Even though battles have been fought in built-up areas for a long time, there have not been any specific theories connected to it. As the world becomes increasingly urbanized, the problem of not having any complete theories with which to analyze military operations in urban terrain becomes bigger. This essay aims to contribute to the field of military theory by investigating if Robert Leonhard’s theory of combined arms can be used in analyzing such operations and to be able to explaining the outcome of them.   The main question posed in this essay is; to what extent can Leonhard’s theory explain the outcome of military operations in urban terrain? The method used to answer this question is a comparative method formed as a case study of two military operations in urban terrain, Operation Vigilant Resolve and Operation Phantom Fury, which both took place in Fallujah during the Iraq war 2004. The intention is to test Leonhard’s theory in both cases by assigning the theory several indicators, which are tested in each case.   The result shows that the indicators appeared almost equally in both cases, even though one of the operations was said to be a success and the other a failure. However during the occasions when the coalition force used combined arms, both operations achieved military effectiveness. The conclusion is that Leonhard’s theory of combined arms cannot be used to explain the outcome of military operations in urban terrain. The theory has not been verified and strengthened by empirical evidence, but weakened, which is the opposite of what should have been the result. Combined arms-theory cannot be used to assimilate lessons learned from military operations in urban terrain.

The two battles for Fallujah took place in 2004. Earlier research states that air power was a key reason for the success following the second operation, and as a critical omission during the first operation. Following this statement that air power changed the way urban operations should be conducted it should be possible to use an air power theory to explain the different outcomes of the battles. The purpose of this study is to see if Robert Pape’s theory of denial strategy is applicable as an explanation for the two operations differences of outcome.   The method used for this study is a comparative case study of the two operations in which the operations are compared by analysing then using the framework of Pape’s theory.    The result of this study shows that the outcomes partly can be explained from Pape’s theory, but the results differ between the two components which leads to a discussion of what this means for the theory. The result contributes to the existing research and gives reason for criticism of the earlier research which states that it was Close Air Support (CAS) that was successful during the second operation. This study shows that CAS was mostly used during the first operation and only partly used during the second, successful, operation. This study states that it was the use of operative interdiction, one of the three components of Pape’s theory, which led to the second operations success.

The world is rapidly becoming more urbanised and with key infrastructure being located inside or close to cities the probability of urban warfare in the next major conflict is very high. This thesis examines how the use of Alice Hills theory can explain success in urban warfare on the tactical level of war. The purpose of the thesis is to test the validity of Hills theory. To examine to what extent Hills’s theory can explain the success of the coalition forces during Operation Phantom Fury and the failure of Operation Vigilant Resolve, a theory testing case study is applied. The two cases have similar background variables, which allows for a structured comparison of the two cases. The analysis is based on Hills’s success factors in urban warfare. The results of the analysis reveal that Hills theory can explain the success of the coalition during Operation Phantom Fury and the failure of Operation Vigilant Resolve, thereby strengthening the validity of Hills theory. The results highlight the need to control the civilian population during urban combat. However, due to the difficulties of measuring success factors such as leadership and morale with the chosen method, the external validity of the results is negatively affected.

The thesis inquires into the entanglement between the unsettlement of the Greek model of social reproduction that heavily relies on self-regulated property ownership and the emergence of vigilant violence on behalf of local property owners against undocumented migrants in the relegated neighborhood of Ksiladika in Thessaloniki’s West End. It probes the extent to which incidents of vigilant violence can be used as indicators of the structural deficiencies in the Greek housing system and property paradigm. 
 First, the thesis points to the distinct historic trajectory of the Greek housing system and property regime that is carved by a strategy of minimal involvement of state authority since the end of the Greek Civil War (1949). In contrast to the (North) European paradigm, the Greek model of social reproduction is marked by a normalized laissez-faire attitude in the domain of housing and by the hypertrophy of the family institution that emerged as a substitute system of social protection vis- a-vis the atrophy of administration. The thesis then points to a political discourse investing in the figure of the householder, sketched as the ‘normal’ Greek subject par excellence, within which self- government connects up with the imperatives of good government, in times when access to housing has become scarce and social insecurity widespread. 
