Violence against women is a problem in all countries in the world, including the small autonomy of the Åland Islands. The violence ranges from psychological threats to femicide. In the Åland Islands the issue has been placed on the agenda of politicians and the authorities, while reports about severe violence against women have been brought to the public. In Åland no scientific research on violence against women has been performed. The overall aim of this dissertation is to gain a deeper insight into how battered women in Åland are cared for by nurses, and how the official organizations have responded to the government policy directives. In this thesis, the first study, a descriptive survey, describes how nurses identify and support battered women. In the second and third studies, the method of grounded theory was used to explore the experiences and perceptions of nurses and battered women of violence against women. In the fourth study a case study approach was used to explore government policies for intimate partner violence. The main findings in this thesis are that battered women used health services to receive help. We found that nurses identified and supported abused women, even though services for these women were inadequate. Nurses were willing to help the women, but they often lacked support. Battered women reported that they received ad hoc help. They were often left alone, dependent on a nearby person to escape, survive, and recover. Another finding was that the Government of the Åland Islands demanded that the official organizations should allocate services to battered women, but the organizations’ response to the directives had some limitations. From a public health perspective, the phenomenon presents an urgent challenge. Overall, the public health community can and should contribute greatly towards the understanding, prevention, and control of violence by applying and adapting already constructed principles, and by implementing strategies. / Våld mot kvinnor är ett problem som förekommer i alla länder I världen inkluderat det lilla autonoma området Åland. Fenomenet kan jämföras med terror. Våld mot kvinnor utövas i former från hot till mord. På Åland har problemet lyfts fram både genom politikers som tjänstemäns agendor, samtidigt som rapporter om allvarligt förekommande våld mot kvinnor rapporterats till allmänhetens kännedom. Våld mot kvinnor har inte studerats genom vetenskaplig forskning på Åland. Huvudsyftet med denna avhandling är att uppnå fördjupade insikter angående hur våldsutsatta kvinnor bemöts av sjukskötare och hur de offentliga organisationerna agerat utifrån regeringens direktiv. I denna avhandling är den första studien en beskrivande undersökning som beskriver hur sjukskötare identifierar och hjälper våldsutsatta kvinnor. Den andra och tredje studien har använtgrounded theory för att studera sjukskötare och våldsutsatta kvinnors erfarenheter och uppfattningar angående våld mot kvinnor. Den fjärde studien en case study studie har undersökt regeringens riktlinjer angående våld mot kvinnor. Huvudfynden i denna avhandling visar att våldsutsatta kvinnor söker hjälp från hälsovården. Vi fann att sjukskötare identifierar och stöder våldsutsatta kvinnor även då servicen var otillräcklig. Sjukskötare var villiga att hjälpa kvinnorna men de saknade ofta själva stöd. Våldsutsatta kvinnor rapporterade att de erbjöds en hjälp som de uppfattade som ad hoc. De var ofta lämnade ensamma helt beroende av en närstående person för att kunna fly, överleva, och återhämta sig. Ett annat fynd var att Ålands landskapsregering hade uppmanat de offentliga organisationerna att erbjuda service till våldsutsatta kvinnor, men organisationernas respons var begränsade. Fenomenet utgör en akut utmaning sett utifrån ett folkhälsoperspektiv. Slutligen, de ansvariga för folkhälsan i samhället kan och borde bidra med förståelse, prevention, och kontroll av våldet genom att tillämpa och anpassa redan konstruerade principer, och genom en implementering av åtgärder.

Of all the countries studied in the large-scale WHO Multi-country Study on Women´s Health and Domestic Violence against Women (2005), Ethiopian women had the highest numbers of acceptance of intimate partner violence. And according to previous research on the subject, Ethiopian women have a high tolerance for and acceptance of the violence they endure. Yet when I interviewed women in Ethiopia (all of whom had been victims of violence) I discovered multiple forms of resistance to - rather than acceptance of - violence. Rather than confirming how women come to accept violence, my study uncovers many ways in which women resist violence, even in contexts where the available means of resistance are extremely limited.The aim of my inductive study is to begin to do justice to these forms of resistance, which are easily overlooked. First, as I argue in the analyses of my interviews with the women, our ability to discern forms of resistance in situations of intimate partner violence requires a more capacious notion of resistance than the one usually employed. Second, as I argue through my engagement with the previous research and the analyses of my interviews with women’s organizations in Ethiopia, the inability to discern multiple and varied forms of resistance leads one to underestimate the degree of non-acceptance and active resistance in situations of intimate partner violence. Thus, while my limited study does not permit general conclusions about violence against women in Ethiopia, I conclude by suggesting that my findings have two important implications for social work, one theoretical and one practical.

