The diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the influence of certain types of intersections and at the same time the time of day. The theoretical part describes the introduction to the factors affecting the driver when driving a motor vehicle. Furthermore, the work defines road junctions by law, types of road junctions and research on the issue of road junctions. The practical part of the diploma thesis is devoted to the evaluation of the total number of primary and secondary views of certain types of intersections and their average duration of day or night. At the same time, it evaluates the first direction of view according to the type of road (secondary road / main road) and the subsequent direction of travel. The obtained data are evaluated in the chapter discussion / analysis of results. The evaluated data in the first part showed that the secondary views have a shorter average duration compared to the average duration of the primary views. In the second part, the results of day and night were identical only at the roundabouts, when the drivers made the first direction of view to the left.

Målet med denna studie var att undersöka hur verksamma lärares erfarenhetsbaserade kunskaper om elevers läsutveckling i både förskoleklass och årskurs 1 förhåller sig till teorin A Simple View of Reading (Gough & Tunmer 1986; Hoover & Gough 1990). Vidare undersöktes också hur lärarna stödjer elever som har svårigheter i läsningen och hur lärarna konstatera att en elev kan läsa. För att undersöka lärarnas kunskap om elevers läsutveckling ställdes åtta öppna frågor i tio kvalitativa internetbaserade intervjuer. Lärarnas yrkeserfarenhet varierade mellan 5– 45 år. Resultatet visade att lärarnas beskrivningar av läsutveckling var likartade och att deras svar i förhållande till teorin uppvisar betydelsefulla likheter. På frågan om hur läraren stödjer elever med problem i läsutveckling framkom skilda svar, dock med vissa likheter. Resultaten visade att om en av aspekterna avkodning och språkförståelse inte var tillräckligt stark fick eleven problem med läsningen. När det kommer till frågan om hur lärare konstaterar att en elev kan läsa fanns det meningsskiljaktigheter i lärarnas svar, eftersom hälften av lärarnas svar överensstämde mot teorin A Simple View of Reading

Lean production har under lång tid haft en väsentlig koppling till Toyota Production System (TPS) som förknippas med tillverkningsindustrin. Vid senare skede har lean production utvecklats och format sig till tjänsteföretag i form av “lean service” som bankbranschen har fått fäste om. Inom denna studie har vi studerat hur begreppen RBV, Muda, Lean samt Kaizen kan implementeras i banksektorn för att minska på ineffektiv användning av resurser.    Vi har genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med svenska banker som SEB samt Handelsbanken, och vi har kommit fram till att med hjälp av muda (slöseri) och kaizen (ständig förbättring) har bankerna förmågor att utveckla sin verksamhet. Däremot används inte lean som koncept idag, men har gjort det tidigare. Dock arbetar båda bankerna med konceptet Muda och Kaizen utifrån minskat slöseri av resurser inom verksamheten, eftersom att ordet Muda betyder slöseri. Banksektorn är dessutom i ständig utveckling för att förbättra sin verksamhet för omgivningen i helhet. Vilket är en av bankernas stora roller som samhällsbärande, att ständigt förbättra sin verksamhet, och vara förberedda på eventuella katastrofer som kan uppstå, tex som covid-19 som hade en otrolig påverkan på världens ekonomi och landets samhälle i sig.  Som slutsats har vi konstaterat två nyckel teman som varit relevanta i resultatet, dessa är; bankernas begränsningar samt digitalisering. Alltså att bankerna har vissa regler samt lagstiftelser att följa. Samtidigt som de väsentliga processer som utvecklas är i stora drag digitalisering av processer. I syfte att öka effektivitet av processer, genom att minska på antal resurser för bästa möjliga lönsamhet.  Baserat på att det studerade ämnet är relativt nytt, utifrån ett vetenskapligt perspektiv så har studiens metodiska tillvägagångssätt genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer haft en stor roll i studiens insamling av information. Inledningsvis introduceras begreppet lean och muda för att få en djupgående förståelse som läsare om de olika koncepten. / Lean production has for a long time had a significant connection to the Toyota Production System (TPS) which is associated with the manufacturing industry. At a later stage, lean production has developed and formed into service companies in the form of “lean service” which the banking industry has gained a foothold in. In this study, we have studied how the concepts of RBV, Muda, Lean and Kaizen can be implemented in the banking sector to reduce inefficient use of resources.   We have conducted semi-structured interviews with Swedish banks such as SEB and Handelsbanken, and we have concluded that with the help of muda (waste) & kaizen (continuous improvement), the banks have the ability to develop their operations. However, lean is not used as a concept today, but has been in the past. However, both banks work with the concept Muda and Kaizen based on reduced waste of resources within the business, because the word Muda means waste, and the banking sector is constantly evolving to improve its business for the environment as a whole. Which is one of the banks' major roles as a community leader, to constantly improve their operations, and be prepared for any disasters that may arise, such as covid-19 which had an incredible impact on the world economy and the country's society itself. In conclusion, we have identified two key themes that have been relevant in the result, these are; banks' restrictions and digitalisation. That is, the banks have certain rules and laws to follow. At the same time, the essential processes that are being developed are largely digitization of processes. In order to increase the efficiency of processes, by reducing the number of resources for the best possible profitability. Based on the fact that the subject studied is relatively new, from a scientific perspective, the study's methodological approach through semi-structured interviews has played a major role in the study's collection of information. Initially, the concepts of lean and muda are introduced in order to gain an in-depth understanding as a reader of the various concepts.

