseed and commercial ration, with forage:concentrate ratio of 45:55. Ruminal fluid was used for sampling at 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours after first meal for determination of ammonia, pH and VFA. The daily average intakes of nutrients, coefficients digestibility and milk production was evaluated how index of the production. There was no effect for averages of molar ruminal concentration ammonia. Was different, 4 hour after fed for the parameters: pH, VFA, acetic, butyric acids evidencing intense ruminal fermentative activity. Total VFA and pH was different in 4 hour after fed. The values of the propionic acid had followed the same trend of the AGV but they had not presented significant difference, the relation acetate: propionato was remained above of 3, keeping adjusted the text of fat of milk. This study demonstrates that the use of total diet provided a ruminal environment with adequate conditions of fermentation without large oscillations, what it diminishes the incidence of metabolic riots in cows of high production. / As melhores mudan?as na produ??o do leite podem ser atingidas atrav?s da manipula??o da dieta dos animais. Avaliar os processos de absor??o de alimentos direcionados para a s?ntese do leite tem sido de grande import?ncia nas pesquisas de nutri??o animal O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os par?metros ruminais de vacas de alta produ??o alimentadas com dieta total. Dezoito animais da ra?a Holandesa, no primeiro ter?o de lacta??o, foram divididos em tr?s grupos, por ordem de pari??o. Os animais receberam dieta total ? vontade (ad libitum) tr?s vezes ao dia composta por silagem de milho, cevada ?mida, caro?o de algod?o e ra??o comercial, com a rela??o volumoso:concentrado de 45:55. Amostras de l?quido ruminal foram coletadas nos hor?rios de 0, 2, 4 e 6 horas, ap?s a alimenta??o, no per?odo da manh?, sendo utilizadas para determina??es das concentra??es de am?nia, pH e AGV do l?quido ruminal. Os valores de consumo m?dio di?rio, coeficiente de digestibilidade, produ??o de leite foram avaliados como indicadores da produ??o. N?o foi observado efeito significante nas concentra??es m?dias ruminais de am?nia. Na quarta hora ap?s a alimenta??o foi observada diferen?a significativa dos par?metros: pH, AGV total, ?cidos ac?tico e but?rico, evidenciando a intensa atividade fermentativa ruminal. Os valores m?dios de ?cido propi?nico seguiram a mesma tend?ncia dos AGV mas n?o apresentaram diferen?a significativa, a rela??o acetato:propionato manteve-se acima de 3, mantendo adequado o teor de gordura do leite. Este trabalho demonstra que o uso de dieta total proporcionou um ambiente ruminal com condi??es adequadas de fermenta??o sem grandes oscila??es, o que diminui a incid?ncia de dist?rbios metab?licos em vacas de alta produ??o.
22

Verksamhetsutveckling i sömnadsproduktion : En fallstudie på en tillverkande process med syfte att skapa förutsättningar för ständiga förbättringar samt producera visuellt material för en gemensam målbild. / Business development in a sewing production : A case studie on a process with the main purpose to create prerequisites for continuous improvements and produce visual material for the common target.

