Cette recherche explore les significations multiples des catastrophes qui ont bouleversé la Colombie dans les années 1980 et 1990, et le rôle des «artistes-historiens» dans la réparation des blessures qu'elles ont entraînées. Nous retracerons ces événements à partir des éléments autobiographiques afin de construire des liens entre la mémoire individuelle et l'Histoire de la Colombie. Nous prendrons appui sur ma pratique artistique ainsi que sur celle d'artistes colombiens nés pour la plupart dans les années 1960, qui ont produit des œuvres fondamentales pour élaborer ce processus de remémoration. Le mot « disparition » dans ce contexte spécifique chemine dans les différents chapitres de !'Histoire récente et réapparaît de façon cyclique à travers le phénomène des «disparitions forcées», qui traverse les différentes périodes de violence en Colombie depuis «l'époque de La Violence» dans les années 1950. Le mot «disparition» va se dessiner en parcourant des événements tels que le destin brisé des «enfants volés» lors de la catastrophe d' Armera ; à travers la disparition mystérieuse de onze personnes lors de la reprise militaire du Palais de Justice à Bogota (les deux événements survinrent en novembre 1985) ; et au travers des milliers de «disparus» anonymes, dont beaucoup ont été emportés par les rivières, laissant la société colombienne dans l'impossibilité d'enterrer ses morts afin d'entamer un processus de deuil et d'amnistie. Enfin, le mot «disparition» fera écho à la «disparition des preuves» et à la «fuite des archives», pratiquées impunément par les institutions colombiennes pour empêcher tout processus de reconstruction de la mémoire collective. / This research explores the multiple possible significations of catastrophes that shook Colombia in the l 980's and the l 990's, and the role of the "artist historians" in the process of healing the wounds it left behind. Traces of these tragedies will be followed up by means of autobiographical elements in order to bridge the gap between individual memories and Colombia's History. The starting point for this enquiry is my persona! artistic work and the work of other Colombian artists, most of them born in the 1960's and having produced fundamental artworks elaborating on the process of remembering. The word "disappearances" in the specific Colombian context steers its way amongst the chapters of recent History and reappears in cyclical fashion as the phenomenon of "forced disappearances", which can be followed up though the periods of violence in Colombia since La Violencia "the period of Violence" in the l 950's. The word "disappearance" will reappear when contemplating events like the fate of the "stolen children'' during the Armero catastrophe, caused by the eruption of a volcano, or the mysterious disappearance of eleven persons during the military takeover of the Palace of Justice in Bogota (both happened in November 1985), or the thousands of anonymous "disappeared", many of which were carried off by the rivers, leaving the Colombian society in the impossibility to bury it's dead in order to start a process of grieving and armistice. Finally the word "disappearance" will echo the "disappearance of evidences" and the "leaking archives" perpetrated with impunity by Colombian officials, thereby intentionally inhibiting the reconstruction of collective memory.

<p>The overall aim of this thesis was to deepen understanding of elder abuse (EA) by exploring and comparing perceptions held by experts, older persons, representatives of potential support organizations, and family members. Experts’ perspectives (I) were examined through risk indicators and screening questions (a) located in EA literature and (b) selected by an international Delphi panel. Risk indicators most commonly found in the literature or selected by the panel were compiled into consensus lists. There were differences between risk indicators and questions in the two lists. In papers II and III participants were interviewed in focus groups about their perceptions of EA. Older persons (II) considered EA to be due to changing society and family systems where children are not brought up to respect older persons. EA was mainly conceptualized as ageism, criminal actions, mistreatment in residential care, and societal abuse. The abuser was perceived as a stranger or a healthcare worker. Fear was discussed as a major consequence of EA; especially fear among women. Abused persons were described as carrying the responsibility to seek help. Witnesses were described as hesitant to get involved. Improvements in society such as educating children and healthcare workers were considered ways to cope with EA. Besides family and friends there were few spontaneous suggestions for where to seek help and support in society. These suggestions included healthcare, police, church, and volunteer organizations. Representatives of these suggested organizations were interviewed in focus groups about their perceptions of EA (III). Perceptions of both causes and conceptions of EA were very similar to perceptions of older persons (II). Four themes emerged in the data; good intentions in abusive situations, older generation’s responsibility for EA, failing to report abuse, and prevention of abuse. Participants (III) also expressed ageist attitudes themselves and findings included victim blaming and tolerance for EA. Participants perceived that anyone could be provoked to abuse, and that abusers can be considered victims in abusive situations. Confidentiality was discussed as a barrier to reporting and the need for educating children to show respect for older persons was identified. Interviews with an adult family member (IV) explored her experiences of witnessing abuse situations between her uncle and his wife. In her desire to protect and remain loyal to her family she felt powerless and tolerated abuse. She longed for support she could trust but was locked into passivity by her feelings of shame. Synthesis of findings (I – IV) revealed issues of isolation, autonomy, vulnerability, victim blaming, perceiving the abuser as a victim of circumstances, ageism, tolerating EA, shame, and power as essential elements in EA. Based on the findings, alternative descriptions of EA are offered as a challenge to existing EA definitions. Findings suggest that a key to unlocking EA is compassion, understood as the ability to see a situation as if we were in it ourselves, experiencing the potential for disrespect, shame and unworthiness inherent in abusive acts.</p>

