The aim of my dissertation is to describe in detail the issue of victim of crime. The thesis is composed of seven chapters which include three main topics. The first three chapters create general introduction to the subject, its matter of interest, present historical overview, explain the general terms of the topic, such as victimology, damage, victimity etc., define the subject of victimology and describe the possible factors of the relation between victim and trespasser, their mutual interaction during and after the criminal act. Chapter four concentrates on the negative aftereffects created during the criminal investigation process, which is called victimization. This chapter is divided into four subsections (primary victimization, secondary victimization, tertiary victimization and revictimization). The fifth chapter focuses on assistance to the victim and ways of obtainable compensation. The chapter mainly deals with family assistance, psychological assistance and social assistance. In connection with the psychological assistance, the chapter gives a brief overview on Bílý kruh bezpečí (White Circle of Safety), its activities and work methodology. This chapter also deals with rights of victims and protection of witnesses. The chapter six describes current Czech proposal of the Act on Victim of...

Legal protection of the victims of domestic violence In my thesis I focused on such a sensitive and very actual topic as domestic violence, especially from the perspective of existing legislation on protection of victims and also from the perspective of possible approaches to the possible solutions of this phenomenon. Despite the development of the legislation in recent decades the occurrence of domestic violence is still a major problem of modern society, mainly because of the fact that it usually takes place in private situations between the offender and the victim in a domestic environment "behind the closed doors" and the concerned persons are usually in close relationship. In my thesis I tried to focus on the phenomenon of domestic violence mainly from the perspective of the victims and their legal protection. I tried to define domestic violence by defining the necessary concepts, and also from the perspective of existing legislation of this phenomenon, including a description of previous development. In the introduction to my thesis I pay particular attention to the description of the characteristics, types and forms of domestic violence, its usual consequences. I also describe the victimological aspects and focus on the concepts of "victim" and "offender". Marginally I also describe...

The area of bullying has been quite well mapped, although it would appear that the research into this field has been done mainly in quantitative form. The aim of this thesis is to approach the issue from a different angle and to explore the students' point of view of the reasons for the occurence of bullying while using the qualitative form of research. For this purpose, individual interviews with sixteen seventh grade students from a basic school in Prague were conducted and subsequently analysed with the use of the open coding method. The results show that students themselves perceive bullying as a considerably individual concept. The students define bullying in terms of various negative events which are common among peers but in addition they discuss other conditions, such as recurrence, permanency and notably the feeling of being a victim, a key aspect in the definition of bullying and the use of the term itself. Various reasons for the occurence of bullying are presented in the interviews and can be divided into three categories based on whom the inception of bullying can be attributed to. As for the agressor, the explanations arise from a bad relationship with the victim, envy, revenge, satisfaction, a social status struggle or family and personal problems. The victim's reasons mentioned are...

Thesis title: Significance of Victimology for the Prevention of Crime The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the significance of victimology for the prevention of crime and to provide a summary of the basic victimological recommendations victims should remember in case they get into threatening situations. The thesis consist of seven chapters including an introduction and a conclusion. The introduction describes the concept of the thesis and defines objectives, which the thesis should aim at. The following chapter is dedicated to victimology that comprises a scientific study focused on victims of crime: its short development, as well as its basic terms which are crucial for handling the issue. Attention is also paid to the definition of a victim and aggrieved person in Czech law and offers comparsion of those concepts. The basic typologies of the victims are also mentioned. The third chapter provides a comprehensive interpretation of the prevention of crime, first defined in general. The second section of this chapter focuses on the different types of prevention and their interaction and context. The fourth chapter deals in more detail with victimological prevention, which is crucial for the purposes of my research. After an initial explanation of the term, is given an overview of the different...