Fagerström, Adam January 2020 (has links)
Följande examensarbete är den avslutande delen av högskoleingenjörsprogrammet innovationsteknik och design på Karlstads Universitet. Arbetet har en omfattning på 22,5hp och genomfördes ifrån januari- till juni 2020. Uppdragsgivaren är Granqvist Sportartiklar AB (fortsättningsvis i rapporten benämnt som Granqvists) som har sitt säte i Karlstad, medan uppdraget utfördes på deras fabrik i Zlotow, Polen. Granqvist har tillverkat handskar för sport- och skydd sedan 1984 och har alltid ägt hela produktionen, råmaterial till färdig slutprodukt. Då företaget har växt både i omsättning och personalstyrka har den svenska ledningen funnit ett behov av förbättringsarbete inom produktionen, vilket följande examensarbete behandlar. Arbetets upplägg följer den strategi som presenteras boken ”LEAN, gör avvikelser till framgång” rörande värdeflödesanalyser och hur man bäst utnyttjar dem. Genom den utförda värdeflödesanalysen var det möjligt att dokumentera hela processen för en vald produktfamilj sett ur ett helikopterperspektiv, vilket var brandhandsken texgrip. Nuläget visar på att ett stort antal mellanlager växer fram inom produktionen som en följd av ett osynkroniserat produktionsflöde där varje process har egna körscheman. Efter analysering av nuläget samt intervjuer med medarbetare inom produktionen och tjänstemän kunde ett antal förbättringsförslag genereras. Övergripande har 19 förbättringsförslag fördelade över tre kategorier presenterats, samt 9 huvudpunkter med åtgärder som går att genomföra för att nå ett jämnare flöde i produktionen. Huvudpunkterna för flödet presenteras i form av en simulering i programvaran Flexsim 2020. Detta på grund av de rådande omständigheterna avseende Covid-19 vilket påverkade genomförandefasen av förbättringsförslagen. Simuleringen visar att de två planerade lagringsplatserna med kontrollerat lager räcker för de nyskapade flödesgrupperna, och därmed bör modellen ej förkastas. Simuleringen skall även kunna fungera som ett verktyg för uppdragsgivaren med syfte att visa vad man kan göra och hur man tar sig dit i produktionen. Samt att den skall stödja dem i deras fortsatta utvecklingsarbete med möjligheter till att bygga på modellen utifrån hela produktionsanläggningen. / The following bachelors thesis is the final part of the engineering program innovation technology and design at Karlstad University. The work has a scope of 22.5hp and was carried out between January and June 2020. The client is Granqvist Sportartiklar AB, which has its headquarters in Karlstad, while the assignment was carried out at their factory in Zlotow, Poland. Granqvist has been manufacturing gloves for sports and protection since 1984 and has always owned the entire production from raw material to finished product. As the company has grown both in sales and staff strength, the Swedish management has found a need for improvements in the production, which the following work deals with. The work follows the strategy presented in the book ”LEAN, gör avvikelser till framgång” regarding value flow analyzes and how to best utilize them. By performing a current-situation analysis, it was possible to document with a helicopter perspective the entire process for a selected product family. The current situation shows that a large number of intermediate stocks are growing within production as a result of an unsynchronized production flow where each process has its own schedules. After analyzing the current situation, interviews with production employees and officials, a number of improvement suggestions was generated. Overall, 19 improvement proposals across three categories have been presented, as well as 9 main points with measures that can be implemented to achieve a more even flow in the production. These points for the flow are presented in the form of a simulation in the software Flexsim 2020, when Covid-19 ravaged globally at the time the thesis was written, which led to difficulties in implementing some of the improvement proposals. The simulation shows that the two planned controlled storage locations are sufficient for the newly created flow groups, and thus the model is considered approved. The simulation should also serve as a tool for the client, a tool with the purpose of showing what you can do and how to get there in the production, aswell as being a foundation for future work in simulating the whole production and all it´s products.
23

Edible Fungal Production using Acetic Acid as Carbon and Energy Source / Produktion av ätbara svampar med ättiksyra som kol och energikälla

