Magister Public Health - MPH / Antiretroviral regimens have side effects that can threaten adherence by patients resulting in evolution of viral resistance due to suboptimal drug levels. Studies have shown that drug adherence of at least 80% can result in viral load suppression. There is no literature on the association between the level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy and the degree of virological suppression in Namibia. The aim of the present study was to determine the therapeutic and virological outcomes in HIV/AIDS patients at 6 and 12 months after initiation of highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in an urban population in Namibia. The distribution of viral load results showed a low uptake (35%) of virological monitoring at 6 month time point and even lower (12%) at 12 months. A conservative viral load threshold for virological response is required in the Namibian setting. The current adherence level of >80% encourage increased ARV therapy rollout. Poor virological outcome was associated with self-reported adherence. / South Africa

Les entérovirus humains (EV) constituent un groupe de virus à ARN d'une grande diversité génétique. Ils sont responsables d'infections cérébrales graves mais rares et de méningites bénignes mais fréquentes. Les évènements conduisant à l'entrée des EVs dans le système nerveux central (SNC), l'importance de la charge virale dans le liquide céphalo rachidien (LCR) et sa corrélation éventuelle avec l'intensité du processus inflammatoire réactionnel restent peu explorés. Comme de nombreux génotypes d'EV sont associés à des manifestations neurologiques semblables, des processus pathologiques communs sont envisageables. Le premier volet de cette thèse avait pour objectif d'étudier prospectivement la charge virale EV dans le LCR de patients présentant une méningite à l'aide d'une technique de RT-QPCR. Nos résultats montrent que les différences significatives de charge virale retrouvées dans le LCR en fonction de l'âge, des leucocytes et de la protéinorachie sont reliées au génotype de l'EV responsable de l'infection. Le second volet de cette thèse avait pour but d'explorer l'hypothèse qu'une infection de la barrière hémato-Encéphalique (BHE), peut représenter une voie d'accès commune à une majorité d'EVs vers le SNC. La réplication et la translocation des EVs ont été évaluées avec un modèle in vitro de BHE basé sur la lignée cellulaire hCMEC/D3. Nous avons validé ce modèle cellulaire en montrant une permissivité différentielle à un large éventail d'EVs et montré les spécificités du franchissement de cette barrière par l'EV-A71. Ces données soulèvent la question de l'origine de l'ARN EV dans le LCR au cours des premiers stades d'une méningite. / Human enteroviruses (EV) are RNA viruses characterized by a large genetic variability. They are associated with severe but rare neurological infections and frequent but self-Limiting meningitis. The processes of entry into the central nervous system (CNS), the level of EV viral load in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its possible relation to the intensity of the associated inflammatory process remain poorly understood. As several EV genotypes are related to common neurological disorders, common pathological processes may be involved. In the first part of this PhD thesis, we have prospectively investigated the EV viral load in the CSF of patients with meningitis using a RT-QPCR assay. Our results showed that significant differences between viral load levels and the age groups, the leukocytes count, the protein levels in the CSF, and with the EV genotype involved in the infection. We also explored the hypothesis that an infection of the blood brain barrier (BBB) could be a common pathway used by EVs released in the bloodstream to gain access into the CNS. The EV replication and translocation were analyzed with an in vitro model of BBB based on the hCMEC/D3 cell line. We validated this cell model by showing different permissivity patterns among a large array of EV genotypes. In addition, we showed the specificities in how the EV-A71 crosses the endothelial barrier. The overall data raise the unresolved issue of the origin of viral RNA in the CSF and the sources of infection during the early acute stage of EV meningitis.