 I focus my study on the neighborhood of Ksiladika in Thessaloniki, where as of late a vigilant campaign of evictions of undocumented migrant squatters on behalf of local property holders was launched. I suggest that this campaign of vigilance is not an act of ‘pure racism’ but is linked with the unsettlement of the Greek model of social reproduction, the scarcity of outright homeownership as a resource of symbolic and material value and the particularity of Ksiladika, that is at once a stigmatized neighborhood and a land of promise. 
 I rely on data collected through micro-ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation and semi-structured interviews with local property holders in Ksiladika. I use the conceptual tools of social space, field of power and symbolic power found in the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc Wacquant, as heuristic tools to identify the significance of property and home ownership in shaping perceptions of local property holders towards their neighborhood and in defining their actions. I present my empirical findings clarifying the diversity of choices, expectations and actions of different actors, active in this propertied field of power in the studied area. 
 The thesis draws to an end by using the findings from Ksiladika to contribute to a discussion that revolves around Wacquant’s three basic theses on the emergence of advanced urban marginality as an effect of the neoliberal state crafting on a global scale. First, I argue that in regions where the social state was inexistent, the implementation of neoliberal policies did not happen in a way identical to what can be observed in the North and do not entail a reengineering of the state. Then I suggest that Wacquant's schematization of a Janus-like Centaur state that performs liberalism for those at the top of the social scale and punitive paternalism for those at the social bottom immured in precarity does not hold, due to the expanding zone of precarity. Eventually, I suggest that neoliberal governing is not attained merely by the penal apparatus of the neoliberal Leviathan, but via a governing through subjects who internalize the postulates of the entrepreneurial ideology mediated through homeownership in times when the resource is scarce.

Världen globaliseras och urbaniseras i en allt högre takt vilket innebär utmaningar för framtida försvarsmakter. Försvarsmakterna kommer mer frekvent att få lösa militära operationer genom strid i bebyggelse (SIB). Denna undersöknings ansats är att pröva Alice Hills teori om framgångsfaktorer som analyserats fram ur krigshistoriens militära operationer i kontexten SIB. Hills argumenterar för en mängd framgångsfaktorer. Denna undersökning prövar faktorerna utbildningsståndpunkt/stridserfarenhet, tillgång till infanteriförband, nyttjande av indirekt bekämpning och tredje parts inverkan på operationer. Dessa faktorer prövas i en jämförande fallstudie av operationerna i Fallujah 2004 Operation Vigilant Resolve (misslyckad operation) och Operation Phantom Fury (framgångsrik operation) vilka båda ingick i Operation Iraqi Freedom. De källor som har nyttjats för att genomföra teoriprövningen är Vincent L. Foulks, ”The Battle for Fallujah: Occupation, Resistance and Stalemate in the War in Iraq” och Bing Wests ”No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah”. Resultatet av undersökningen stärker Hills teori om de fyra prövade framgångsfaktorerna. Fallstudien påvisar att ingående förband i Operation Vigilant Resolve (misslyckad operation) endast hade en grundlagd utbildningsståndpunkt i SIB samt att stora delar av förbanden saknade stridserfarenhet. Vidare påvisar undersökningen att det var låg numerär av infanteriförband och att mixen mellan infanteri och pansarförband medförde att infanteriförbanden inte kunde lösa uppgiften att skydda pansarförbanden i tillräcklig omfattning. I denna operation finns inget som bevisar att någon form att markgrupperad, indirekt bekämpning nyttjats. Tredje parts påverkan var stor givet förutsättningen att endast en mindre del av befolkning flytt staden Fallujah. Operation Phantom Fury påvisar det motsatta gentemot Operation Vigilant Resolve. Förbanden var bättre utbildade genom att de fått dra lärdom under genomförande under Operation Vigilant Resolve samt att de fått stridserfarenhet genom samma operation. Stor numerär av infanteri och en bättre mix av infanteri och pansarförband där infanteriet understöddes av pansarförbanden istället för tvärtom som var fallet vid Operation Vigilant Resolve. Operation nyttjade indirekt bekämpning i form av granatkastare och artilleri i stor omfattning. Den fjärde och sist prövande framgångsfaktorn, tredje parts inverkan på operationen påvisar att stora delar av staden Fallujah var utrymd vilket indirekt påverkar framförallt faktorn nyttjande av indirekt bekämpning. Sammanfattningsvis stärker denna teoriprövande fallstudie Hills förklaringskraft avseende de fyra utvalda framgångsfaktorerna. Detta ger en vetenskaplig grund att bygga framtidens förband kring där SIB kommer vara frekvent återkommande.