This paper analyzes how female leaders affect the attitudes towards women in Nicaragua and Brazil. It discusses general and specific literature on the historical and current situations in each country. It analyzes the effects colonialism, culture, religion, traditions and the law have on the perceptions of women. The paper further analyzes and measures how past and current female leaders like President Violeta Barrios de Chamorro and President Dilma Rouseff affect people’s views towards women. The rates of violence against woman and domestic abuse in Nicaragua and Brazil are analyzed and compared to Latin America and the world. This paper argues that women in positions of leadership lead to changes in the general attitudes towards women, but it is not clear if women leaders decrease the rates of violence against women.

This is an arts-informed qualitative research study looking at violence against women and how it affects their educational outcomes. It uses an art installation in which the narratives of the women involved are combined with photographs and real world objects in which viewers take on a ‘walking meditation’ as well as the use of participation stations for viewer feedback and further sharing of stories anonymously. This project is based on the belief that through a feminist research lens, participatory practice with the use of storytelling can be a form of transformation in community development.

This study analyses the legitimation of violence against women in Colombia, using critical discourse analysis to explore attitudes related to violence, gender, and power. Internet forums from the website of the Colombian newspaper El Tiempo provide everyday examples of talk about two incidents of violence against women (VAW), a sexual assault and a wife-beating, both of which triggered a large scale reaction from the Colombian public. Colombia is a unique context to study the normalisation of VAW. This nation has been characterised by high levels of violence over the last sixty years, suffering through evolving stages of armed conflict. Militarisation has been shown to increase the occurrence of VAW (Kelly, 2000), and the normalisation of VAW may intensify as well in militarily violent contexts (Hume, 2004; McWilliams, 1998). Critical discourse analysis offers theory and methodology to examine an aspect of life in terms of social justice and power (Fairclough, 2003; Resende, 2009), denaturalising the discursive practices which help to produce and reproduce power relations between social groups (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997; van Dijk, 1993). This study examines legitimation, a social action realised in discourse, which has the goal of setting and reinforcing a certain social order. The project also explores how legitimation in these forums is tied to Colombian culture and the topic of VAW. Drawing on the methods of van Dijk (1988, 1998, 2001) ,Wood and Kroger (2000), and grounded theory (Corbin & Strauss, 2008), multiple readings of the forums elicited salient themes as well as discursive strategies used to carry out legitimation of VAW. These were analysed in terms of underlying social beliefs prevailing in Colombian society. Dominant themes emerging from analysis of the sexual assault forums include: ‘“real” violence is more important’; ‘this incident was not a big deal’; ‘it’s her fault anyway’; and ‘she should have appreciated it’. These manifest the dominant strategies and structures of contrasts, minimisation, victim blaming, and romanticisation/sexualisation, respectively. Analysis of the wife-beating forums reveals the following themes: ‘this is not related to me’; ‘wife-beating is a private issue’; ‘domestic violence is normal and even important’; ‘it is the victim’s responsibility to change’; and ‘the victim deserves this violence’. Dominant strategies included respectively: distancing explanations and solutions, discourses of privacy, normalising violence, focusing on the victim, and victim blaming. The forum analyses illustrate how legitimation relates to Colombian culture and the topic of VAW. Numerous elements of culture and topic are used to criticise women’s agency and suggest that women ought to be passive and silent. In one culture-related example, the Colombian reiteration of violent events works to silence women’s stories about their experiences of VAW. Another strong element of culture is found in Colombian sayings and proverbs presenting a common knowledge discourse normalising VAW as romantic, sexual and necessary. Discourses used more universally to justify VAW include the idea that women belong in the private sphere and the psychopathologisation of women as attention-seeking and slutty. These elements work together to suggest that women are strong, sexual, and dangerous, needing violence from an authority to keep them uncomplaining and submissive. This work can inform future studies about discourse concerning VAW in Hispanic contexts, sketching in a little-studied disciplinary intersection. As this research participates in the aims of feminist critical discourse analysis, it is hoped that the present study will also be used for critical campaigns aimed at media specialists and educators so that they may create greater awareness and promote change, pointing out and discouraging these discourses legitimating violence against women in Colombia.