Le droit pénal assure en amont la protection du citoyen et la procédure pénale permet de traiter en aval l’infraction déjà commise, en prenant en compte l’intérêt de la victime et l’intérêt général. Alors que les deux intérêts ont pendant longtemps semblé s’opposer, de nouvelles politiques pénales les ont progressivement rapprochés, faisant de plus en plus de la victime pénale un acteur important de la procédure pénale. Depuis la seconde guerre mondiale en effet, certaines disciplines comme la victimologie et la psychologie ont permis de se pencher sur la situation des victimes d’infractions, permettant ainsi, grâce à leurs recherches, de prendre davantage en compte leurs souffrances et leurs besoins. Cette attention pour la victime a été renforcée par l’élaboration d’un certain nombre de principes reconnus par les Etats démocratiques, s’articulant autour des droits fondamentaux de la personne humaine, et qui sont devenus les repères incontournables de l’élaboration et de la mise en œuvre de la règle de droit. Il s’agit entre autre du droit d’être protégé, du droit d’accéder à un juge indépendant et impartial et du droit à la réparation des dommages subis à l’occasion de la commission d’une infraction. Les règles de procédure pénale doivent donc tendre à optimiser les chances de réparation des dommages causés par l’infraction, en prenant en compte la situation de la victime, en l’occurrence sa vulnérabilité, qui pourrait avoir favorisé la commission de l’infraction ou qui, au stade de la procédure, pourrait constituer un handicap dans l’exercice de ses droits. Cette vulnérabilité, le droit essaie de l’appréhender lorsqu’elle résulte d’une inégalité susceptible d’être exploitée en vue de d’exercer des violences, de commettre des abus ou d’infliger des souffrances à la personne qui en est frappée. Il en est de même lorsque la situation personnelle de la victime, qu’elle soit économique, sociale ou culturelle, compromet l’exercice effectif de ses droits. Ce travail de recherche porte sur la manière dont les règles de procédure pénale prennent en compte la vulnérabilité de la victime. Il s'agit alors dans ce travail, en s'inspirant de l'évolution du droit français, de dégager des pistes qui permettent une meilleure réponse à cette préoccupation en droit burkinabé. / French criminal law provides upstream citizen’s protection and criminal proceedings allow to treat offense already committed downstream, taking account of the interests of the victim and the public interest. While the two interests have long seemed to oppose, the new penal policies have made them progressively closer, making the criminal victim an important player in the penal proceedings. Indeed, since World War II, some disciplines such as victimology and psychology made it possible to examine the situation of the victims of crime, allowing thus, through their research, to take more account of their suffering and needs. This attention for the victim was reinforced by the development of a number of principles recognized by democratic states, built around the fundamental rights of the human person, and that have become essential pathways for the development and the implementation of the rule of law. This includes especially the right to protection, the right to access an independent and impartial judge, and the right to compensation for the damage underwent during the commission of an offense. The rules of criminal proceedings must therefore seek to optimize chances of compensation for the damage caused by the offense, taking the situation of the victim into account, in this case his/her vulnerability, which could have facilitated the commission of the offense or which at the stage of the procedure, could be a handicap in the exercise of his/her rights. The law tries to capture this vulnerability when it results from an inequality that can be exploited to exert violence, to commit abuse or to inflict pains to the person who is hit. The situation is similar when the personal situation of the victim, be it economic, social or cultural, undermines the effective exercise of his/her rights. This research focuses on how the rules of penal proceedings take account of the vulnerability of the victim. It is about identifying ways that allow a better response to this concern of Burkina Faso law, based on the evolution of the French law.