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlinePDpdf.pdf: 699478 bytes, checksum: d1fd21dcb47fd1fb04069e9c8121ab69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This thesis aims to enable a wider comprehension on thought operation as well as suggest alternatives for the formation of reflexive, critical, autonomous and creative individuals. The research defends the idea that it is possible for an individual to develop vigilant attention that makes thought flexibilization and change in the course of action, possible. This operation is called Internal Dialogue and is essentially characterized by a continuous openness towards novelty and learning. This makes it possible to minimize the usual way thought operates, in a automatic fashion (automatism). The research was based on theoretical references and ideas of David Bohm (1989;1994;2005) and Michael Polanyi (1983). The main emphasis was the understanding that a crisis situation enables awareness and state of alert that favors a more flexible thought pattern (Arag?o Gomes, 1994, 1997). The methodology used was presentation and analysis of these moments through autobibliographical records with indication of crisis on behalf of the subjects. Other criteria were also used that enabled the composition of the analyzed material such as the fact that: the subjects were public and real, the data was available through accessible material; the subjects identified themselves as in crisis; these crisis were of varied kinds; they had different social, cultural and professional profiles. Thus, three auto-bibliographical elements were selected: the Infidel: the story of a woman that challenged Islam (2007), written by the political Muslim author Ayaan Hirsi; Still me: memories (2001), of the actor Christopher Reeve as well as Confessions of a Philosopher (2001), by the philosopher Bryan Magee. In these books an analysis was made related to parts that stated action an though operation that express internal dialogue. These were organized into categories that were pointed out as relevant for the identification of internal dialogue such as: Perceptions of physical reaction; emotions, beliefs and issues, individual actions, self judgment and thought, self questioning, comprehension, observation and empirical investigation, perception of the changes they performed in the world, escape of conditioning as well as action that resulted in new meaning. The analysis performed reinforces our goal once it sated that internal dialogue is an important tool that allows thought awareness, minimizing common automatism and making consciousness possible as well as favoring the occurrence of critical and reflexive thought. Thus, final considerations deal with the need for the development of teaching methodologies that address internal dialogue as a counterpoint to the many daily action that reinforce the automatism of thought / Esta tese tem como objetivo permitir maior compreens?o sobre a opera??o do pensamento e sugerir alternativas para a forma??o de indiv?duos reflexivos, cr?ticos, aut?nomos e criativos. Defendemos que ? poss?vel o indiv?duo desenvolver uma aten??o vigilante capaz de flexibilizar o pensamento e possibilitar mudan?as nas nossas a??es e pensamento. Denominada Di?logo Interno, esta opera??o caracteriza-se essencialmente pela abertura ao novo e cont?nua disposi??o para o aprendizado, minimizando o modo como o pensamento opera, na maior parte do tempo (automatismo). Este estudo teve como principais refer?ncias te?ricas as id?ias de David Bohm (1989;1994;2005) e Michael Polanyi (1983) e como pressuposto fundamental o entendimento de que situa??es de crise propiciam momentos de tomadas de ci?ncia e estado de alerta que favorecem o pensamento a operar de modo mais flex?vel. (Arag?o Gomes, 1994, 1997). Metodologicamente, optamos por apresentar e analisar estes momentos atrav?s de relatos autobiogr?ficos, cujo autor indicava vivenciar momentos de crise. Outros crit?rios foram utilizados para comporem o material a ser analisado: tratava-se de pessoas reais e p?blicas; os relatos estavam dispon?veis em obras de f?cil acesso; tratava-se de pessoas em situa??o de crise por elas identificadas; apresentavam