This study analyses the legitimation of violence against women in Colombia, using critical discourse analysis to explore attitudes related to violence, gender, and power. Internet forums from the website of the Colombian newspaper El Tiempo provide everyday examples of talk about two incidents of violence against women (VAW), a sexual assault and a wife-beating, both of which triggered a large scale reaction from the Colombian public. Colombia is a unique context to study the normalisation of VAW. This nation has been characterised by high levels of violence over the last sixty years, suffering through evolving stages of armed conflict. Militarisation has been shown to increase the occurrence of VAW (Kelly, 2000), and the normalisation of VAW may intensify as well in militarily violent contexts (Hume, 2004; McWilliams, 1998). Critical discourse analysis offers theory and methodology to examine an aspect of life in terms of social justice and power (Fairclough, 2003; Resende, 2009), denaturalising the discursive practices which help to produce and reproduce power relations between social groups (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997; van Dijk, 1993). This study examines legitimation, a social action realised in discourse, which has the goal of setting and reinforcing a certain social order. The project also explores how legitimation in these forums is tied to Colombian culture and the topic of VAW. Drawing on the methods of van Dijk (1988, 1998, 2001) ,Wood and Kroger (2000), and grounded theory (Corbin & Strauss, 2008), multiple readings of the forums elicited salient themes as well as discursive strategies used to carry out legitimation of VAW. These were analysed in terms of underlying social beliefs prevailing in Colombian society. Dominant themes emerging from analysis of the sexual assault forums include: ‘“real” violence is more important’; ‘this incident was not a big deal’; ‘it’s her fault anyway’; and ‘she should have appreciated it’. These manifest the dominant strategies and structures of contrasts, minimisation, victim blaming, and romanticisation/sexualisation, respectively. Analysis of the wife-beating forums reveals the following themes: ‘this is not related to me’; ‘wife-beating is a private issue’; ‘domestic violence is normal and even important’; ‘it is the victim’s responsibility to change’; and ‘the victim deserves this violence’. Dominant strategies included respectively: distancing explanations and solutions, discourses of privacy, normalising violence, focusing on the victim, and victim blaming. The forum analyses illustrate how legitimation relates to Colombian culture and the topic of VAW. Numerous elements of culture and topic are used to criticise women’s agency and suggest that women ought to be passive and silent. In one culture-related example, the Colombian reiteration of violent events works to silence women’s stories about their experiences of VAW. Another strong element of culture is found in Colombian sayings and proverbs presenting a common knowledge discourse normalising VAW as romantic, sexual and necessary. Discourses used more universally to justify VAW include the idea that women belong in the private sphere and the psychopathologisation of women as attention-seeking and slutty. These elements work together to suggest that women are strong, sexual, and dangerous, needing violence from an authority to keep them uncomplaining and submissive. This work can inform future studies about discourse concerning VAW in Hispanic contexts, sketching in a little-studied disciplinary intersection. As this research participates in the aims of feminist critical discourse analysis, it is hoped that the present study will also be used for critical campaigns aimed at media specialists and educators so that they may create greater awareness and promote change, pointing out and discouraging these discourses legitimating violence against women in Colombia.