Cloud services can be seen as modern IT outsourcing and have become a popular technological solution for companies to create and maintain a competitive advantage. The number of cloud service providers (CSPs) is continuously growing in a highly competitive market. The process of choosing a CSP is a complex, costly, and time-consuming task where a resource-based view (RBV) has been previously used to aid the potential customer in the decision. Previous research points towards an up-to-date understanding of the underlying factors in the decision are sought after. This research aims to explore the decision process of choosing a CSP in order to discover influencing factors of the decision to create a decision model for potential customers to ease the decision process. By using an exploratory study and through interviews, the factors which influence the decision of a CSP from a potential customer’s perspective were identified. The findings point towards six main factors influencing the decisions of CSP. The result supports earlier research that the decision of choosing a CSP is a complex process with several influencing factors. Therefore, RBV is not sufficient to analyze all these factors and needs to be supported by other theories to cover all the aspects of the decision. The identified factors were used to create a decision model which will help customers by easing the process of choosing a CSP and decrease the time and resources of the process. The recommendation for further research is to investigate the relevance of these factors at different cycles of a company and also to further investigate each factor to expand and improve the decision model. / Molntjänster kan ses som modern IT-outsourcing och har blivit en populär teknisk lösning för företag att skapa och upprätthålla konkurrensfördelar. Antalet molntjänstleverantörer växer kontinuerligt på en mycket konkurrensutsatt marknad. Processen att välja en molntjänstleverantör är en komplex, kostsam och tidskrävande uppgift där en resource-based view (RBV) tidigare har använts för att hjälpa den potentiella kunden i beslutet. Tidigare forskning pekar mot att man efterfrågar mer aktuell kunskap om de bakomliggande faktorerna i beslutet. Denna forskning syftar till att utforska beslutsprocessen för att välja en molntjänstleverantör för att identifiera påverkande faktorer bakom beslutet att skapa en beslutsmodell för potentiella kunder att använda för att underlätta beslutsprocessen. Genom att göra en undersökande studie och utföra intervjuer, identifierades de faktorer som påverkar beslutet av molntjänstleverantör ur en potentiell kunds perspektiv. Resultaten pekar mot sex huvudfaktorer som påverkar valet av molntjänstleverantör. Resultatet stöder tidigare forskning om att beslutet att välja en molntjänstleverantör är en komplex process med flertal påverkande faktorer. RBV är därför inte tillräckligt för att analysera alla dessa faktorer och behöver stödjas av andra teorier för att täcka alla aspekter av beslutet. De identifierade faktorerna låg till grund för att skapa en beslutsmodell som hjälper kunder genom att underlätta processen att välja en molntjänstleverantör och minska tid och resurser för processen. Rekommendation för vidare forskning är att undersöka relevansen av dessa faktorer vid ett företags olika cykler samt att djupare undersöka varje faktor för att utvidga och förbättra beslutsmodellen.

The theme Point of View: David Lynch and intertextuality of this master thesis deals with the work of American film director David Lynch, which we view in terms of intertextuality. The aim is to show how David Lynch manipulates with intertextuality in his films Wild at Heart and Lost Highway and what other means he uses to achieve the specific atmosphere of his films. We say that it is impossible to unambiguously interpret Lynch's work and we will try to show that every of various points of view can be correct.

This thesis investigates whether environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance impacts financial performance in the Swedish market. ESG performance is measured using the overall ESG score and the three individual pillar scores (environment, social, and governance). Financial performance is assessed using a market-based financial measure(Tobin's Q) and an accounting-based financial measure (Return on Assets, ROA). Further, we introduce a one-year lag between ESG performance and financial performance. We analyze a total of 858 firm-year observations from 266 firms listed on the NASDAQ Stockholm stock exchange over the five-year period from 2018 to 2022, with controls for firm size and leverage. Our findings reveal that none of the ESG performance measures have an impact on the financial performance measures (ROA or Tobin’s Q). This indicates a need for further research into the complexities of the ESG impact on firm financial performance within the Swedish context.