situa??es de crise de naturezas distintas; eram pessoas com perfis s?cio-culturais, profissionais e de g?nero distintos. Assim, foram selecionados tr?s relatos autobiogr?ficos: Infiel: a hist?ria de uma mulher que desafiou o Isl? (2007), da escritora e pol?tica mu?ulmana Ayaan Hirsi; Ainda sou eu: mem?rias (2001), do ator Christopher Reeve e; Confiss?es de um fil?sofo (2001), do fil?sofo Bryan Magee. Nestas obras foram analisados diversos trechos nos quais identificamos opera??es e a??es de pensamento que expressam tra?os do Di?logo Interno, organizadas nas categorias que identificamos como relevantes para a identifica??o do Di?logo Interno: percep??o de rea??es f?sicas, percep??o dos pr?prios sentimentos, percep??o das pr?prias cren?as e pressupostos, percep??o das pr?prias a??es, percep??o e julgamento do pr?prio pensamento, a??o de questionamento, busca da compreens?o, observa??o e investiga??o emp?rica, percep??o de sua mudan?a de a??o no mundo, sa?da do condicionamento e a??o de ressignifica??o. As an?lises realizadas refor?am nosso pressuposto de que o di?logo interno ? uma importante ferramenta para acionarmos a aten??o vigilante do pensamento, minimizando o automatismo habitual e propiciando a tomada de consci?ncia e a emerg?ncia de pensamentos cr?ticos e reflexivos. Dessa forma, as considera??es finais desta tese apontam para a necessidade do desenvolvimento de metodologias de ensino que contemplem o Di?logo Interno como contraponto ?s diversas viv?ncias cotidianas que refor?am o automatismo do pensamento e a??o

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlinePD_TESE.pdf: 699525 bytes, checksum: a35806955c1aa8e04da250ab8a863da9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-23 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This thesis aims to enable a wider comprehension on thought operation as well as suggest alternatives for the formation of reflexive, critical, autonomous and creative individuals. The research defends the idea that it is possible for an individual to develop vigilant attention that makes thought flexibilization and change in the course of action, possible. This operation is called Internal Dialogue and is essentially characterized by a continuous openness towards novelty and learning. This makes it possible to minimize the usual way thought operates, in a automatic fashion (automatism). The research was based on theoretical references and ideas of David Bohm (1989;1994;2005) and Michael Polanyi (1983). The main emphasis was the understanding that a crisis situation enables awareness and state of alert that favors a more flexible thought pattern (Arag?o Gomes, 1994, 1997). The methodology used was presentation and analysis of these moments through autobibliographical records with indication of crisis on behalf of the subjects. Other criteria were also used that enabled the composition of the analyzed material such as the fact that: the subjects were public and real, the data was available through accessible material; the subjects identified themselves as in crisis; these crisis were of varied kinds; they had different social, cultural and professional profiles. Thus, three auto-bibliographical elements were selected: the Infidel: the story of a woman that challenged Islam (2007), written by the political Muslim author Ayaan Hirsi; Still me: memories (2001), of the actor Christopher Reeve as well as Confessions of a Philosopher (2001), by the philosopher Bryan Magee. In these books an analysis was made related to parts that stated action an though operation that express internal dialogue. These were organized into categories that were pointed out as relevant for the identification of internal dialogue such as: Perceptions of physical reaction; emotions, beliefs and issues, individual actions, self judgment and thought, self questioning, comprehension, observation and empirical investigation, perception of the changes they performed in the world, escape of conditioning as well as action that resulted in new meaning. The analysis performed reinforces our goal once it sated that internal dialogue is an important tool that allows thought awareness, minimizing common automatism and making consciousness possible as well as favoring the occurrence of critical and reflexive thought. Thus, final considerations deal with the need for the development of teaching methodologies that address internal dialogue as a counterpoint to the many daily action that reinforce the automatism of thought / Esta tese tem como objetivo permitir maior compreens?o sobre a opera??o do pensamento e sugerir alternativas para a forma??o de