This study analyses the legitimation of violence against women in Colombia, using critical discourse analysis to explore attitudes related to violence, gender, and power. Internet forums from the website of the Colombian newspaper El Tiempo provide everyday examples of talk about two incidents of violence against women (VAW), a sexual assault and a wife-beating, both of which triggered a large scale reaction from the Colombian public. Colombia is a unique context to study the normalisation of VAW. This nation has been characterised by high levels of violence over the last sixty years, suffering through evolving stages of armed conflict. Militarisation has been shown to increase the occurrence of VAW (Kelly, 2000), and the normalisation of VAW may intensify as well in militarily violent contexts (Hume, 2004; McWilliams, 1998). Critical discourse analysis offers theory and methodology to examine an aspect of life in terms of social justice and power (Fairclough, 2003; Resende, 2009), denaturalising the discursive practices which help to produce and reproduce power relations between social groups (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997; van Dijk, 1993). This study examines legitimation, a social action realised in discourse, which has the goal of setting and reinforcing a certain social order. The project also explores how legitimation in these forums is tied to Colombian culture and the topic of VAW. Drawing on the methods of van Dijk (1988, 1998, 2001) ,Wood and Kroger (2000), and grounded theory (Corbin & Strauss, 2008), multiple readings of the forums elicited salient themes as well as discursive strategies used to carry out legitimation of VAW. These were analysed in terms of underlying social beliefs prevailing in Colombian society. Dominant themes emerging from analysis of the sexual assault forums include: ‘“real” violence is more important’; ‘this incident was not a big deal’; ‘it’s her fault anyway’; and ‘she should have appreciated it’. These manifest the dominant strategies and structures of contrasts, minimisation, victim blaming, and romanticisation/sexualisation, respectively. Analysis of the wife-beating forums reveals the following themes: ‘this is not related to me’; ‘wife-beating is a private issue’; ‘domestic violence is normal and even important’; ‘it is the victim’s responsibility to change’; and ‘the victim deserves this violence’. Dominant strategies included respectively: distancing explanations and solutions, discourses of privacy, normalising violence, focusing on the victim, and victim blaming. The forum analyses illustrate how legitimation relates to Colombian culture and the topic of VAW. Numerous elements of culture and topic are used to criticise women’s agency and suggest that women ought to be passive and silent. In one culture-related example, the Colombian reiteration of violent events works to silence women’s stories about their experiences of VAW. Another strong element of culture is found in Colombian sayings and proverbs presenting a common knowledge discourse normalising VAW as romantic, sexual and necessary. Discourses used more universally to justify VAW include the idea that women belong in the private sphere and the psychopathologisation of women as attention-seeking and slutty. These elements work together to suggest that women are strong, sexual, and dangerous, needing violence from an authority to keep them uncomplaining and submissive. This work can inform future studies about discourse concerning VAW in Hispanic contexts, sketching in a little-studied disciplinary intersection. As this research participates in the aims of feminist critical discourse analysis, it is hoped that the present study will also be used for critical campaigns aimed at media specialists and educators so that they may create greater awareness and promote change, pointing out and discouraging these discourses legitimating violence against women in Colombia.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Esta dissertação detém-se sobre a violência de gênero que ocorre em territórios de conflito armado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, nos quais a intervenção do Estado restringe-se, no mais das vezes, em combater o crime organizado. As características particulares de cada favela imprimem à habitual violência contra a mulher, traços diacríticos que, a um só tempo, obliteram as formas legais de enfrentamento e criam alternativas singulares para responder ao evento de agressão. O projeto das Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora (UPPs) propõe a reconfiguração dos poderes, das figuras de autoridades e das regras que regem esse espaço, desobstruindo, ao menos em tese, antigos entraves no acesso à justiça e ao Estado. Interessa investigar, neste cenário em mutação, as representações sociais nativas sobre a violência de gênero, os atores envolvidos e as estratégias de ação adotadas pelas mulheres na tentativa de interromper as agressões perpetradas por seus parceiros, em quatro comunidades pacificadas: Complexo do Alemão, Morro da Formiga, Chapéu Mangueira e Babilônia. A realização do trabalho de campo e de entrevistas em profundidade permitiu reconstituir o panorama anterior à chegada das UPPs e as alterações das dinâmicas sociais por ela