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has affected all parts of the world, and as of 2019, more than 76 million people have been infected by HIV. South Africa has the largest population of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the world and the highest infected group were aged 24 to 49, and females had the highest percentage in viral load suppression for all age groups. HIV infection leads to advanced loss of CD4 T cells and the roll out of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has bring about in significant cutbacks in HIV-associated complications by recovering the CD4+ T cell count. Some patients may not be successful in attaining this result, and some may accomplish it only after a number years of treatment. The disease progression and the health conditions amongst People Living with HIV-AIDS (PLWA) has improved substantially in the past two decades. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the disease progression of the patients initiated on ART from 2017 to 2019 at the University of Limpopo Health Centre, in Limpopo province. Methodology: A descriptive retrospective investigation was carried out which followed a quantitative approach in which secondary data from medical files of 259 patients initiated on ART at University of Limpopo Health Centre was used. where outcomes of ART initiation assessed and evaluated in association with characteristics of patients. Data analysis was done using the STATA statistical software version 12 for Windows (STATA Corporation, College Station, Texas). Frequency tables were used to make comparisons between groups for continuous and categorical variables using student t-test, and chi-square test. P-value less than 0.05 at 95% confidence level were regarded as significant. Results: The research finding revealed 80.0% of the study participants were females and the mean age group of participants diagnosed HIV positive was 28.28 years with standard deviation of ±7.5. The mean of the CD4 count cells at baseline for females was 411.4 cells/μL while for males was 341.2 cells/μL (p=0.212). The mean CD4 count cells at last ART visit for females was 613.7 cells/μL while for males was 452.9 cells/μL (p<0.001). There has been significant increase of the CD4 cell count from the baseline to the last ART visit as it is noted in the increase in proportion of patients with CD4 cell count of more than 500 in all the years. The proportion of patients with baseline CD4 cell count of 200 to 350 (moderate immunodepression) were high in 2019 and 2017 at 40.6% and 40.3% respectively. Majority of the patients were transferred out to other facilities at 79.4% as most patients are students and only 2.3% mortality rate has been reported for the study period. Majority of the patients initiated on ART at University of Limpopo were in WHO stage 2 at 45.5% followed by those in stage 3 and stage 1 at 22.2% and 21.8% respectively. Patients who were 24 years or older were 1.1 times more likely to have improved CD4 cell count at the last date of ART visit as compared to younger patients but not statistically significant while males were 3.5 times more likely to have improved CD4 cell count at the last date of ART visit as compared to females which was statistically significant. Patients who were initiated on ART at WHO stage 4 were 6.67 more likely to have improved CD4 cell count at the last date of ART visit as compared to those who were initiated on ART at WHO stage 1. Conclusion: The treatment progression in the study setting was found to be convincing and acceptable which is similar to the findings reported in other studies in many other countries. The significance of CD4 cell counts monitoring for HIV patients cannot be overemphasised. This study recommends a strengthened testing and treatment programme targeted males amongst the university community, enhance provider provider relationship when patients are transferred out to other health facilities, enhance the collection of baseline and progressive data on both the CD4 cell count and viral load.

No description available.

<p dir="ltr">Since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, 85.6 million people worldwide have become infected with HIV; more than half of whom have died from AIDS-related complications.[1] Sustained viral suppression below the clinically relevant threshold (1000 copies per mL) with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has proven effective at managing and prolonging the life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLHIV). However, in 2022, 11.3 million PLHIV had still not achieved viral suppression and may become susceptible to both HIV transmission and a variety of opportunistic infections. Of particular importance is the complex issue of patient non-compliance in global HIV management due to social, economic, behavioral, and healthcare access barriers, potentially disconnecting many PLHIV from the HIV care continuum. Therefore, to boost patient engagement in clinical care and to improve overall patient outcomes, new approaches to viral load monitoring practices need to be developed to increase access, particularly in regions of high HIV prevalence.