<p>Föreliggande studies syfte är att studera och beskriva behandlingsmodeller för män som använder våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer. Syftet kan brytas ned i följande frågeställningar: (i) vilka behandlingsmodeller finns omnämnda i litteraturen för män som använder våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer och hur kan dessa beskrivas, (ii) vilka likheter respektive skillnader finns mellan olika behandlingsmodeller, (iii) vilka behandlingsresultat och utvärderingssvar finns dokumenterade beträffande behandlingsmodellernas effektivitet samt (iv) hur kan resultatet analyseras utifrån teoretiska perspektiv beträffande mäns våld mot kvinnor? Som utgångspunkt för analys har tre teoretiska perspektiv beträffande mäns våld mot kvinnor brukats. Dessa har utgjorts av ett strukturellt/feministiskt, ett individualpsykologiskt samt ett socialpsykologiskt perspektiv, vilka förklarar mäns våld mot kvinnor på skilda abstraktionsnivåer och med olika teoretiska utgångspunkter. Föreliggande uppsats har genomförts som en litteraturstudie med ett kvalitativt angreppssätt, med anledning av studiens intention att beskriva och sammanställa kunskaper om existerande behandlingsmodeller för män som använder våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer. Vid införskaffandet av material påträffades tre behandlingsprogram som de mest förekommande i den insamlade litteraturen, varför dessa behandlingsmodeller; Emerge, Duluthmodellen; DAIP, och Change, samt utvärderingar av dessa, inkluderades i resultatet. Studiens resultat visar att dessa tre behandlingsmodeller alla utgår från profeministiska teorier vad gäller definitioner och förklaringar av mäns våld mot kvinnor. Liknande behandlingsmetoder har vidare kunnat påträffas i de tre programmen; såsom inslag av kognitiv beteendeterapi i behandlingen, pedagogiska metoder samt gruppsessioner. Vad som skiljer modellerna åt är bland annat att de i olika hög grad har kontakt med de våldsbrukande männens partners, samt att två av dem; Duluthmodellen och Change, inkluderar ett arbete mellan olika officiella instanser i behandlingen, vilket Emerge inte gör. Vidare har Change i högre grad ett uttalat KBT-inriktat förhållningssätt, än de övriga två programmen. Vid analysen har framkommit att behandlingsmodellerna, trots sin profeministiska teoretiska utgångspunkt, tycks vara tämligen eklektiska vad gäller vilka konkreta behandlingsmetoder som används. Emerge, Duluthmodellen och Change har utvärderats i varierande hög grad; de existerande utvärderingarna har dock visat på generellt måttliga resultat beträffande behandlingens effektivitet. Förutom de ovannämnda programmen har även ytterligare utvärderingar av andra behandlingsmodeller inkluderats i resultatet, vilka uppnått varierande, dock sammanfattningsvis, måttfulla resultat.</p> / <p>The purpose of this essay is to study and describe treatment programs for men who are violent against women in intimate relationships. This purpose can be divided into following questions: (i) what treatment programs are to be found in the literature concerning men who are violent against women in intimate relationships and how can they be described, (ii) what similarities and differences are there between different treatment programs, (iii) what are the results of treatment and evaluations documented concerning the treatment programs effect and (iv) how can the results of the study be analysed from the theoretical perspectives concerning men’s violence against women? As a point of departure of the analysis, three theoretical perspectives relating to men’s violence against women has been used. They are constituted by a structural/feminist perspective, an individual psychological perspective and a social psychological perspective, that explains the violences of men against women on various abstraction levels and with separate theoretical views. The method has been conducted as a literature review with a qualitative approach, because of the intention of the study to describe and put together knowledge about existing treatment programs for men who are using violence against women in intimate relationships. Three treatment programs were found to be the most occurring in the collected literature, hence these treatment programs; Emerge, the Duluth Model; DAIP, and Change, together with evaluations of these programs, were included in the result. The study’s result shows that all of these three treatment programs use profeminist theories as a point of departure concerning definitions and explanations of the violences of men against women. Further, similar treatment methods have been found to occur in all of the three programs; such as touches of cognitive behavioural therapy, educational methods and group sessions in the treatment. What separates the programs is that they in varying degrees emphasises keeping in contact with the partners of the violent men, and that two of them; the Duluth Model and Change, are including work with different official institutions in the treatment, as the Emerge program does not. Further, Change has a more outspoken CBT-related approach, which the other two programs have not. The analysis reveals that the treatment programs, in spite of their profeminist theoretical view, seem to be rather eclectic concerning the concrete treatment methods that are used. Emerge, the Duluth Model and Change has been evaluated to varying degrees. The existing evaluations have shown generally moderate results concerning the effect of the treatment. Besides of the mentioned programs further evaluations of other treatment programs have been included in the result, which have reached varied; but in sum, moderate results.</p>