Alontaga, Barbara Mae, Axebrink, Anna January 2020 (has links)
Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) have become attractive and gained high research interest due to its significance for the chemical industry and economical advantage. These acids can be produced by utilizing organic waste such as food waste as substrate through anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is an environmental process that occurs naturally and produces biogas as the main product. VFAs are intermediate products formed during anaerobic digestion where acetic acid, a type of VFA, is the primary product. The main objective of this study was to utilize acetic acid as carbon and energy source for production of edible fungi, Rhizopus ologisporus, Mucor indicus and Volvariella volvacea. The first step was to evaluate if acetic acid could be used as carbon and energy source for edible fungi production. The results showed, that acetic acid is suitable as carbon and energy source for fungal biomass production. The second step was to optimize growth in liquid media. The cultivations were carried out by using five different conditions, where the liquid media contained different combinations of acetic acid, yeast extract and minerals as well as comparing orbital and linear oscillations. Fungal cultivation was possible regardless of the medium composition and type of water shaking baths. However, a linear water shaking bath with a combination of acetic acid yeast extract and/or minerals seems to be the best. Finally, as step three, acetic acid concentrations, 0.2 g/l and 2.0 g/l were used under similar conditions as in step two to see whether a higher concentration of acetic acid would be beneficial. Although the cultivation containing 2.0 g/l gave a higher value of dry weight, the value of yield is questionable. Further studies are needed to confirm if a higher concentration is beneficial or if it might act as an inhibitor for fungal cultivation. / Flyktiga fettsyror (VFAs) har ekonomiska fördelar och kan användas inom kemiska industrier i olika sammanhang, detta har lett till ett stort forskningsintresse för att kunna nyttja VFAs. Organiskt avfall, såsom matavfall, kan användas som substrat för att producera fettsyror genom anaerob rötning. Anaerob rötning är en miljövänlig process och VFAs bildas som intermediära produkter under den anaeroba nedbrytningen där annars bildas biogas som slutprodukt. Syftet med denna studie var att använda ättiksyra, (den vanligaste typen av VFAs), som kol- och energikälla vid odling av tre olika ätbara svampar, som Rhizopus oligosporus, Mucor indicus, och Volvariella volvacea. Först odlades dessa ätbara svampar i odlingsmedium innehållande ättiksyra. Resultatet visade att ättiksyra kan användas som kol- och energikälla vid produktion av svampbiomassa. Målet i de nästkommande stegen var att optimera tillväxtförhållande för svampodlingen. Fem olika odlingsmedier som innehöll olika kombinationer av ättiksyra, jästextrakt och mineraler användes. Det undersöktes dessutom hur två olika skakmetoder, orbitalt, eller linjärt, skakbad påverkar odlingen. Svamptillväxt var möjligt vid alla olika förhållanden oavsett sammansättningen av medium och typ av skakbad, däremot verkar odlingsmedium som innehåller ättiksyra, jästextrakt och/eller mineraler i kombination med linjär skakning vara de bästa förutsättningar för tillväxt av biomassa. I det sista steget kultiverades svamp med olika koncentrationer av ättiksyra, 0,2 g/l och 2,0 g/l, under liknande optimerade förhållanden som ovan, för att undersöka om en högre koncentration av ättiksyra skulle vara fördelaktig. Det producerades mer svampbiomassa (som torrvikt) vid koncentration av 2,0 g/l ättiksyra jämfört med när 0,2 g/l ättiksyra användes, dock var det svårt att säkerställa utbytet. Det behövs därför ytterligare fortsatta studier för att kunna bevisa om en högre koncentration av ättiksyra är fördelaktig för odlingen, eller om en högre koncentration skulle verka inhiberande för tillväxten.
24

Feedstock Recovery From Municipal Food Waste / Råmaterialåtervinning från kommunalt matavfall

Palmér, Matilda, Sandström, Anna, Johansson, Sara, Eklund Wallin, Josefin January 2020 (has links)
Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) are a by-product when producing methane through anaerobic digestion (AD). Due to their many uses as building block chemicals, it is of interest to look into ways to optimize anaerobic digestion toward VFA production instead of methane generation. This report will focus on different parameters to produce VFA from food waste (FW), primary sludge (PS), and digested sludge (DS) in different ratios. In this project, three different experimental sets were run over a period of 25 days. The three different sets were 100 % FW, 100 % PS, and 50/50 % FW and PS mixture. Reactors were adjusted to an initial pH-value of 10 and then sparged with nitrogen to create an anaerobic environment. Measurements of the pH were done by sampling at each retention time. Gas chromatography (GC) was used at the end of the project to determine the concentrations of the VFA in the samples. The results showed that, with pH 10, a retention time of 15 days and using only FW, was optimal for VFA production as it gave the highest total concentration of 14.03 g VFA/L. Acetic acid was found in the highest concentration in all ratios. A mixture of FW and PS had an optimal retention time of 12 days, but did not generate as high concentrations of VFAs as only using FW, with a maximum concentration of 9.34 g VFA/L. Using only PS generated even lower concentrations, with a maximum of 5.33 g VFA/L, but did not start decreasing during the experimental run, and no clear conclusion can, therefore, be drawn.
25

