La coercition sexuelle (CS), définie comme l'utilisation de manipulation, de menaces, et de pression psychologique et physique dans le but d'obtenir des relations et/ou activités sexuelles avec un(e) partenaire non-consentant(e), semble être un phénomène fréquent chez les couples adultes. Tant les femmes que les hommes peuvent commettre et être la cible de coercition sexuelle. En effet, 13% à 43% des femmes et 18% à 30% des hommes rapportent être victimes de coercition sexuelle selon différentes études. Malgré que plusieurs recherches aient exploré la coercition sexuelle, les études antérieures ont rarement examiné la coercition selon la perspective de chacun des membres du couple. La présente thèse de doctorat documente la coercition sexuelle et les facteurs de risques associés selon une perspective dyadique. Le but de cette recherche est d'identifier le taux de CS selon les deux partenaires des couples, ainsi que de développer des modèles de prédiction de la victimisation et perpétration de la CS chez les femmes et les hommes. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse portera sur l'état des connaissances au sujet de la CS, certains facteurs de risques associés, ainsi que les théories des scripts sexuels et de la dissonance cognitive. Plus spécifiquement, l'agression sexuelle vécue en enfance, la victimisation et la perpétration de CS dans les relations amoureuses antérieures, ainsi que la motivation sexuelle seront explorées en tant que facteurs prédicteurs possibles. Le deuxième chapitre porte sur les résultats de notre première étude évaluant le taux de coercition sexuelle chez les couples. Plus spécifiquement, cette étude a examiné les taux de victimisation et de perpétration de CS, l'accord entre partenaires face à la présence de CS, ainsi que le degré de réciprocité parmi un échantillon de 222 couples hétérosexuels. Les taux de CS dans les relations amoureuses passées ont aussi été explorés. Les résultats ont démontré qu'au-delà de 50% des couples ont rapporté avoir vécu de la CS dans leur relation amoureuse. Plus spécifiquement, 25% des couples rapportaient de la victimisation chez la femme seulement, 10% rapportaient de la victimisation chez les hommes seulement, et 20% des couples rapportaient que la CS était réciproque. De plus, les résultats ont démontré que moins de 30% des couples étaient en accord quant à la présence de la CS au sein de leur relation amoureuse. Par ailleurs, les hommes et les femmes rapportaient généralement plus de CS dans leurs relations amoureuses passées qu'au sein de leur couple actuel. Ceci semble appuyer la théorie de la dissonance cognitive qui stipule que les gens ont tendance à minimiser les incidents de coercition sexuelle dans leurs relations actuelles, mais qu'ils seraient plus objectifs et rapporteraient plus facilement de la CS dans leurs relations antérieures. Il est aussi possible que la présence de CS ait causé la rupture dans les relations antérieures. Le chapitre 3 présente les résultats de notre deuxième étude visant les modèles de prédiction de victimisation et de perpétration de coercition sexuelle chez les femmes et les hommes. Notre étude a examiné la motivation sexuelle (les raisons pour lesquelles les gens ont des relations sexuelles), ainsi que des antécédents d'agression sexuelle vécue en enfance et de CS dans les relations amoureuses antérieures comme facteurs de risque pour la victimisation et la perpétration de CS chez les couples hétérosexuels. Plus spécifiquement, cette étude a exploré si les motifs sexuels de pouvoir, la réduction du stress, la pression du partenaire, et l'imposition contribuaient à la prédiction de la CS, au-delà de l'agression sexuelle vécue en enfance et des antécédents de CS. Les résultats suggèrent que l'agression sexuelle vécue en enfance était un prédicteur significatif seulement pour prédire les comportements coercitifs chez les femmes, tandis que les antécédents de CS prédisaient la victimisation et la perpétration de CS chez les hommes seulement. La CS réciproque chez les couples, quant à elle, permet de prédire la victimisation et la perpétration de CS tant chez les femmes que chez les hommes. Les résultats démontrent aussi que la motivation sexuelle du pouvoir était un facteur prédicteur significatif pour la perpétration de la CS, tandis que la motivation d'imposition était un facteur prédicteur significatif pour la victimisation chez les femmes et les hommes. La motivation de la pression du partenaire, par contre, s'est avérée être un prédicteur significatif seulement pour la victimisation chez les femmes. Ces résultats démontrent la pertinence de la théorie des scripts sexuels pour mieux comprendre le phénomène de la CS. Le dernier chapitre résume les résultats des deux études, présente une discussion critique de leur apport théorique et clinique et propose des pistes quant à la conduite des études futures. En somme, la présente thèse démontre que les antécédents d'agression sexuelle vécue en enfance et de coercition sexuelle augmentent les risques de revictimisation et de reperpétration de CS dans le couple. Les résultats démontrent l'importance d'investiguer la coercition sexuelle du point de vue des deux partenaires dans un couple, ainsi que de considérer la motivation sexuelle en tant que facteur prédicteur, afin de mieux cerner la problématique. Puisque seulement 30% des couples sont en accord quant à l'évaluation de la présence de la CS au sein de leur relation, les résultats suggèrent aussi que les hommes et les femmes doivent être sensibilisés pour mieux reconnaître les comportements de coercition sexuelle. Par ailleurs, les programmes de prévention devraient cibler davantage les jeunes dès les premières relations amoureuses pour réduire les risques de coercition sexuelle dans leurs relations amoureuses futures, ainsi que la revictimisation et la reperpétration y étant associés. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : accord inter-partenaire, agression, coercition sexuelle, couples, motivation sexuelle, réciprocité, victimisation.