<p>The thesis firstly looks at how women&rsquo / s right to freedom from violence has developed in international (global) human rights law since the early 1990s. In this regard, the study finds that while the issue of violence against women (and women&rsquo / s rights generally) was barely on the international human rights agenda at the beginning of this period, an enormous degree of development has subsequently taken place. Through the adoption of documents such as General Recommendation No. 19 by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the Declaration on Elimination of Violence against Women and the Beijing Declaration and Platform of Action, international norms and standards were set regarding role of the State in providing women with protection against violence.</p>

The aim of this thesis was to explore the impact of physical, sexual and emotional violence against women of reproductive age and the level of controlling behaviour in marriage on child health and survival in two different cultural settings: Bangladesh and Nicaragua. Data were acquired from four quantitative community-based studies. In two studies, a cohort including a prospective two year follow-up of 3164 mother-infant pairs in rural Bangladesh was investigated. A third study was a case-referent study in Nicaragua including mothers of 110 cases of under-five deaths and 203 referents, and in a forth study an other cohort of 1048 rural Bangladeshi women and their 2691 children was followed until 5 years of age. Maternal exposure to any form of violence, including physical, sexual, emotional, and controlling behaviour was independently associated with lower body size at birth, increased risk of stunting and under-weight at 24 months of age, slower growth velocity during the first two years of life and a higher incidence of diarrhoeal episodes and respiratory tract infections. In the Nicaraguan setting, the children of women who experienced any history of physical violence had a two-fold increase in risk of death before the age of 5 years, and those whose mothers experienced both physical and sexual violence had a six-fold increase in risk of death. In Bangladesh, an association between violence against women and under-five mortality was found among daughters of educated mothers who were exposed to severe physical violence or a high level of controlling behaviour in marriage. In all four studies, lifetime violence experience among participating mothers was high (37-69%), and the timing was less relevant than the exposure to violence per se. In conclusion, this investigation revealed that violence against women severely affects child health and survival. The findings are especially relevant in a context of high level of child under-nutrition, morbidity and under-five mortality. Efforts for protecting women from all forms of violence are needed as part of the interventions for improved child health.