Human actions are the essence of a human life and a natural product of the human mind. Analysis of human activities by a machine has attracted the attention of many researchers. This analysis is very important in a variety of domains including surveillance, video retrieval, human-computer interaction, athlete performance investigation, etc. This dissertation makes three major contributions to automatic analysis of human actions. First, we conjecture that the relationship between body joints of two actors in the same posture can be described by a 3D rigid transformation. This transformation simultaneously captures different poses and various sizes and proportions. As a consequence of this conjecture, we show that there exists a fundamental matrix between the imaged positions of the body joints of two actors, if they are in the same posture. Second, we propose a novel projection model for cameras moving at a constant velocity in 3D space, \emph cameras, and derive the Galilean fundamental matrix and apply it to human action recognition. Third, we propose a novel use for the invariant ratio of areas under an affine transformation and utilizing the epipolar geometry between two cameras for 2D model-based tracking of human body joints. In the first part of the thesis, we propose an approach to match human actions using semantic correspondences between human bodies. These correspondences are used to provide geometric constraints between multiple anatomical landmarks ( e.g. hands, shoulders, and feet) to match actions observed from different viewpoints and performed at different rates by actors of differing anthropometric proportions. The fact that the human body has approximate anthropometric proportion allows for innovative use of the machinery of epipolar geometry to provide constraints for analyzing actions performed by people of different anthropometric sizes, while ensuring that changes in viewpoint do not affect matching. A novel measure in terms of rank of matrix constructed only from image measurements of the locations of anatomical landmarks is proposed to ensure that similar actions are accurately recognized. Finally, we describe how dynamic time warping can be used in conjunction with the proposed measure to match actions in the presence of nonlinear time warps. We demonstrate the versatility of our algorithm in a number of challenging sequences and applications including action synchronization , odd one out, following the leader, analyzing periodicity etc. Next, we extend the conventional model of image projection to video captured by a camera moving at constant velocity. We term such moving camera Galilean camera. To that end, we derive the spacetime projection and develop the corresponding epipolar geometry between two Galilean cameras. Both perspective imaging and linear pushbroom imaging form specializations of the proposed model and we show how six different ``fundamental" matrices including the classic fundamental matrix, the Linear Pushbroom (LP) fundamental matrix, and a fundamental matrix relating Epipolar Plane Images (EPIs) are related and can be directly recovered from a Galilean fundamental matrix. We provide linear algorithms for estimating the parameters of the the mapping between videos in the case of planar scenes. For applying fundamental matrix between Galilean cameras to human action recognition, we propose a measure that has two important properties. First property makes it possible to recognize similar actions, if their execution rates are linearly related. Second property allows recognizing actions in video captured by Galilean cameras. Thus, the proposed algorithm guarantees that actions can be correctly matched despite changes in view, execution rate, anthropometric proportions of the actor, and even if the camera moves with constant velocity. Finally, we also propose a novel 2D model based approach for tracking human body parts during articulated motion. The human body is modeled as a 2D stick figure of thirteen body joints and an action is considered as a sequence of these stick figures. Given the locations of these joints in every frame of a model video and the first frame of a test video, the joint locations are automatically estimated throughout the test video using two geometric constraints. First, invariance of the ratio of areas under an affine transformation is used for initial estimation of the joint locations in the test video. Second, the epipolar geometry between the two cameras is used to refine these estimates. Using these estimated joint locations, the tracking algorithm determines the exact location of each landmark in the test video using the foreground silhouettes. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the geometric formulation of human action models, the combination of the two geometric constraints for body joints prediction, and the handling of deviations in anthropometry of individuals, viewpoints, execution rate, and style of performing action. The proposed approach does not require extensive training and can easily adapt to a wide variety of articulated actions.

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This thesis covers the topic of depth- assisted Structure from Motion (SfM). When performing classic SfM, the goal is to reconstruct a 3D scene using only a set of unstructured RGB images. What is attempted to be achieved in this thesis is adding the depth dimension to the problem formulation, and consequently create a system that can receive a set of RGBD images. The problem has been addressed by modifying an already existing SfM pipeline and in particular, its Bundle Adjustment (BA) process. Comparisons between the modified framework and the baseline framework resulted in conclusions regarding the impact of the modifications. The results show mainly two things. First of all, the accuracy of the framework is increased in most situations. The difference is the most significant when the captured scene only is covered from a small sector. However, noisy data can cause the modified pipeline to decrease in performance. Secondly, the run time of the framework is significantly reduced. A discussion of how to modify other parts of the pipeline is covered in the conclusion of the report. / Följande examensarbete behandlar ämnet djupassisterad Struktur genom Rörelse (eng. SfM). Vid klassisk SfM är målet att återskapa en 3D scen, endast med hjälp av en sekvens av oordnade RGB bilder. I djupassiterad SfM adderas djupinformationen till problemformulering och följaktligen har ett system som kan motta RGBD bilder skapats. Problemet har lösts genom att modifiera en befintlig SfM- mjukvara och mer specifikt dess Buntjustering (eng. BA). Resultatet från den modifierade mjukvaran jämförs med resultatet av originalutgåvan för att dra slutsatser rådande modifikationens påverkan på prestandan. Resultaten visar huvudsakligen två saker. Först och främst, den modifierade mjukvaran producerar resultat med högre noggrannhet i de allra flesta fall. Skillnaden är som allra störst när bilderna är tagna från endast en liten sektor som omringar scenen. Data med brus kan dock försämra systemets prestanda aningen jämfört med orginalsystemet. För det andra, så minskar exekutionstiden betydligt. Slutligen diskuteras hur mjukvaran kan vidareutvecklas för att ytterligare förbättra resultaten.

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