Production of Electrical Current by Glucose-Utilizing Shewanella chilikensis JC5 and its Coexistence with Geobacter sulfurreducens

Alkurdi, Marya 07 1900 (has links)
Shewanella spp. are model electroactive bacteria (EAB) and well-known for their broad metabolic capabilities and extracellular electron transfer (EET) properties, which allow them to utilize a diverse range of carbon substrates, such as formate, lactate, pyruvate, and amino acids. However, the majority of Shewanella spp. cannot metabolize glucose, a naturally occuring carbon and energy source. Here, we examine the electrode respiring potential of Shewanella chilikensis JC5T- and its coexistence with acetoclastic EAB, Geobacter sulfurreducens in glucose-fed microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) operated at a set anode potential condition of 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Chronoamperometry analysis revealed that the maximum current density was 0.04523 mA/cm2 (CE: 14.55%) in S-MEC (only S. chilikensis JC5T) and 0.299 mA/cm2 (CE: 53.85%) in CC-MEC (S. chilikensis JC5T and G. sulfurreducens) which is 6.6-folds higher in current density and 3.7-folds higher in coulombic efficiency than S-MEC. Cyclic voltammetry analysis demonstrates presence of biofilm and redox mediator for EET mechanisms. Metabolic analysis showed that S. chilikensis as a monoculture and co-culture with G. sulfurreducens can metabolize glucose and produce intermediates such as acetate, formate, and lactate. These intermediates are likely used to generate electrical current. Collectively, these results provide novel insights on electrode respiring properties of S. chilikensis and its coexistence with acetoclastic EAB, G. sulfurreducens to enhance the current density and coulombic efficiency from glucose-fed MEC.
26

Effekten av flyktiga fettsyror (VFA) på tillväxten av mikroalger / Effect of volatile fatty acids (VFA) on microalgae growth

Kattan, Raghad, Kaakeh, Lina January 2023 (has links)
Anaerob jäsning antas vara en bra och effektiv metod för behandling av organiskt avfall. Avloppsvatten från denna process är mer utmanande beroende främst på dess höga innehåll av bland annat flyktiga fettsyror (VFA). Mikroalger har en stor potential för hållbart avlägsnande av näringsämnen från vatten samtidigt som algbiomassa kan användas för produktion av bio-gödsel, biobränsle och bioplaster. Därför var syftet med denna studie att undersöka möjligheten att odla två svenska stammar av mikroalger, anpassade till det nordiska klimatet, på olika syntetiska kulturer. Kulturerna innehöll två bestämda totalkoncentrationer av ättiksyra, propionsyra och smörsyra med tre olika förhållande till varandra. Stammarna som studeras i detta experiment var Chlorella vulgaris (13–1) och Chlorococcum sp. (MC-1). Stammarna visade olika förmågor att tolerera VFA som kolkälla. Chlorococcum sp. kunde ge betydligt högre biomassakoncentrationer i närvaro av VFA än C. vulgaris. Vid totalkoncentrationen 2 g/L VFA och den största halten av ättiksyra erhölls den högsta biomassakoncentrationen. C. vulgaris i kulturerna med VFA visade samma beteende som i referensodlingen utan VFA. De slutliga biomassakoncentrationerna i närvaro av VFA liknade den biomassakoncentrationen från referensodlingen. Att Chlorococcum sp. kan växa på VFA kan minska miljöpåverkan av industriella utflöden från anaerob jäsning i Sverige och andra nordiska länder. / Anaerobic fermentation is believed to be a good and effective method for treating organic waste. Wastewater from this process is more challenging mainly due to its high content of for instance volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microalgae have shown great potential for the sustainable removal of nutrients from water sources. At the same time, algal biomass can be used to produce bio-fertilizer, biofuel, and bioplastics. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of growing two Swedish microalgae strains, adapted to the Nordic climate, on different synthetic cultures. The cultures contain two determined total concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid with three different ratios to each other. The strains studied in this experiment were Chlorella vulgaris (13–1) and Chlorococcum sp. (MC-1). The strains showed different abilities to tolerate VFA as a carbon source under the same biotic and abiotic conditions. Chlorococcum sp. was able to produce significantly higher biomass concentrations in the presence of VFA than in the reference culture without VFA. The culture with the total concentration of 2 g/L of VFA and the ratio that had the greatest content of acetic acid gave the highest biomass concentration. C. vulgaris was not affected by VFA and the algal cells in the cultures with VFA show the same behaviour as in the reference culture. Moreover, the final biomass concentrations in the presence of VFA were similar to the biomass concentration from the optimal culture. Since Chlorococcum sp. could grow on VFA it can reduce the environmental impact of industrial effluents from anaerobic fermentation in Sweden and other Nordic countries.
27