Föreliggande studies syfte är att studera och beskriva behandlingsmodeller för män som använder våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer. Syftet kan brytas ned i följande frågeställningar: (i) vilka behandlingsmodeller finns omnämnda i litteraturen för män som använder våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer och hur kan dessa beskrivas, (ii) vilka likheter respektive skillnader finns mellan olika behandlingsmodeller, (iii) vilka behandlingsresultat och utvärderingssvar finns dokumenterade beträffande behandlingsmodellernas effektivitet samt (iv) hur kan resultatet analyseras utifrån teoretiska perspektiv beträffande mäns våld mot kvinnor? Som utgångspunkt för analys har tre teoretiska perspektiv beträffande mäns våld mot kvinnor brukats. Dessa har utgjorts av ett strukturellt/feministiskt, ett individualpsykologiskt samt ett socialpsykologiskt perspektiv, vilka förklarar mäns våld mot kvinnor på skilda abstraktionsnivåer och med olika teoretiska utgångspunkter. Föreliggande uppsats har genomförts som en litteraturstudie med ett kvalitativt angreppssätt, med anledning av studiens intention att beskriva och sammanställa kunskaper om existerande behandlingsmodeller för män som använder våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer. Vid införskaffandet av material påträffades tre behandlingsprogram som de mest förekommande i den insamlade litteraturen, varför dessa behandlingsmodeller; Emerge, Duluthmodellen; DAIP, och Change, samt utvärderingar av dessa, inkluderades i resultatet. Studiens resultat visar att dessa tre behandlingsmodeller alla utgår från profeministiska teorier vad gäller definitioner och förklaringar av mäns våld mot kvinnor. Liknande behandlingsmetoder har vidare kunnat påträffas i de tre programmen; såsom inslag av kognitiv beteendeterapi i behandlingen, pedagogiska metoder samt gruppsessioner. Vad som skiljer modellerna åt är bland annat att de i olika hög grad har kontakt med de våldsbrukande männens partners, samt att två av dem; Duluthmodellen och Change, inkluderar ett arbete mellan olika officiella instanser i behandlingen, vilket Emerge inte gör. Vidare har Change i högre grad ett uttalat KBT-inriktat förhållningssätt, än de övriga två programmen. Vid analysen har framkommit att behandlingsmodellerna, trots sin profeministiska teoretiska utgångspunkt, tycks vara tämligen eklektiska vad gäller vilka konkreta behandlingsmetoder som används. Emerge, Duluthmodellen och Change har utvärderats i varierande hög grad; de existerande utvärderingarna har dock visat på generellt måttliga resultat beträffande behandlingens effektivitet. Förutom de ovannämnda programmen har även ytterligare utvärderingar av andra behandlingsmodeller inkluderats i resultatet, vilka uppnått varierande, dock sammanfattningsvis, måttfulla resultat. / The purpose of this essay is to study and describe treatment programs for men who are violent against women in intimate relationships. This purpose can be divided into following questions: (i) what treatment programs are to be found in the literature concerning men who are violent against women in intimate relationships and how can they be described, (ii) what similarities and differences are there between different treatment programs, (iii) what are the results of treatment and evaluations documented concerning the treatment programs effect and (iv) how can the results of the study be analysed from the theoretical perspectives concerning men’s violence against women? As a point of departure of the analysis, three theoretical perspectives relating to men’s violence against women has been used. They are constituted by a structural/feminist perspective, an individual psychological perspective and a social psychological perspective, that explains the violences of men against women on various abstraction levels and with separate theoretical views. The method has been conducted as a literature review with a qualitative approach, because of the intention of the study to describe and put together knowledge about existing treatment programs for men who are using violence against women in intimate relationships. Three treatment programs were found to be the most occurring in the collected literature, hence these treatment programs; Emerge, the Duluth Model; DAIP, and Change, together with evaluations of these programs, were included in the result. The study’s result shows that all of these three treatment programs use profeminist theories as a point of departure concerning definitions and explanations of the violences of men against women. Further, similar treatment methods have been found to occur in all of the three programs; such as touches of cognitive behavioural therapy, educational methods and group sessions in the treatment. What separates the programs is that they in varying degrees emphasises keeping in contact with the partners of the violent men, and that two of them; the Duluth Model and Change, are including work with different official institutions in the treatment, as the Emerge program does not. Further, Change has a more outspoken CBT-related approach, which the other two programs have not. The analysis reveals that the treatment programs, in spite of their profeminist theoretical view, seem to be rather eclectic concerning the concrete treatment methods that are used. Emerge, the Duluth Model and Change has been evaluated to varying degrees. The existing evaluations have shown generally moderate results concerning the effect of the treatment. Besides of the mentioned programs further evaluations of other treatment programs have been included in the result, which have reached varied; but in sum, moderate results.

This is an arts-informed qualitative research study looking at violence against women and how it affects their educational outcomes. It uses an art installation in which the narratives of the women involved are combined with photographs and real world objects in which viewers take on a ‘walking meditation’ as well as the use of participation stations for viewer feedback and further sharing of stories anonymously. This project is based on the belief that through a feminist research lens, participatory practice with the use of storytelling can be a form of transformation in community development.