</p><p dir="ltr">Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have emerged as potent tools for monitoring viral load, with reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) being recognized as the benchmark due to its sensitivity and ability for real-time quantification enabled by fluorescence signal emission. Nevertheless, RT-qPCR is burdened by drawbacks including extended processing times, high operational costs, and the requirement for specialized laboratory facilities. In this study, we propose a novel method for HIV-1 viral load monitoring by integrating reverse-transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) with real-time particle diffusometry (PD). This approach allows for the continuous monitoring of changes in the diffusion of 400 nm fluorescent particles during RT-LAMP amplification, targeting the <i>p24</i> gene region of HIV-1 RNA. This enables the real-time detection of amplification curves, achieving a detection sensitivity in water samples as low as 25 virus particles per μL within a short duration of 30 minutes. Additionally, to address challenges related to amplification inhibition in complex human specimens, we developed a power-free sample processing system specifically designed for extracting HIV-1 RNA from both whole blood and plasma.Top of FormBottom of FormThis system modifies a commercially available spin-column protocol by integrating a syringe device and handheld bulb dryer, thus eliminating the requirement for a centrifuge. The adaptation allows for the completion of the entire extraction procedure, encompassing viral lysis, RNA capture, washing, and elution of purified HIV-1 RNA, within a timeframe of less than 16 minutes. Subsequent analyses, including RT-LAMP and RT-qPCR, demonstrate a limit of detection of 100 copies per μL and an average RNA recovery of 32% (for blood) and 70% (for plasma) in the elution fraction. Further investigations emphasize the significant presence of purified RNA in the spin column volume (termed as dead volume), and the cumulative recovered RNA copies align with those obtained using the gold standard centrifugation extraction method. Ultimately, we incorporated the real-time quantitative PD-RT-LAMP assay onto a field-compatible handheld portable platform suitable for field use, featuring built-in quality control measures. This platform enables sample-to-answer viral load testing near the point of care (POC). Subsequently, we undertook essential preparatory steps, such as reagent drying to obviate the need for cold storage, initial device calibration, and hands-on training of laboratory personnel regarding device operation, to validate device performance within a cohort of individuals living with HIV (PLHIV). These innovations facilitate quick and comprehensive viral load determination, offering promise for enhanced HIV management and patient care</p>

L’intégration du génome du virus papilloma humain (VPH) a été reconnu jusqu’`a récemment comme étant un événnement fréquent mais pourtant tardif dans la progression de la maladie du col de l’utérus. La perspective temporelle vient, pourtant, d’être mise au défi par la détection de formes intégrées de VPH dans les tissus normaux et dans les lésions prénéoplasiques. Notre objectif était de déterminer la charge virale de VPH-16 et son état physique dans une série de 220 échantillons provenant de cols uterins normaux et avec des lésions de bas-grade. La technique quantitative de PCR en temps réel, méthode Taqman, nous a permis de quantifier le nombre de copies des gènes E6, E2, et de la B-globine, permettant ainsi l’évaluation de la charge virale et le ratio de E6/E2 pour chaque spécimen. Le ratio E6/E2 de 1.2 ou plus était suggestif d’intégration. Par la suite, le site d’intégration du VPH dans le génome humain a été déterminé par la téchnique de RS-PCR. La charge virale moyenne était de 57.5±324.6 copies d'ADN par cellule et le ratio E6/E2 a évalué neuf échantillons avec des formes d’HPV intégrées. Ces intégrants ont été amplifiés par RS-PCR, suivi de séquençage, et l’homologie des amplicons a été déterminée par le programme BLAST de NCBI afin d’identifier les jonctions virales-humaines. On a réussi `a identifier les jonctions humaines-virales pour le contrôle positif, c'est-à-dire les cellules SiHa, pourtant nous n’avons pas detecté d’intégration par la technique de RS-PCR dans les échantillons de cellules cervicales exfoliées provenant de tissus normaux et de lésions de bas-grade. Le VPH-16 est rarement intégré dans les spécimens de jeunes patientes. / Integration of human papillomavirus (HPV) has, until recently, been a frequent but late event in cervical carcinogenesis. The temporal view has, however, been challenged lately as integrated forms of HPV have been detected even in normal and preneoplastic lesions. Our objective was to describe HPV 16 load and physical state in a series of 220 normal and low grade cervical samples. We used quantitative real-time PCR, Taqman method, targeting E6, E2 and B-globin to calculate the HPV 16 load and the E6/E2 ratio in each sample. An E6/E2 ratio of 1.2 was used as a surrogate marker of integration. The site of integration was determined by restriction site PCR. Results show that the average viral load was 57.5±324.6 copies of DNA per cell, while E6/E2 ratio identified 9 samples with integrants. These integrants underwent amplification by restriction site PCR, followed by sequencing and nucleotide blast to identify the human-viral junctions. In conclusion, although it was possible to identify viral-host junctions with the integration positive control, that is, the SiHa cell line, the exfoliated cells of normal and low grade cervical lesions were negative for integration site by RS-PCR. HPV-16 is seldom integrated in specimens from young patients.