Produktion av flyktiga fettsyror genom anaerobisk rötning av pappersmassa och papperslam / Production of volatile fatty acids from pulp and paper sludge

Lara, Abdla January 2022 (has links)
Recently, there has been an increased interest in the production of volatile fatty acids from pulp and paper sludge using an immersed membrane bioreactor during anaerobic digestion. The production of biogas through anaerobic digestion has been a hot topic in recent years, but it is no longer economically viable due to competition from fossil fuels. As a result, the production of volatile fatty acids has been investigated in this study using pulp and paper sludge as substrate. To investigate the effect of methane inhibition on enhanced volatile fatty acid production, various parameters, and pre-treatments such as pH, O2 presence, thermal heat shock, and chemical BES-addition were used. Heat shock pre-treatment produced the most volatile fatty acids (2.4 g/L) while producing the least methane (50 mL/g VS). The immersed membrane bioreactor was successfully used to produce volatile fatty acids for 54 days. / En av dagens problem är den ökade populationen vilket har lett till ökade mängder av avfall från mat och slam. Innan låg ett stort fokus på att använda dessa rester i en anaerobisk rötning för att producera biogas. Dock har detta visat sig att inte vara ekonomiskt hållbart just på grund av att inte kunna konkurrera med fossila bränslen, därför har man i stället fokuserat på att ta fram de intermediära produkterna från rötning processen, dvs flyktiga fettsyror. Detta projekt har fokuserat på att producera flyktiga fettsyror från pappersmassa och papperslam som är potentiellt lättare nedbrytbart, än andra lignocellulosa rika substrat. När man vill maximera flyktiga fettsyraproduktionen, då är det viktigt att samtidigt förhindra produktion av biogas. Effekten av flera olika parametrar, såsom närvaro av syre, pH, för behandling med värmechockeller BES-tillsats, för att inhibera produktion av metan har därför undersökts. Förbehandlingen med värmechock ledde till runt 2,4g/L fettsyraproduktion, tillsammans med den minsta mängden av metan, runt 50 mL/gVS. Membranreaktorn kunde användes framgångsrikt för kontinuerlig produktion av flyktiga fettsyror under 54 dagar.
28

Life cycle assessment of DHA produced by microalgae using food waste : Assessing global warming, fossil energy use and effects on biodiversity