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur personal på kvinnojourer upplever att samverkan med socialtjänsten fungerar. Dessa organisationer är båda betydelsefulla aktörer i arbetet med våldsutsatta kvinnor och därför är det viktigt att de kan mötas och ta tillvara på varandras kompetenser för att uppnå en så god samverkan som möjligt. Frågeställningarna som resultatet bygger på är Hur tycker personalen på kvinnojourerna att samarbetet med socialtjänsten fungerar? Finns det något som skulle behöva förändras för att förbättra arbetet och i sådana fall hur? Hur ser ansvarsfördelningen ut mellan kvinnojour och socialtjänst - finns det tydliga roller att förhålla sig till i det gemensamma arbetet att ge stöd och hjälp till en utsatt kvinna? Informanterna i den här studien arbetar på sex olika kvinnojourer. Kvalitativ forskningsmetod, med semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts för att få svar på frågorna och de inspelade intervjuerna har transkriberats och sedan meningskategoriserats för att få struktur på empirin. Ur detta skapades teman som vi sedan fann kopplingar till i samverkansteori. Resultatet visar att informanterna upplever samverkan med socialtjänsten som mycket varierande, beroende på olika omständigheter. Det finns en önskan och ett behov hos informanterna om att socialtjänsten ska vara mer insatta i och förstå mäns våld mot kvinnor för att kunna samverka bättre. Brist på resurser och otydlig ansvarsfördelning nämns som orsaker till varför samverkan emellanåt inte fungerar optimalt. Med hjälp av samverkansteori analyserade vi resultatet och kan dra slutsatsen att en god samverkan förutsätter vissa faktorer, som exempelvis gemensamt mål, tillräckliga resurser, samsyn, tydlig ansvars- och rollfördelning. Vår tolkning är att informanterna upplever ett behov av att ovanstående faktorer är implementerade i samverkansarbetet. / The purpose of this study was to examine how staff at women's shelters is experiencing the collaboration with Social Services. These organizations are both significant players in working with abused women and therefore it is important that they can come together and use each other's competencies to achieve a sufficient collaboration as possible. The questions of which the results are based on are How do staff at women's shelters experience the collaboration with Social Services? Is there anything that would need to be changed to improve the work and if so how? What is the division of responsibilities between the shelter and Social Services - are there distinct roles to relate to in the joint work to provide support and assistance to a woman victim of violence? The informants in this study work at six different women's shelters. Qualitative research, with semi-structured interviews was used to obtain answers to the questions and the recorded interviews were transcribed and then categorized to be able to structure the empirics. From this, themes were created, which we then found links to in interaction theory. The results show that informants experience a good collaboration with the Social Services as highly variable, depending on various circumstances. There is a need by the informants that Social Services should be more familiar with and understand men's violence against women in order to work better together. Lack of resources and an unclear division of responsibility is mentioned as reasons why collaboration sometimes does not work optimally. With the help of interaction theory, we analyzed the results and conclude that the proper collaboration requires certain factors, such as common goals, adequate resources, common understanding, clear responsibilities and roles. Our interpretation is that the informants experience a need of the above factors to be implemented into the collaboration.

Våld mot kvinnor är ett allvarligt samhällsproblem och enligt socialtjänstlagen skall dessa kvinnor särskilt beaktas. I den tidigare forskning vi har tagit del av finns det bristande underlag kring vilka insatser som våldsutsatta kvinnor är i behov av. Det finns även brist på forskning som undersöker kvinnornas egna upplevelser av de insatser som erbjuds. Syftet med vår studie är att genom kvalitativa intervjuer med kvinnor som varit utsatta för våld skapa en ökad förståelse för vilken betydelse det har haft för dem att delta i en gruppverksamhet genom att lyfta kvinnornas subjektiva upplevelser. Vi har använt oss av semistrukturerade intervjuer och intervjuat fyra kvinnor som har deltagit i en gruppverksamhet. Vi hoppas att vår studie kan lyfta våldsutsatta kvinnors upplevelser av att delta i en gruppverksamhet ur ett brukarperspektiv då vi upplever att detta saknas i tidigare forskning. Vår studie har en abduktiv ansats vilket innebär att vi inte utgått från teori när vi formulerat forskningsfrågan utan i stället valt en teori kring erkännande efter att vi började bearbeta vårt resultat. Vårt intervjumaterial har analyserats med hjälp av tidigare forskning på området och Axel Honneths teori om erkännande. I vår studie kom vi fram till att kvinnorna upplevde gruppen som lyhörd och förstående. De upplevde gruppen som trygg i och med att det var en kvinnogrupp där alla hade liknande erfarenhet. Detta bidrog även till att de kände sig förstådda och mindre ensamma om sin situation. Kvinnorna uppgav även att det fått ökad förståelse för sig själva och det som skett och att denna förståelse varit viktig för att kunna bearbeta och läka från sina erfarenheter. Vi kan konstatera att våldsutsatta kvinnor är en heterogen grupp med skiftande behov. Vissa hade haft nytta av ytterligare insatser både innan och efter gruppen.