O bocavirus humano (HBoV) é um parvovirus recentemente identificado em associação com a presença de sintomas de infecção do trato respiratório. Esse vírus possui um genoma de aproximadamente 5217 nucleotídeos que contém 3 open reading frames que codificam 4 proteínas (NS1, NP-1, VP-1 e VP-2). HBoV tem sido detectado em amostras respiratórias de diversas partes do mundo, incluindo Austrália, América do Norte, Europa, Ásia e África, o que sugere uma distribuição global desse vírus. Entretanto, nenhum estudo longitudinal de HBoV em amostras respiratórias foi realizado na América Latina. Dessa forma, nós realizamos um estudo prospectivo de HBoV em lavados nasofaríngeos (LFNs) coletados de pacientes com sintomas de infecção do trato respiratório (IRA) atendidos em um hospital universitário de Ribeirão Preto, SP e em um hospital universitário de Salvador, BA no período entre 2005 a 2007. 1288 LFNs de 1217 pacientes foram encaminhados ao laboratório de virologia e foram testados por PCR para HBoV. Desses pacientes, 962 eram menores de 5 anos e 177 eram maiores de 5 anos. Além disso, também foram analisados 50 LFNs de crianças menores de 5 anos que não tinham sintomas respiratórios. Todas as amostras positivas para HBoV foram testadas para todos os outros vírus respiratórios, incluindo o vírus sincicial respiratório (HRSV), rinovirus humano (HRV), influenza humano (HFLU), metapneumovirus humano (HMPV), parainfluenza humano (HPIV), coronavirus humano (HCoV) e adenovirus humano (HAdV). A carga viral de HBoV foi determinada por PCR em tempo real em todas as amostras positivas e o genoma completo de 19 amostras de HBoV foi seqüenciado. Com intuito, de fazer um levantamento sorológico e determinar sítios replicativos de HBoV, nós ainda clonamos e expressamos em S. cerevisae (Y258) o gene de VP2, que codifica uma das proteínas do capsídeo viral. A prevalência desse vírus foi de 4,8% em crianças menores de cinco anos e de 1% em pacientes maiores de cinco anos. HBoV não foi detectado em crianças sem sintomas. Dos 259 pacientes analisados em 2005, 25 (10%) foram positivos para HBoV. Esse vírus circulou mais frequentemente em abril, mês de maior incidência do HRSV. Em 2006, HBoV foi detectado em apenas 10 LFNs de 334 (3%) amostras testadas, sem qualquer pico de freqüência. Em 2007 HBoV foi detectado em 13 de 552 (2%) amostras, com uma freqüência de detecção um pouco maior em junho e julho. Os sintomas mais comumente observados foram rinorréia, tosse, febre e chiado, que foram observados geralmente em mais de 50% dos casos positivos para HBoV. Não houve uma diferença significativa na prevalência desses sintomas entre as crianças positivas e negativas para HBoV. Entretanto, foi observada uma maior freqüência de diarréia entre as crianças com esse vírus. Nesse estudo também foi documentado uma alta freqüência de co-infecções virais entre os pacientes com HBoV. Os vírus mais frequentemente associados com o bocavirus humano foram: HRSV, HRV e HAdV. Além disso, foi detectado uma maior carga viral media e uma maior freqüência de diarréia nos 15 pacientes com infecção exclusiva por HBoV do que nos pacientes com co-infecção. Esses resultados mostraram que HBoV pode alcançar títulos enormes (tão grandes como1014/mL) em LFNs de pacientes com sintomas respiratórios e que isso é associado a de diarréia. O seqüenciamento do genoma inteiro de HBoV realizado nesse estudo indica que a divergência genômica entre as amostras desse vírus é muito pequena. Como conclusão, nós demonstramos que HBoV circula e é detectado em associação com sintomas de infecção respiratória e diarréia no Brasil. Novos estudos, com um longo acompanhamento em diferentes