indiv?duos reflexivos, cr?ticos, aut?nomos e criativos. Defendemos que ? poss?vel o indiv?duo desenvolver uma aten??o vigilante capaz de flexibilizar o pensamento e possibilitar mudan?as nas nossas a??es e pensamento. Denominada Di?logo Interno, esta opera??o caracteriza-se essencialmente pela abertura ao novo e cont?nua disposi??o para o aprendizado, minimizando o modo como o pensamento opera, na maior parte do tempo (automatismo). Este estudo teve como principais refer?ncias te?ricas as id?ias de David Bohm (1989;1994;2005) e Michael Polanyi (1983) e como pressuposto fundamental o entendimento de que situa??es de crise propiciam momentos de tomadas de ci?ncia e estado de alerta que favorecem o pensamento a operar de modo mais flex?vel. (Arag?o Gomes, 1994, 1997). Metodologicamente, optamos por apresentar e analisar estes momentos atrav?s de relatos autobiogr?ficos, cujo autor indicava vivenciar momentos de crise. Outros crit?rios foram utilizados para comporem o material a ser analisado: tratava-se de pessoas reais e p?blicas; os relatos estavam dispon?veis em obras de f?cil acesso; tratava-se de pessoas em situa??o de crise por elas identificadas; apresentavam situa??es de crise de naturezas distintas; eram pessoas com perfis s?cio-culturais, profissionais e de g?nero distintos. Assim, foram selecionados tr?s relatos autobiogr?ficos: Infiel: a hist?ria de uma mulher que desafiou o Isl? (2007), da escritora e pol?tica mu?ulmana Ayaan Hirsi; Ainda sou eu: mem?rias (2001), do ator Christopher Reeve e; Confiss?es de um fil?sofo (2001), do fil?sofo Bryan Magee. Nestas obras foram analisados diversos trechos nos quais identificamos opera??es e a??es de pensamento que expressam tra?os do Di?logo Interno, organizadas nas categorias que identificamos como relevantes para a identifica??o do Di?logo Interno: percep??o de rea??es f?sicas, percep??o dos pr?prios sentimentos, percep??o das pr?prias cren?as e pressupostos, percep??o das pr?prias a??es, percep??o e julgamento do pr?prio pensamento, a??o de questionamento, busca da compreens?o, observa??o e investiga??o emp?rica, percep??o de sua mudan?a de a??o no mundo, sa?da do condicionamento e a??o de ressignifica??o. As an?lises realizadas refor?am nosso pressuposto de que o di?logo interno ? uma importante ferramenta para acionarmos a aten??o vigilante do pensamento, minimizando o automatismo habitual e propiciando a tomada de consci?ncia e a emerg?ncia de pensamentos cr?ticos e reflexivos. Dessa forma, as considera??es finais desta tese apontam para a necessidade do desenvolvimento de metodologias de ensino que contemplem o Di?logo Interno como contraponto ?s diversas viv?ncias cotidianas que refor?am o automatismo do pensamento e a??o

This thesis evolves perception as a hypothesis to reframe architectural praxis negotiated through agent-situation interaction. The research questions the geometric principles of architectural ordination to originate the ‘felt_space infrastructure’, a relational system of measurement concerned with the role of perception in mediating sensory space and the cognised environment. The methodological model for this research fuses perception and environmental stimuli, into a consistent generative process that penetrates the inner essence of space, to reveal the visceral parameter. These concepts are applied to develop a ‘coefficient of affordance’ typology, ‘hypervigilant’ tool set, and ‘cognitive_tope’ design methodology. Thus, by extending the architectural platform to consider perception as a design parameter, the thesis interprets the ‘inference schema’ as an instructional model to coordinate the acquisition of spatial reality through tensional and counter-tensional feedback dynamics. Three site-responsive case studies are used to advance the thesis. The first case study is descriptive and develops a typology of situated cognition to extend the ‘granularity’ of perceptual sensitisation (i.e. a fine-grained means of perceiving space). The second project is relational and questions how mapping can coordinate perceptual, cognitive and associative attention, as a ‘multi-webbed vector field’ comprised of attractors and deformations within a viewer-centred gravitational space. The third case study is causal, and demonstrates how a transactional-biased schema can generate, amplify and attenuate perceptual misalignment, thus triggering a visceral niche. The significance of the research is that it progresses generative perception as an additional variable for spatial practice, and promotes transactional methodologies to gain enhanced modes of spatial acuity to extend the repertoire of architectural practice.