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att göra en kritisk diskursanalys av begreppet brottsoffer i internationella, nationella och vetenskapliga dokument. Utgångspunkten i analysen är Norman Faircloughs tredimensionella modell. Analysen leder till en redovisning av brottsofferdiskursen och dess konsekvenser för samhället. De huvudsakliga slutsatserna är att brottsofferdiskursen är en del av en större diskursordning och underordnas en diskurs i vardera typen av text, internationell, nationell och vetenskaplig typ av text. Synen på brottsoffer och brottsofferdiskursen är avgörande för hur brottsoffer bemöts och vilket stöd de får. </p> / <p>The purpose of the essay is to perform a critical discourse analysis of the concept: crime victim in international, national and scientific documents. The basis of the analysis is Norman Faircloughs three-dimensional model. The analysis demonstrates the discourse of crime victims and its consequences for society. The main results are that the discourse of crime victims is part of a larger order of discourse and is subordinate to a discourse of each type of text, the international, the national and the scientific type of text. The general view of crime victim and the discourse of crime victims are decisive of the treatment of crime victims and the support they receive.</p>

The overall aim of this thesis was to deepen understanding of elder abuse (EA) by exploring and comparing perceptions held by experts, older persons, representatives of potential support organizations, and family members. Experts’ perspectives (I) were examined through risk indicators and screening questions (a) located in EA literature and (b) selected by an international Delphi panel. Risk indicators most commonly found in the literature or selected by the panel were compiled into consensus lists. There were differences between risk indicators and questions in the two lists. In papers II and III participants were interviewed in focus groups about their perceptions of EA. Older persons (II) considered EA to be due to changing society and family systems where children are not brought up to respect older persons. EA was mainly conceptualized as ageism, criminal actions, mistreatment in residential care, and societal abuse. The abuser was perceived as a stranger or a healthcare worker. Fear was discussed as a major consequence of EA; especially fear among women. Abused persons were described as carrying the responsibility to seek help. Witnesses were described as hesitant to get involved. Improvements in society such as educating children and healthcare workers were considered ways to cope with EA. Besides family and friends there were few spontaneous suggestions for where to seek help and support in society. These suggestions included healthcare, police, church, and volunteer organizations. Representatives of these suggested organizations were interviewed in focus groups about their perceptions of EA (III). Perceptions of both causes and conceptions of EA were very similar to perceptions of older persons (II). Four themes emerged in the data; good intentions in abusive situations, older generation’s responsibility for EA, failing to report abuse, and prevention of abuse. Participants (III) also expressed ageist attitudes themselves and findings included victim blaming and tolerance for EA. Participants perceived that anyone could be provoked to abuse, and that abusers can be considered victims in abusive situations. Confidentiality was discussed as a barrier to reporting and the need for educating children to show respect for older persons was identified. Interviews with an adult family member (IV) explored her experiences of witnessing abuse situations between her uncle and his wife. In her desire to protect and remain loyal to her family she felt powerless and tolerated abuse. She longed for support she could trust but was locked into passivity by her feelings of shame. Synthesis of findings (I – IV) revealed issues of isolation, autonomy, vulnerability, victim blaming, perceiving the abuser as a victim of circumstances, ageism, tolerating EA, shame, and power as essential elements in EA. Based on the findings, alternative descriptions of EA are offered as a challenge to existing EA definitions. Findings suggest that a key to unlocking EA is compassion, understood as the ability to see a situation as if we were in it ourselves, experiencing the potential for disrespect, shame and unworthiness inherent in abusive acts.