Les discriminations à l'embauche, qui consistent en le refus pour un employeur de recruter un ou plusieurs candidats pourtant compétents sur le fondement de considérations non-objectives prohibées par la loi française, portent atteinte au principe d'égalité de traitement entre les individus cher à la République. C'est la raison pour laquelle, depuis quelques années maintenant, on assiste à la mise en place d'un ensemble de mesures destinées à lutter contre le phénomène discriminatoire lors de l'embauche. Ce vaste ensemble de mesures constitue ce qu'on appelle la politique criminelle de lutte contre les discriminations à l'embauche. S'y intéresser, objet du présent travail de thèse, c'est se poser et répondre à la question de savoir si l'ensemble des moyens mis en œuvre en France aujourd'hui pour lutter contre le phénomène discriminatoire spécifié permettent effectivement d'y répondre avec pertinence. Autrement dit, la politique criminelle de lutte contre les discriminations à l'embauche, telle qu'envisagée et conçue aujourd'hui dans notre pays, permet-elle de maîtriser, voire même d'enrayer, les pratiques discriminatoires énoncées ? Pour y parvenir, nous procédons ici à une analyse critique des mécanismes et procédés mis en place par les acteurs œuvrant pour la lutte contre les discriminations à l'embauche. Aussi, notre analyse s'organise autour des deux volets constitutifs de cette politique criminelle que sont le volet répressif et d'aide aux victimes, ainsi que le volet préventif. / Discriminations at the recruitment, consisting in an employer's refusal to hire one or several candidates even competent ones, based on non objective considerations, which are prohibited by the French law, interfere with the principle of equal treatment between individuals, a principle dear to the Republic. That is why we have witnessed for a few years the setting-up of measures aimed at fighting the discriminatory phenomenon at the recruitment. This large set of measures forms what is known as the criminal policy of fight against recruitment discrimination. To take an interest in it, as is the aim of this thesis, is simply to wonder whether, today in France, all the means implemented to fight the specific discriminatory phenomenon, really enable to answer it aptly. In other words, does the criminal policy of fight against recruitment discrimination enable to control, even to stop the said discriminatory practises, such as they are considered and conceived today in our society? In order to achieve this, we will go on with a critical assessment of the mechanisms and methods set up by the stakeholder striving for the fight against recruitment discrimination. Therefore, our analysis organises itself around the two sectors constitutive of this criminal policy of fight against recruitment discrimination which are on the one hand the repressive and victim assistance sector and on the other hand the preventive sector.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O termo âassaltoâ à usado no cotidiano referindo-se à aÃÃo de um ou mais indivÃduos, comumente armados, que abordam outras pessoas para roubar os seus bens. Embora esse termo nÃo seja empregado no CÃdigo Penal Brasileiro, hà sanÃÃo prevista para o crime de roubo, cuja descriÃÃo à similar à definiÃÃo de assalto. O roubo apresenta uma considerÃvel gravidade por pressupor o uso da forÃa, podendo levar as vÃtimas a Ãbito. AlÃm disso, danos decorrentes de um roubo restringem a capacidade dos indivÃduos de exercer adequadamente diversos papÃis, como o parental, conjugal e ocupacional, acarretando em prejuÃzos significativos nas relaÃÃes interpessoais em diversos ambientes, tais como familiar, escolar e laboral. Em face desses elementos, o presente estudo tem como principal objetivo avaliar o impacto cognitivo, emocional e comportamental da vitimizaÃÃo por roubo. Especificamente, espera-se estimar se e quais variÃveis situacionais especÃficas contribuem para maiores sequelas nas vÃtimas e avaliar em que medida os fatores protetivos e agravantes, apontados pela literatura, apresentam relevÃncia em contexto local. Para alcanÃar os objetivos propostos, foram realizados dois estudos empÃricos. Nesses estudos, contou-se com a participaÃÃo de 348 pessoas de diversos estados do Brasil. O Estudo I comparou vÃtimas e nÃo-vÃtimas no que se refere aos fatores apontados como possÃveis complicaÃÃes decorrentes do crime, enquanto o Estudo II avaliou o impacto individual de variÃveis contextuais especÃficas nas diversas sequelas decorrentes do crime e o efeito especÃfico dos fatores protetivos. Como resultado, pode-se observar, no Estudo I, que as vÃtimas e nÃo-vÃtimas se diferenciaram quanto a ansiedade, medo do crime, percepÃÃes de vulnerabilidade e autoeficÃcia, alÃm da tomada de algumas medidas de proteÃÃo. No Estudo II, observou-se que somente as estratÃgias de Controle e Retraimento, ConversÃo e Aditividade apresentaram relaÃÃo com os impactos analisados. O Suporte Social nÃo apresentou qualquer relaÃÃo com as consequÃncias do roubo. Tais resultados foram discutidos com base na literatura. Considera-se que os objetivos da presente dissertaÃÃo tenham sido alcanÃados uma vez que foi possÃvel analisar os impactos decorrentes da vitimizaÃÃo por roubo e seus correlatos que apresentam mais destaque na literatura. Contudo, pode-se apontar algumas limitaÃÃes na pesquisa, como a dimensÃo reduzida da amostra e qualidade de algumas medidas utilizadas. Para pesquisas futuras, sugere-se a utilizaÃÃo de amostras maiores, alÃm da adaptaÃÃo prÃvia das escalas para contexto local e a realizaÃÃo de estudos longitudinais. / The term mugging is used in the everyday referring to the action of one or more individuals, commonly armed, who approach other people to steal their property. Although this term is not used in the Brazilian Penal Code, there is an expected penalty for the crime of robbery, whose description is similar to the definition of mugging and differs from the crime of theft. Robbery is more serious because it presupposes the use of force, which can lead to death. In addition, damages resulting from a robbery restrict the ability of individuals to properly exercise various roles, such as parental, marital and occupational, resulting in significant impairment in interpersonal relationships in various settings, such as family, school, and work. In view of these elements, the present study has as main objective to evaluate the cognitive, emotional and behavioral outcomes of robbery victimization. Specifically, it is expected to estimate if and which specific situational variables contribute to greater sequelae in the victims and to evaluate to what extent the attenuating and aggravating factors pointed out in the literature are relevant in the local context. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, two empirical studies were carried out: Study I compared victims and non-victims with regard to factors identified as possible complications of crime, while Study II assessed the individual impact of specific contextual variables in the various sequelae and the specific effect of mitigating factors. As a result, it can be observed in Study 1 that victims and non-victims differed in terms of anxiety, fear of crime, perceptions of vulnerability and self-efficacy, and the taking of some protective measures. In Study 2, it was observed that only Control and Retraining, Conversion, Addiction strategies presented a relation with the analyzed impacts. Social Support was not related to the consequences of the robbery. These results were discussed based on the literature. It is considered that the objectives of this dissertation have been reached since it was possible to analyze the impacts of robbery victimization and its correlates that are more prominent in the literature. However, it is possible to point out some limitations in the research, such as the reduced size of the sample and the quality of some measures used. For future research, we suggest the use of larger samples, besides the previous adaptation of the scales to local context and the realization of longitudinal studies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:26:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Etica da Libertacao .pdf: 555696 bytes, checksum: 4a4513023f6b1044eb33ee7608b0d83e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-03 / ussel s philosophy starts from the ethic of liberation. The material content of this ethic is the victim. Enrique Dussel sustains the ethic of liberation, in the age of globalization and exclusion, taking the victim as criteria to judge ethically the global capitalist system. The objective of this dissertation is to approach us to the dusselian s ethic of liberation and we specify who is the victim. The justifications that bring us to this research are concentrated in the new scenario revealed by the globalization. The main theoretical frameworks of the dusselian thought are given in the categories: distinctness, other, poor and victim. Due to the complex phenomenon of the poverty, our hypothesis is that Dussel appropriates of these categories to explain philosophically the questions of the victims within a certain time and space. The dissertation comprises three parts, methodologically oriented by the ethic of Liberation in the age of globalization and exclusion. We conclude that when Dussel realizes of the globalization process, tries to explain the victim s phenomenon, establishing the grounds of a planetary ethic / A filosofia da libertação de Dussel possui como ponto de partida a ética da libertação. O conteúdo material desta ética é a vítima. Enrique Dussel sustenta a ética da libertação, na idade da globalização e da exclusão, tomando a vítima co-mo o critério para julgar eticamente o sistema capitalista global. O objetivo desta dissertação é acercarmo-nos da ética da libertação dusse-liana e precisarmos quem é a vítima. As justificativas que nos levam a esta pes-quisa concentram-se no novo cenário descortinado pela mundialização. Os principais marcos teóricos do pensamento dusseliano dão-se nas cate-gorias: alteridade, outro, pobre e vítima. Dado o complexo fenômeno da pobreza, nossa hipótese é que Dussel apropria-se destas categorias para explicitar filosofi-camente a questão das vítimas dentro de certo tempo e espaço. Três partes com-põem esta dissertação, metodologicamente orientada por Ética da libertação na idade da globalização e da exclusão. Concluímos que Dussel, ao se dar conta do processo de mundialização, tenta dar conta do fenômeno da vítima, fundamentando uma ética planetária