Objectifs: Cette étude a documenté la collaboration intersectorielle entre les agents de santé communautaires (ASC) et les enseignants visant à combattre la violence à l’égard des femmes et des filles à Vulindlela, une communauté rurale Sud-Africaine. La collaboration entre ces acteurs, les facteurs qui influencent leur collaboration et les avenues possibles pour une amélioration de cette collaboration ont été explorés. Méthodes: Six ASC et cinq enseignants ont pris part à cette recherche participative qui a inclut l'utilisation du dessin comme méthodologie visuelle. La collecte de données a été réalisée en quatre phases, avec un total de huit entretiens de groupes. La stratégie d’analyse principale a inclus une approche dirigée du contenu narratif et une approche de comparaison constante. Résultats: Le système de collaboration entre les enseignants et les ASC manque de définition et ces acteurs ne peuvent donc en faire l’utilisation. Par conséquent la collaboration actuelle entre ces acteurs a été jugée peu développé, impromptue et informelle. De nombreuses contraintes à la collaboration ont été identifiées, y compris le manque de motivation de la part des enseignants, la nature des relations entre les acteurs, et la capacité individuelle limitée des ASC. Conclusion: Compte tenu des nombreuses contraintes à la collaboration entre ces ASC et les enseignants, il n'est pas évident que cette collaboration conduira aux résultats espérés. Dans l'absence de motivation suffisante et d’une prise de conscience réaliste des défis par les acteurs eux-mêmes, les initiatives externes pour améliorer la collaboration sont peu susceptibles de succès. / Objectives: This study had for objective to document intersectoral collaboration (ISC) between community health workers (CHWs) and teachers aimed at addressing violence against women and girls (VAW/G) in Vulindlela, a rural South African community. The current collaborative paths bringing CHWs and teachers together, the factors that influence their collaboration and potential avenues for future improvement of this collaborative were explored. Methods: A total of six CHWs and five teachers took part in this participatory research which included the use of drawing as a visual methodology. Data collection was divided into four phases and included a total of eight group interviews. The analysis of group interviews utilized a directed approach to narrative data analysis, and a constant comparative approach was used in the analysis of the participants` drawings. Results: There are no well-defined collaborative systems that CHWs and teachers are able to make use of. Consequently teacher-CHW collaboration was found to be poorly developed, unplanned and informal. Numerous barriers were identified as impeding collaboration including the teachers’ lack of motivation to collaborate, the nature of the relationships between these groups of actors and the CHWs’ overall lack of individual capacity. Conclusion: Given the numerous challenges facing collaboration between these CHWs and teacher, it is not clear that such collaboration would necessarily lead to effective outcomes. In the absence of sufficient motivation and a realistic awareness of the challenges from the actors themselves, external initiatives to foster collaboration are unlikely to be successful.

<p>The thesis firstly looks at how women&rsquo / s right to freedom from violence has developed in international (global) human rights law since the early 1990s. In this regard, the study finds that while the issue of violence against women (and women&rsquo / s rights generally) was barely on the international human rights agenda at the beginning of this period, an enormous degree of development has subsequently taken place. Through the adoption of documents such as General Recommendation No. 19 by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the Declaration on Elimination of Violence against Women and the Beijing Declaration and Platform of Action, international norms and standards were set regarding role of the State in providing women with protection against violence.</p>

The aim of this study is to understand which strategies helped women escape honourbased violence, by reading the autobiographies of seven women. Honourbased violence is a relatively new problem in Sweden, but it has existed for a long time. According to FN (2012) 5000 women are murdered every year in the name of honour. Honourbased violence is about maintaining the honour of the family. Womens sexuality is connected to men´s honour, and because of that they are not allowed to express it. They are being under constant control and surveillance by their family, to make sure they don´t violate the line. The father of the family has the right to make all the decisions of the whole family. In some cases, this leads to woman wanting liberation and successfully escape, starting a new life. In this study we wanted to investigate which persons and organizations meant the most to those women, during their journey. The study also investigates which strategies they used to become free. To help us analyze our result we used a theory based on power. We mean that honourbased violence rely on power and it´s structures, to maintain men´s power over women. We used a qualitative method using textual analyses. Results show that both single individuals and also organizations helped them escape. The most important strategies turned out to be hope, acceptance, denial, isolation, escape, resistance and even suicide attempt.