promovidas, com base nas narrativas dos moradores de cada localidade e policiais pertencentes ao programa. A pesquisa demonstra que algumas políticas públicas podem produzir efeitos imprevistos e interferir na vida privada. Destaca-se, além disso, que embora as favelas guardem entre si similaridades, suas especificidades irredutíveis engendram resultados díspares quando submetidas a determinadas políticas. Aborda-se por fim, as assimetrias de gênero que adquirem contornos particulares nas circunstâncias próprias do conflito armado urbano, emergindo no contexto da saúde como agravamento das vulnerabilidades da condição feminina. Compreender e revelar os caminhos que as tentativas de interrupção da violência de gênero vêm sendo adotadas em algumas favelas pacificadas constitui objetivo deste estudo.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:47:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 1622450 bytes, checksum: 0d0600b81af19837958ce065f91e620e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Marital violence represents a type of aggression perpetrated against women by someone who shares with her an affective and/or intimate relationship. The relevance of this topic is related to the diversity and severity of violent acts, as well as to the serious consequences on the health of the victimized woman, in addition to social, cultural and economic consequences. Its occurrence has been attributed to many causes; among them is the cultural background as a result of the historically produced gender inequality. Understanding the various interfaces of violence by managers and different areas of knowledge helps broaden the possibilities of combating this phenomenon, since it may subsidize these professionals in planning and decision making aimed at the prevention of marital violence related-factors. In this respect, this study had as general purpose to investigate the factors associated with marital violence in the city of João Pessoa, PB, in order to support managers in public policy development and decision-making process in the field of women's health. The specific aims were: to identify personal, social and economic issues related to marital violence; to investigate the association between these factors and marital violence; and to analyze the possibilities / limitations of conducts that can be undertaken by managers in the decision-making process targeting the prevention and / or control of marital violence. It was carried out an analytical research with quantitative approach, whose tool of statistical analysis was the Logistic Regression. This study was accomplished at the Specialized Police Service to Women of the city of João Pessoa, PB. A total of 291 women aged 18 years were selected to compose the sample, of which 206 had suffered marital violence and 85 had not, at least one year prior to this study. The study variables were addressed in a questionnaire and used to obtain the probabilistic model including five variables statistically associated to the occurrence of marital violence, as follows: occupation, history of previous violence (for women) and marital status, income, and history of family violence (for aggressors). The Odds Ratio, obtained from the aforementioned variables, showed that being retired or pensioner reduces by nearly nine times the chance of women experiencing violence by the partner, and that the fact of having suffered violence earlier increases the chance of suffering violence again at almost five times. With regard to male characteristics, being married reduces by almost twice the chance of making any aggression upon the partner. The chance of practicing aggression increases twice when he has income less than two and a half minimum wages and has history of family violence. Thus, marital violence is related to personal, social and economic issues related to the women investigated and aggressors. Taking into account that one of the barriers to prevent violence lies in the unawareness of its associated factors, this study provides managers with the possibility of diagnosing, analyzing, and planning appropriate strategies and actions for reducing the multiple causes of violence. / A violência conjugal corresponde a um tipo de agressão perpetrada contra a mulher por alguém que compartilha com ela uma relação afetiva e/ou íntima. A relevância desse tema está relacionada à diversidade e gravidade dos atos violentos, bem como, às sérias consequências à saúde da mulher vitimizada, além dos efeitos sociais, culturais e econômicos. A ocorrência da violência tem sido atribuída a múltiplas causas, entre elas, a de ordem cultural - resultado da desigualdade de gênero historicamente produzida. A compreensão das várias interfaces da violência por gestore(a)s e por diferentes áreas do conhecimento amplia as possibilidades de combate a esse fenômeno, uma vez que poderá subsidiá-los no planejamento e tomada de decisão voltada à prevenção dos fatores que estão associados à violência conjugal. Nesse sentido, esse estudo teve como objetivo geral: investigar os fatores que se associam à violência conjugal no município de João Pessoa para subsidiar os gestores na elaboração de políticas públicas e no processo de tomada de decisão na área da saúde da mulher. Os objetivos específicos foram: Identificar fatores pessoais, sociais e econômicos relacionados à violência conjugal; verificar a associação entre esses fatores à violência conjugal; e analisar as possibilidades/limites de medidas que possam ser empregadas pelos gestores no processo de tomada de decisão para prevenção e/ou controle da violência conjugal. Para atender aos objetivos, realizou-se uma pesquisa do tipo analítico, com abordagem quantitativa, cuja ferramenta de análise estatística dos dados foi a Regressão Logística. O local do estudo foi a Delegacia Especializada de Atendimento à Mulher do município de João Pessoa, onde foi selecionada uma amostra de 291 mulheres maiores de 18 anos, das quais 206 sofreram violência conjugal e 85 não sofreram violência conjugal a menos de um ano. As variáveis do estudo foram levantadas em um questionário e utilizadas para a obtenção do modelo probabilístico contendo cinco variáveis associadas estatisticamente à ocorrência da violência conjugal, sendo elas: profissão e história de violência anterior referentes às mulheres - e estado civil, renda e história de violência na família relacionadas aos agressores. A Razão de Chance, obtidas a partir das variáveis citadas, demonstrou que ser aposentada ou pensionista diminui a chance da mulher sofrer violência pelo parceiro em quase nove vezes e a situação de ter sofrido violência anterior aumenta a chance de sofrer a violência novamente em quase cinco vezes. Com relação às características masculinas, ser casado reduz em quase duas vezes a chance de praticar a agressão contra a parceira. A chance de praticar a agressão aumenta em duas vezes quando ele tem renda menor que dois salários mínimos e meio e tem história de violência na família. Portanto, a violência conjugal está relacionada a fatores de ordem pessoal, social e econômica relacionados às mulheres investigadas e aos agressores. Considerando que uma das barreiras à prevenção da violência configura-se no desconhecimento dos seus fatores associados, este estudo oferece a possibilidade de subsidiar gestores a diagnosticar, analisar e planejar as estratégias e ações adequadas à redução das múltiplas causas da violência.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:46:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarwylaGL_DISSERT.pdf: 1835757 bytes, checksum: 903840c5717708199f06b9fc18d0784e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Cotidianamente, as mulheres s?o v?timas de uma viol?ncia espec?fica perpetrada pelos companheiros. Esses, tomados pelo sentimento de posse, superioridade e domina??o, a praticam contra a mulher, na esfera de uma rela??o ?ntima de afeto, no ?mbito dom?stico onde se d?o as rela??es de familiaridade. Esse tipo espec?fico de crime foi, no dia 06 de outubro de 2006, contemplado com o advento da Lei 11.340/06, conhecida como Lei Maria da Penha, que ? a primeira Lei espec?fica de combate a viol?ncia de g?nero praticada as mulheres. Essa viol?ncia foi por muitos anos invisibilizada, sendo somente na d?cada de 70, ap?s o acontecimento de v?rios crimes passionais que ocorreram nesse per?odo, que o movimento feminista conseguiu, por interm?dio de v?rios atos p?blicos, publicizar a viol?ncia de g?nero perpetrada as mulheres. A partir da d?cada de 80, as feministas come?aram a lutar pelas primeiras pol?ticas p?blicas de combate a essa viol?ncia, o que proporcionou a cria??o da primeira DEAM que, apesar de representar uma grande conquista para as mulheres por criminalizar os atos de viol?ncia, sem uma lei espec?fica para lhe dar suporte, e tendo em vista que os profissionais que nela atuavam n?o eram sensibilizados(as) para compreender o comportamento amb?guo das mulheres - de sa?da e retorno da rela??o-, pouco se avan?ou nesse sentido. Em 2005, o Poder Judici?rio preocupado com a falta de celeridade processual e entendendo que a concilia??o seria uma proposta vi?vel para seu desafogamento, promulgou a Lei 9.099/95 fazendo surgir no pa?s a figura dos Juizados Especiais Criminais, constitu?dos para julgar os crimes de menor potencial ofensivo, onde foi abarcado o crime de viol?ncia de g?nero contra a mulher, constituindo um retrocesso na luta pelo fim dessa viol?ncia. Em 2006, com o advento da Lei Maria da Penha, surgem a figura dos Juizados de Viol?ncia Dom?stica e Familiar Contra a Mulher, com compet?ncia civil e criminal devolvendo ?s DEAM?s seu objeto prim?rio de interven??o e retomando o Inqu?rito policial. Em Natal, resultado da pesquisa realizada com 5 profissionais das ?reas jur?dico/policial, p?de-se obter como resultado que, os(as) aplicadores de ambas as ?reas tem um entendimento limitado acerca da categoria g?nero, fundamental para entender esse tipo penal; apenas um, dos cinco entrevistados n?o foram capacitados para aplicarem a Lei; que apesar da exist?ncia de uma rede social de apoio ?s v?timas, essa n?o se d? de forma articulada; que a maior prote??o ofertada ? v?tima ? a casa-abrigo e outras medidas protetivas de urg?ncia. Entre tantos limites encontrados para aplica??o da Lei, est?o: a falta de uma estrutura adequada, falta de um trabalho com o agressor e o fato da Lei ser condicionada a representa??o da ofendida. Entre os avan?os, p?de-se destacar as medidas protetivas de urg?ncia como sendo aquilo de mais inovador e ?gil proporcionado pela Lei