populações serão necessários para determinar a sazonalidade e o real impacto clínico de HBoV em nosso país. / Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus recently identified in association with respiratory tract infections. HBoV 5217 nt genome contains 3 open reading frames encoding four proteins (NS1, NP-1, VP-1 and VP-2). HBoV has been reported in respiratory samples from children in several parts of the world (including Australia, North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa), suggesting that the virus circulates worldwide. However, no longitudinal studies of HBoV in respiratory samples have been reported in Latin America. We report a prospective study of HBoV in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) collected from patients seen for acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) at the University of Sao Paulo Hospital in Ribeirao Preto, southeast Brazil and at the University Hospital in Salvador, Brazil. 1288 NPAs from 1217 patients was submitted to the virology lab for respiratory virus detection from 2005 to 2007 and were screened for HBoV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whom 962 were under 5 years of age and 177 were older than 5 years. In addition, NPAs from 50 children under 12 years without IRA was also tested to HBoV for PCR. All samples positive of HBoV was tested for others respiratory virus, including the human respiratory syncitial virus (HRSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), human influenza (HFLU), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), human coronavirus (HCoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV). These samples had their HBoV viral load determined by real time PCR and the viral entire genome of nineteen HBoV sample was sequenced. We also cloned and expressed in S. cerevisae (Y258) the gene of VP2, one protein of viral capside. The prevalence of this virus was of 4,8% in children under 5 years and 1% in adults, both with IRA. HBoV was not found on the patients without symptoms. In 2005, of the 259 patients tested, 25 (10%) were positive for HBoV. Interestingly, the virus circulated more frequently in April, the month of peak activity of respiratory HRSV. In 2006 HBoV was detected in only 10 NPAs out of 334 samples (3%) tested, without any notable peak of frequency. In 2007 HBoV was detected in 13 out of 552 (2%) tested samples with little higher frequency of detection in June an July. Rhinorrhea, cough, and wheezing were observed in more than 50% of the HBoV-positive children, and no obvious respiratory clinical differences were noted between HBoV-positive and negative children. However, was noted a higher frequency of diarrhea on HBoV-positive patients. In this study was also observed a larger frequency (71%) of viral coinfections between the HBoV-positive patients. The respiratory viruses more frequently associated with human bocavirus were: HRSV, HRV and HAdV. Interestingly, on the 15 HBoV-alone patients was observed a higher viral load and a higher prevalence of diarrhea than HBoV-coinfection patients. These results showed that this virus can reach enormous titles (like 1014) in NPAs from patients with respiratory infection symptoms and this is associated with diahhrea. The entire genome sequencing of HBoV of our study indicates that the genetic divergence between the HBoV lineages is small. In conclusion, we demonstrated that HBoV circulates and is detected in association with respiratory symptoms and diarrhea in Brazil. Long term surveillance will be needed to determine whether or not an HBoV season occurs and what is the real clinical impact of this virus in our country.