Bartek, Louise January 2020 (has links)
Biodiversity is a key component for life on Earth since it contributes to clean water, fresh air and food security. Today, fatty fish farmed in aquaculture is the main Omega 3 source consumed by humans, including the essential fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA origin from plants and accumulate in fish via the marine food web. Therefore, DHA in the form of fish oil is often added to fish feed used in aquaculture. This process is dependent on fossil energy and marine raw materials, which infer increased global warming, damage to ecosystem and ultimately loss of biodiversity. In order to reduce the environmental impact, the essential fatty acid could instead be derived from the marine primary producer of DHA: microalgae. In this thesis, a life cycle approach was used to assess global warming, use of fossil fuels and Ecosystem damage when DHA is produced by the microalgae Crypthecodinium Cohnii. The environmental impact was modelled using SimaPro 9 and assessed with CML-IA and ReCiPe Endpoint. In this model, volatile fatty acids derived from dark fermentation of food waste was used as feedstock to the algae. The studied systems consisted of two parallel scenarios, one conventional food waste-to-biogas with DHA from fish oil and one conceptual food waste-to-DHA with DHA from algae oil. The aim was to evaluate the future potential of DHA produced from algae, by assessing and comparing environmental impact to DHA produced from Peruvian anchovy. For every ton DHA produced by microalgae the assessed impact was -1.9E+02 tonCO2e, -1.9 TJ and 9.7E-04 species.yr. DHA produced by microalgae using VFA from food waste was shown to mitigate global warming and reduce use of fossil fuels. The most important conclusion show that DHA from algae infer 37% lower biodiversity loss in comparison to DHA from Peruvian anchovy. Thus, DHA from microalgae could reduce dependency on marine raw material and decrease biodiversity loss. / Biodiversitet är en nyckelkomponent för liv på jorden eftersom det bidrar till rent vatten, frisk luft och säker livsmedelsproduktion. Idag är fet fisk odlad i vattenbruk den viktigaste källan till Omega 3 som konsumeras av människor, inklusive den essentiella fettsyran dokosahexaensyra (DHA). Då DHA härstammar från växter och ackumuleras i fisk via den marina näringskedjan, tillsätts DHA ofta till fiskfoder i form av fiskolja. Denna process är beroende av fossil energi och marina råmaterial, som leder till ökad global uppvärmning, skadar naturliga ekosystem och orsakar förlust av biologisk mångfald. För att minska miljöpåverkan skulle den essentiella fettsyran istället kunna produceras från den marina primärproducenten av DHA: mikroalger. I detta examensarbete användes livscykelanalys för att utvärdera miljöpåverkan med avseende på global uppvärmning, användning av fossila bränslen och påverkan på biodiversitet, då DHA produceras av mikroalgen Crypthecodinium Cohnii. Flyktiga fettsyror, VFA, som bildas vid mörk fermentering av matavfall användes som råmaterial till algerna. De studerade systemen bestod av två parallella scenarier, en konventionell matavfall-till-biogas med DHA från fiskolja och en konceptuell matavfall-till-DHA med DHA från algolja. Systemet modellerades i SimaPro 9 och miljöpåverkan beräknades med CML-IA och ReCiPe Endpoint. Syftet var att utvärdera DHA som produceras från alger genom att beräkna miljöpåverkan och jämföra med DHA producerad från peruansk ansjovis. För varje ton DHA producerat av mikroalger var påverkan -1.9E+02 tonCO2e, -1.9 TJ och 9.7E-04 arter per år. DHA producerad av mikroalger där VFA från matavfall använts som näring, visade sig minska den globala uppvärmningen, reducera användningen av fossila bränslen och innebar 37% lägre förlust av biologisk mångfald jämfört med DHA producerad från peruansk ansjovis. Denna studie visade därmed att DHA från mikroalger kunde minska beroendet av marina råmaterial och minska förlusten av biologisk mångfald.
29

Effect of substrate types on fermentation of mixed cultures to produce volatile fatty acids / Effekt av substrattyper för fermentering av blandade kulturer för att producera flyktiga fettsyror