Robert Agnew’s general strain theory (1992, 2001, 2006a) proposes that strain leads to crime and deviance. Substance use is a specific type of criminal behaviour that the theory attempts to explain. This thesis uses general strain theory to examine how a number of specific types of strain – homelessness, childhood abuse, criminal victimisation, and sex work – are related to substance use. In addition, the relationships between strain and negative emotions are examined. This thesis also examines how the relationships between strain and substance use are conditioned by negative emotionality/low constraint, deviant peers, deviant values, coping skills, self-esteem, and emotional support. Finally, the role of gender in all of the above-mentioned relationships is explored. In short, this thesis represents a fairly comprehensive test of general strain theory as it applies to substance use. In order to conduct this test, data was obtained between May 2009 and August 2010 by administering a survey to 400 homeless street youth in Toronto, Ontario. The results yield substantial support for some of GST’s main propositions. In particular, support is found for hypothesized relationships between strain and substance use as well as strain and negative emotions. Additionally, certain factors are found to condition the relationships between strain and substance use. Finally, gender differences in the relationships between strain and substance use are observed. These supportive results suggest that general strain theory is a novel way of explaining substance use by homeless street youth in Canada. Consequently, suggestions for future research and social policy are offered. / Thesis (Master, Sociology) -- Queen's University, 2011-09-27 02:09:39.94

[Truncated abstract] This thesis examines the phenomenon of repeat burglary and its significance for crime prevention, criminology and victimology. The research program for this thesis was inspired some time ago by the Kirkholt burglary prevention project in the United Kingdom. The reduction of repeat victimisation quickly came to be seen as the key to Kirkholt?s success and by the late twentieth century victim-based crime prevention projects had been implemented in many parts of the world. However, even though these projects have achieved notable success there is still intense debate about why one-time victims are more likely than others to become future victims. This thesis aims to increase understanding of repeat burglary and other forms of repeat victimisation by contributing to its key concepts and its methods of analysis, and by applying these insights in Australian settings. In pursuing this endeavour the thesis links the problems of repeat victimisation with problems in other areas of criminology and social science. In particular the issue of whether prior victimisation is a cause of future victimisation or merely a marker of pre-existing risk has analogs in the areas of offending, of employment, in international disputes, and in many others. Despite this, there has been limited transfer of methods and concepts between repeat victim researchers and researchers in other areas. The thesis examines repeat burglary as a substantive area of research, but its approaches to method, concepts and data are relevant to all repeat victimisation research. ... It draws together criminological theory, conceptual analysis, and a pioneering application of survival analysis to pursue the mechanisms underlying repeat burglary in a Perth suburb. In doing so it illuminates issues about the relative power of state dependence and heterogeneity explanations of repeat burglary and arrives at substantive results that in some aspects differ from findings in the United Kingdom. This section also argues that the concept of state dependence commonly adopted is iv unnecessarily constraining and that a broader concept can explain some potentially conflicting findings of repeat victimisation research. Section 3 is an evaluation of a victim-focused burglary prevention initiative in Adelaide one of two nationally supported pilot projects. Section 4 examines carefully the claimed advantages of victim-focused crime prevention for distributing burglary prevention resources in an efficient and equitable way. It examines evidence concerning the differential capacity and willingness of victims to take effective preventive action and the need for both individual and collective support for effective preventive initiatives. Section 5 concludes the thesis by arguing first that the merging of victim support and crime prevention is not as simple as is sometimes claimed. It also argues that crime prevention needs to take into account more than criminological theory if it is to be effective. An important argument of the conclusion is that criminological imagination has been overly limited in comprehending repeat victimisation, and it explores the ways in which criminological research still struggles to appreciate the importance of the victim for theory and crime prevention. It also argues that the implications of repeat victimisation have yet to be fully developed and accepted. Fuller details of the thesis structure are given at the end of the introduction.