Indivíduos infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana do tipo 1 (HIV-1) que controlam a replicação viral, mesmo na ausência de tratamento com drogas antirretrovirais, representam um exemplo de contenção bemsucedida do vírus. O entendimento das respostas imunes antivirais presentes nestes indivíduos pode auxiliar no delineamento de vacinas, particularmente no caso de estratégias vacinais desenvolvidas para induzir um fenótipo de controle da replicação viral e, assim, diminuir o ritmo da progressão à AIDS e/ou a taxa de transmissão para terceiros. A resposta imune celular contra HIV-1 é geralmente mapeada em ensaios de ELISPOT-IFN-&#947; empregando-se peptídeos pentadecâmeros sobrepostos por 11 aminoácidos sintetizados a partir de seqüências consensuais do vírus. Contudo, este método pode subestimar a detecção da real amplitude da resposta imune celular contra epitopos contidos na seqüência autóloga do vírus infectivo. Neste trabalho, foram comparadas respostas imunes celulares contra peptídeos 15-meros baseados nas seqüências de vif e nef do consenso do subtipo B do HIV-1 e respostas imunes contra peptídeos HLA-restritos de nove ou 10 aminoácidos baseados tanto nas seqüências de vif e nef do consenso do subtipo B do HIV-1, quanto nas seqüências autólogas dos vírus seqüenciados a partir de seis pacientes controladores da replicação do HIV-1. Nossa análise revelou que três dos seis pacientes investigados mostraram maior amplitude de resposta imune celular contra epitopos em Vif e Nef quando os peptídeos HLA-restritos foram empregados, tenham sido eles preditos a partir da seqüência consensual ou a partir das seqüências do vírus autólogo. O número de respostas positivas aumentou de quatro para 16 em Vif e de oito para 22 em Nef, com o uso dos reagentes HLA-restritos. Estes resultados sugerem que emprego de peptídeos 15-meros pode sub-representar a amplitude real da resposta imune celular envolvidas no controle da replicação do HIV-1 e que o conhecimento acerca das respostas imunes de sucesso em indivíduos controladores pode ser melhorado e ampliado com a revisão dos métodos empregados. / Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals who spontaneously control viral replication represent an example of successful containment of the AIDS virus. Understanding the anti-viral immune responses in these individuals may help in vaccine design, particularly vaccine strategies designed to induce a controller phenotype and thus, prevent disease progression and decrease risk of transmission. Immune responses against HIV-1 are normally screened using 15-mer peptides overlapped by 11 amino acids from HIV-1 consensus sequences in ELISPOT-IFN-&#947; assays. However, this method may underestimate the real breadth of the cellular immune responses against the autologous sequence of the infecting virus. We compared cellular immune responses against nef and vif-encoded consensus B 15-mer peptides to responses against HLA class I-predicted minimal optimal epitopes from consensus B and autologous sequences in six patients who have controlled HIV-1 replication. Interestingly, our analysis revealed that three of our patients had broader cellular immune responses against Vif- and Nef-HLA class I-predicted minimal optimal epitopes from either autologous viruses or from the consensus B sequence, when compared to responses against the 15-mer HIV-1 consensus B peptides. The number of positive responses against epitopes in these two HIV-1 proteins increased from four to 16 for Vif and from eight to 22 for Nef. These findings suggest that immune responses assessed using 15-mers peptides may underrepresent the real breadth of the immune control of the infecting virus and the knowledge about the successful responses in controller individuals could be improved after reviewing the employed methods.