Sehgal, Jayant January 2022 (has links)
Innovativa teknologier, produkter och processer krävs på grund av marknadens ökande behov av bioprodukter med låga koldioxidavtryck. Idén att producera flyktiga fettsyror via biologiska processer, främst genom anaerob fermentering med blandkulturer, har återupplivats på grund av den omfattande exploateringen av oljeresurser. Målet för denna studie var att utvärdera kvaliteten och livskraften för produktion av flyktiga fettsyror från enkla substrat. Flyktiga fettsyror-generering undersöktes i ett satsvis syrafermenteringssystem för tre enkla substrat (olja, stärkelse, och gelatin). Vi visade att ett initialt surt pH var fördelaktigt för acidogenes och den totala genereringen av flyktiga fettsyror för alla tre substraten. Den högsta produktionseffektiviteten av flyktiga fettsyror uppnåddes och flyktiga fettsyror genomgick evolutionär utveckling med blandad kulturfermentering som kördes vid ett initialt surt pH på 5,0. 7933,08 mg COD/L smörsyra producerades från stärkelse vid pH 3,87 på dag 15, vilket var den högsta nivån. Smörsyra och ättiksyra var de dominerande produkterna i det initiala sura pH-värdet 5. Alla tre substraten i batch-reaktorer visade högt produktionsutbyte av ättiksyra och smörsyra. Vid lågt initialt pH var propionsyra den vanligaste syratypen i olja. / Innovative technology, products, and processes are required because of the market's rising need for bioproducts with low carbon footprints. The concept of producing volatile fatty acids (VFAs) via biological processes, primarily through anaerobic mixed culture fermentation, has been revived because of the extensive exploitation of oil resources. The goal of this study was to evaluate the quantity and efficiency of VFA production from simple substrates. The generation of VFA was examined using a batch type acid fermentation system for three simple substrates (oil, starch, and gelatin). We showed that an initial acidic pH was advantageous for acidogenesis and the total generation of VFAs for all three substrates. The VFA production efficiency was achieved and underwent evolutionary development with mixed culture fermentation (MCF)  tests running at an initial acidic pH of 5.0. 7933.08 mgCOD/L butyric acid were produced from starch at pH 3.87 at day 15, which was the highest level. Butyric and acetic acids were the predominant products in the initial acidic pH 5. All the three substrates in reactors showed high VFA production yield of acetic acid and butyric acid. At low initial pH, propionic acid was the most prevalent acid type in oil.
30

Investigation of the effects of co-digesting of biodegradable waste and swine manure on the biogas process

Ojong, Pascal January 2011 (has links)
Biomass and biomass-derived waste are important renewable energy sources which plays a vital role in greenhouse gas reduction from fossil fuel.  Biomass can be degraded in a process known as anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce biogas. Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide which is utilized as a renewable source of energy. This project was based on the investigation of AD process in Nordvästra Skånes Renhållnings AB (NSR) a biogas facility in Helsingborg Sweden. A lab simulation of NSR digesters was conducted to evaluate the effects of swine manure on AD using two continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR) R1 (control) and R2 with a working volume of 4L for 21 weeks. The study was divided into 4 periods and the investigation was carried out by increasing the organic loading rate (OLR) step wise from 2.5 to 3.6 gVSL-1day-1. To assess the effects of swine manure, the performance and stability of the reactors were monitored by collecting data from process parameters. These process parameters included biogas production, pH, volatile fatty acids, methane yield, methane content and organic solids (total and volatile solids). Increase in OLR resulted in increase biogas production in both reactors, however R2 with additional swine manure (15%) produced more biogas than R1. Methane yield was fairly stable during the experiment and had a similar trend in both reactors, but however R2 had a slightly higher average yield (730±60 mLCH4 gVS-1) than R1 (690±60 mLCH4 gVS-1) during the entire experiment. Increase OLR resulted in increase VFA in period 2; R2 with additional swine manure had a lower peak VFA concentration of 25 mM as compared to 33mM in R1.  The characteristics of NSR substrate mix and swine manure provided a good buffering system (stable pH), and reactors were still running stably at 3.6 gVSL-1day-1. Furthermore swine manure was investigated to contain macro-nutrients and trace metals which might have enhanced the AD process in R2 containing more Co, Zn, Ni and Mo than R1. Since this investigation was a simulation, the waste mix used at NSR contained 7% swine manure, this made it difficult to give clearer conclusions about the effects of co-digestion of swine manure on the biogas process since the control (R1) had 7% swine manure. Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, co-digestion, swine manure, substrate mix, organic loading rate, biogas production, methane yield, VFA, process parameters, CSTR.

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