Disclosure rates among pre-school age victims of alleged sexual abuse were related to the type of investigative interview (forensic evaluation or forensic interview) that they received following a report of abuse. Variables expected to affect the likelihood of the child making a valid disclosure of sexual abuse including the relationship of the child to the offender and the severity of the abuse were also examined. The results indicated that children who underwent a structured, one-time 30 minute forensic interview were significantly less likely to make a valid disclosure of sexual abuse than children who underwent a semi-structured, therapeutic style evaluation over the course of several weeks. The current findings do not suggest that either offender relationship or severity of abuse significantly moderate the relationship between interview type and disclosure status. Limitations of the current study and future directions are discussed.

2007, Swedish television, “Uppdrag granskning,” aired their story about “Louise” from Vetlanda. A drug dependent father had gotten custody of his daughter and sexually abused her from the age of 10 to 15. The local social services got several notifications about Louise suffering of negligence, and did investigate the family several times without taking any actions to protect her. At one time, father and daughter were living in his trailer placed in a gravel pit, and the police worried about her and called social services, because it was below cero degrees outside. That time the social services did not even start another investigation, and did not visit Louise in the trailer. How could that be possible? Why did not the social workers take any actions? Upon that, reportage followed a debate program in Swedish television, huge media hype in general and a street manifestation in Vetlanda. The purpose of the manifestation was to force the chiefs of the social services in Vetlanda to leave their positions. (In addition, they did) Between 2007-2009 Swedish television aired three programs about Louise (one to tell Louise’s story, one to debate how it could happened, and finally one last episode about her life today.) TV channel 8, aired one program “Adaktusson”, in witch the grandparents of Louise was welcome to tell their version of the story. They claimed that she had been living with them most of the time and that things were not as bad as they seemed in the Swedish television reportage.The aim of this report is to examine how narratives was constructed in institution’s and Media’s documentation about the child Louise, to find out how a Grand narrative can be built, and see if it is possible to get a kind of understanding for the actors by analyzing the process of storytelling.

ABSTRACT WOMEN TRAFFICKING IN TURKEY: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND INTERVENTION Arslan, Selin MS., Department of Gender and Women&rsquo / s Studies Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Yusuf Ziya &Ouml / zcan December, 2006, 217 pages. This study has focused on analyzing the women trafficking in Turkey and the international cooperation and interventions which Turkey has done in years between 2004 and 2006. While mentioning efforts on combating human trafficking and international cooperation and interventions, the support of International Organization for Migration (IOM), the leading intergovernmental organization working against trafficking, which Turkey became member in 2004, should be mentioned as well. This study is trying to show the efforts of Turkey in the situation of combating with an organized crime, a gross human rights violation-especially after becoming member of the International Organization for Migration. Before discussing the situation and efforts in Turkey on counter trafficking the realization of women&rsquo / s rights the emergence of the women&rsquo / s discourse within the international arena and the international debate on trafficking especially after the Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP) have been introduced and discussed in detail. Such a beginning facilitated conceptualization of (1) the evolution of the emergence of conscious on trafficking crime in the international arena (2) the sprout of the idea and perception of &ldquo / combating trafficking crime&rdquo / in Turkish society and (3) the transformation of the Turkish context related to trafficking issues in the light of discussions emerged by the support of IOM Turkey.

This project explores the intersection of postwar German history, visual art, and left-wing terrorism. More than thirty years have now passed since the German Red Army Faction’s (1970-1998) most spectacular violent campaign—the so-called “German Autumn” of 1977—and yet the organization continues to elicit a variety of cultural responses from many artists. Interestingly, many films, texts, and visual artworks featuring the Red Army Faction (RAF) as their subject focus heavily on the group’s charismatic founders and on the German state’s vigorous efforts to suppress them and their successors, and yet these works pay comparatively scant attention to the individuals whom the RAF murdered. In light of this observation, I argue that the German Left’s cultural memory of the RAF was and still is marked not only by a significant ambivalence concerning the RAF (especially the founders) and the German state, but also the victims. As a means of elucidating this ambivalence, I offer close “readings” of two works of visual art that debuted at different moments in the years following the German Autumn. Gerhard Richter’s October 18, 1977 (1988) is a photorealist series that invites viewers to consider the lives and especially the deaths of the RAF’s principal members, while Hans-Peter Feldmann’s photo compilation The Dead 1967-1993 (1998) presents a sobering chronology of individuals killed either directly or indirectly as a result of the German leftist counterculture, including terrorist violence, without making an immediate distinction between perpetrators and victims. Within the framework of the larger RAF cultural memory, the works of Richter and Feldmann thus help clarify some of the causes and effects of the German Left’s suspended resolution regarding RAF terrorism. / text