The purpose of our study was to examine how the newspaper Aftonbladet reported about the murder of Kim Wall. The questions in focus were; how are Kim Wall and Peter Madsen being represented in Aftonbladet? And how are the representation of them changing throughout time? In the study we have made a discourse analysis where eleven news articles were analysed. The result is presented in themes of discourses constructed of Wall and Madsen in Aftonbladet. Our results showed that Kim Wall was represented as a helpless woman, a brave journalist and an invisible individual. Peter Madsen was represented as a talented inventor, a cold-hearted monster and a crazy man. The results also showed that the tabloid journalism Aftonbladet had about the murder of Kim Wall were in a sensational and detailed way.

Våldtäktsoffer bemöts av samhället med vissa föreställningar om hur de bör ha agerat vid utsattheten. Detta leder till minskad offerstatus, särbehandling inom rättsväsendet, minskad anmälningsbenägenhet med mera. Få studier om ämnet har utförts i Sverige. Syftet med studien var att undersöka studenters attityder till offrets ansvar vid våldtäkt. Det undersöktes även om manliga och kvinnliga studenters attityder skiljde sig i detta, samt om bekantskapen mellan offer och förövare påverkade attityden. En kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie utformades och 262 studenter deltog i en webbaserad enkätundersökning. Resultatet visade att manliga studenter i större utsträckning än kvinnliga anklagade offret för dess utsatthet. Offret tilldelades mer skuld när gärningsmannen var obekant än när den var bekant. Det återfanns även en interaktionseffekt mellan studentens kön och gärningsmannens relation med offret. Sammanfattningsvis skuldbelägger manliga studenter offret mer för dess utsatthet än kvinnor. Ämnet är aktuellt och kräver ett löpande arbete för att förebygga våldtäktsmyter. / Rape victims are many times met by the police, the justice system and society as a whole with skepticism. This results in a loss of status as a victim and an overall tendency to not report the crime. To date, few studies have been conducted in Sweden on this topic. The purpose with the present study was to examine students’ attitudes regarding rape victims’ responsibility during rape. It was also examined if male and female students differ in their attitudes, and if they also differ in their attitudes when the victim and the perpetrator are acquainted with each other. A quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out, and 262 students participated in a web-based questionnaire. The results showed that male students to a larger extent blamed the victims for their role in the rape. The victims were also assigned greater blame when the perpetrator and the victim didn’t know each other. An interaction between the student’s gender and that the perpetrator was a stranger was found. The conclusion is that male students blame the victims to a much larger extent than female students. Thus, there is a dire need to continue the important work to end rape myths across society.