Thèse (M.E.L.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2007. / La p. de t. porte en outre: Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi comme exigence partielle de la maîtrise en études littéraires. CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. [117-121]. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF.

This thesis examines how efforts regarding the commercial sex industry in Thailand can be positioned in relation to an agent-victim framework. In the context of the expanding sex industry in Thailand, it becomes relevant to look at how efforts regarding it risks reproducing notions of ‘the prostitute’ as the victimised Other, and thus reinforcing neo-colonialism. However, the response in the form of an agent narrative has also been criticised for not taking into account intersecting forms of oppression. Here, a model coming from an emerging literature on the ‘third way feminist approach’ is used to illustrate how these instead can be combined. Using critical discourse analysis, this study draws on postcolonial feminist theory to scrutinise the ways in which non-governmental organisations imagine women as either agents or victims, or rather a combination of the two. The starting point has been that this binary definition might not be sufficient, neither for theoretically addressing the issue, nor for describing discourse. Two ideal types based on the agent-victim framework has been used to study to what extent the discursive practice of the organisations NightLight and Asia Pacific Network of Sex Workers can be placed neatly into one of these ideal types, or whether a third perspective is indeed needed to account for their perception of the women they work with. The analysis has been conducted using different forms of information gathered from the official websites of the organisations, in order to understand they ways in which the organisations themselves choose to communicate their work. The results show that the discursive practices of these organisations to some extent can be accounted for using this framework, yet that in order to fully understand them, one should consider the third way which combines the strengths of both.

Ideology matters. The return of this insight to the study of civil war has sparked a new line of literature. Drawing on its insights, I argue that ideology can affect civilian victimisation in two ways. The first is the adoption by armed groups of exclusionary frames that justify the killing of civilians; the second is the need of armed groups for civilian approval – what I call ideological licence – from their home constituencies.Civilian victimisation is expected to peak in places where exclusionary group frames and civilian attitudes are dominant. For the empirical analysis, I turn to The Troubles, the thirty year-long armed conflict between Northern Ireland’s Catholic and Protestant communities. I construct a novel dataset using ideological attitudes, based on a pre-conflict survey among over 1200 respondents across Northern Ireland, and new, detailed casualty data on more than 2700 conflict-related fatalities. Although Catholics were the most lethal side in the conflict, I find that the Protestant community is significantly more likely to kill civilians. This finding is driven by national differences between Catholics and Protestants. Subnational differences in civilian attitudes are found to be less relevant.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Studies indicate that the elderly population is more susceptible to crime than other age group s as they are socially lonely and tend to stick to obvious behavioural patterns. The mental and physical limitations caused by old age further aids to a profile of a potential victim of fraud. The elderly often succumb to various types of crimes; one such crime is fraud. In Sweden elderly fraud only constitutes a minor part of all the fraud that is reported. However, statistics from the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention indicate that cases have been on the increase since 2017. The present study seeks to explore in more detail the methods used to defraud the elderly and offer possible solutions and recommendations. The study used semi-structured interviews with participants from the Banking Sector and Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention all of whom have a nexus with elderly fraud. The findings show that there are several methods used. However, Social Engineering emerged as the most prominent. Several efforts have been put in place by relevant authorities. Nonetheless, it was suggested that more efforts be channelled into the evaluation of existing programs, conducting research on the matter and sensitising the public about the risk factors, perpetrator warning signs and how they can avoid the many different types of fraud amongst other things.

Deported migrants in Jamaica face a plethora of integration and rehabilitation issues that have been exacerbated by the society’s negative perception of the population. Though previous research has highlighted the counterproductive implications of the negative attitudes (Headley, 2006), it is still evident in the Jamaican society. The current study examines the relationship between the migrant’s fear of crime and their well-being post-deportation. Therein, eight semi-structured interviews facilitated by the National Organisation of Deported Migrants were used to collect data over two weeks. A thematic analysis indicated that visibility impacted the extent to which deported migrants had a perceived risk of victimisation. The population's reduced mobility and lack of integration as a result of increased visibility and distrust of the wider society influenced their exhibition of isolating behaviours which were identified as incubators for physical and mental health effects, potential substance use disorders (SUD) and recidivism. Additionally, migrants residing in communities with reported criminal activities were identified to be at an increased risk of the adverse effects highlighted. The presence of several protective factors, including less time away from Jamaica and familial support mitigated these factors. The author highlights that social education, in addition to effective long-term reintegration and rehabilitation programs that focus on health are necessary implementations to reduce the risks associated with fear of crime and improve reintegration.

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