Liudytojų anonimiškumas - procesinė apsaugos priemonė, kurią taikant siekiama apsaugoti liudytoją nuo nusikalstamo poveikio bei gauti teisingus parodymus, minimaliai ribojant fundamentalią kaltinamojo teisę į gynybą ir teisingą teismą. Tiek anonimiškumo taikymas, tiek jo modelio pasirinkimas turi būti atliekami laikantis konstitucinio proporcingumo principo. Liudytojui apsaugoti turi būti sudaryta procesinių apsaugos priemonių sistema, sudaryta iš anonimiškumo modelių bei formų, garantuojančių veiksmingą tiek liudytojo, tiek kaltinamojo teisių užtikrinimą. Lietuvos baudžiamajame procese įtvirtinta liudytojo apsaugos sistema susidedanti iš absoliutaus ir dalinio anonimiškumo taikymo. Absoliutaus anonimiškumo modelis taikomas vykstant baudžiamajam procesui dėl labai sunkių, sunkių ar apysunkių nusikaltimų, taikant turi būti įsitikinta liudytojo patikimumu. Dalinio anonimiškumo modelis, kurio metu įslaptinama tik dalis asmenį identifikuojančių duomenų, gali būti taikomas ir tiriant nesunkius nusikaltimus. Taikant šį anonimiškumo modelį yra mažiau ribojamos kaltinamojo teisės, racionaliau panaudojamas pareigūnų darbas, procesas yra operatyvesnis ir greitesnis nei absoliutaus anonimiškumo taikymo atveju. / Witness anonymity is a procedural safeguard. It‘s aim is to protect a witness from criminal influence and to get truthful testimony. The fundamental rights of the accused to defence and to fair trial must be minimally restricted when applying anonymity. The application of anonymity and the choice of anonymity model shall be made in accordance with constitutional principle of proportionality. There shall be a system of procedural safeguards containing models and forms of anonymity created for witness protection. The rights of both accused and of witness shall be ensured by this system. Witness protection system containing absolute and limited anonymity models is enshrined in the Lithuanian code of criminal proceedings. Absolute anonymity is applied when serious offences are investigated. Before applying absolute anonymity the credibility of a witness must be confirmed. Limited anonymity can be applied also when less serious offences are investigated; there is only a part of identifying data classified. When applying model of limited anonymity the rights of the accused are less restricted, the operation of officers is used more rationally, the criminal proceedings are faster than when absolute anonymity is used.

The main reason for undertaking this analysis and synthesis of the findings into the present state of the socio-pathological behaviour of child bullying is the unsatisfactory and complicated situation we find when dealing with this phenomenon. When examining the subject of school bullying in the first instance (within a school), the basic problem is the definition of bullying. We can only use a definition which is acceptable by all three basic subjects: the pupil, the school and the legal guardian of the child. Criminal law does not recognize the definition of bullying as such. The explanation of the actual situation is specifically given in this thesis. Even the definitions quoted by the experts and those found in specialized literature cannot be taken as the final words because they can be easily questioned and undermined. This subject cannot be catigorized by anyone and this based upon the grounds that another of version of the definition of the term can be preferred. This thesis also pays attention to criminal law, as well as finding the means for the prevention of bullying and further education on this subject, as they are all essential parts in combating this socio-pathological phenomena. The qualitative research has been aimed in gathering the relevant information concentrated in the following specific areas: that of primary education, the statistics from the Police of the Czech Republic and also upon the data gathered by the Sdružení Linka bezpečí (the Czech Telepohne Line for Children), as well as the Probation and Mediation Services in Třebíč Region. This research also includes national statistical data from the Police of the Czech Republic and chosen NGOs. To support the finding that have been collected, this data cannot be generalized. Therefore it is necessary to observe certain legal conditions which prevent the objectivity of this research. This mainly concerns the data regarding the perpetrators (aggressors) of bullying who are minors, even though there is no doubt that they are guilty of the crime.