A infecção pelo HPV em mulheres abaixo de 30 anos é transitória, entretanto, algumas destas mulheres progridem para Lesão Intra-Epitelial de Alto Grau (LIAG). Este estudo investigou características virais, morfológicas e variáveis sócio-comportamentais em mulheres com LIAG, entre estas a determinação dos genótipos oncogênicos do HPV, a carga viral total e específica de HPV 16, a expressão da proteína p16INK4a assim como variáveis epidemiológicas. Foram selecionadas 88 mulheres provenientes de dois serviços de oncologia ginecológica de Salvador, Bahia, a Clínica IDEM e o CICAN, entre julho de 2006 e janeiro de 2009 com diagnóstico citopatológico de LIAG. As pacientes preencheram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e responderam um questionário contendo informações sócio-demográficas e clínicas. Em seguida, foi realizada a colheita de células esfoliadas do colo uterino para genotipagem através da técnica Linear Array e avaliação da carga viral do HPV por PCR em tempo real, e a biópsia para análise histopatológica. Destas 88 mulheres, apenas 41 (46,6%) tiveram o diagnóstico de LIAG confirmado através do exame histopatológico. Desta forma, as pacientes foram divididas em 3 grupos: sem LIAG (< NIC 2), com LIAG ( NIC 2) menores que 30 anos e com LIAG ( NIC 2) com idade igual ou superior a 35 anos. Dentre os co-fatores analisados, a escolaridade, o uso de anticoncepcional oral e paridade diferiram nos dois grupos de idade com LIAG. A expressão da proteína p16INK4a foi observada em todos os graus histopatológicos com LIAG, entretanto, sua intensidade não diferiu entre estes. Foi observada uma maior prevalência de LIAG em mulheres mais jovens. Os genótipos mais prevalentes nas mulheres com LIAG foram: HPV 16, HPV 35, HPV 56, HPV 45 e HPV 70; no grupo sem LIAG foram: HPV 16, HPV 31, HPV 56, HPV 61 e HPV CP6108. A carga viral total foi maior em mulheres com LIAG em relação a mulheres sem LIAG. Houve associação entre aumento da carga viral específica para HPV 16 e aumento da severidade das lesões intraepiteliais. As cargas virais total e específica do HPV 16 não diferiram entre os dois grupos de idade com LIAG, indicando não ser esta o fator que leva ao raro desenvolvimento de LIAGs em mulheres jovens. / HPV infection in young women, below 30 years old is commonly transitory. However, some women may progress to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). This study aimed to investigate viral and host factors in young women with a diagnosis of HSIL, such as viral load both total and HPV 16- specific, genotypes, p16INK4a expression and sociodemographic characteristics. Eighty-eight women with a cytological diagnosis of HSIL were recruited from 2 specialized oncoginecologyc services from Salvador, Bahia, in between July 2006 and January 2009. After providing written informed consent, cervical scrapes were obtained for DNA extraction for further molecular testing, including HPV genotyping by Linear array and viral load determination by Real-Time PCR. Biopsies were taken for confirmatory histopathologyc analysis. Forty-one out of 88 enrolled women (46,6%) had the HSIL diagnosis confirmed. Based on that they were classified into three groups: No SIL, HSIL less than 30 years old and HSIL older than 35 years old. Among co-factors studied, education, oral contraceptive use and parity significantly differed between HSIL age groups. p16INK4a expression was observed with similar intensity among all histological grades of CIN. A higher prevalence of HSIL was detected in younger women. The most prevalent genotypes in HSIL patients were HPV 16, HPV 35, HPV 56, HPV 45 and HPV 70; whereas in the No SIL group were: HPV 16, HPV 31, HPV 56, HPV 61 and HPV CP6108. Total HPV viral load was significantly higher in women bearing CIN than in the normal group. A positive association between HPV 16 viral load and increasing histological grades was observed. Total and HPV 16 viral loads were similar among young and older women with HSIL, suggesting that this is not the main factor leading to the early development of these lesions.

A epidemia da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (aids) já atingiu aproximadamente 40 milhões de indivíduos em todo o mundo. O controle adequado da infecção pelo HIV através do tratamento anti-retroviral proporciona menor resistência viral, níveis mais baixos de carga viral, diminuindo, assim, a probabilidade da transmissão do HIV. A adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral é importante para o sucesso do tratamento. A depressão é um transtorno psiquiátrico com prevalência elevada na população geral e nos portadores do HIV/Aids. Sabe-se que a depressão é um fator limitante para boa adesão. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a associação entre a adesão e a depressão em 164 pacientes portadores do HIV/Aids, em acompanhamento médico num serviço especializado, no período de outubro de 2002 a outubro de 2003. Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: SCID/DSM-IV (Strutured Clinical Interview/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), HAM-D (Hamilton Rating for Depression), MMSE (MiniMental State Examination - Miniexame do Estado Mental), questionário sócio-demográfico, laboratorial, da doença e tratamento e questionário de adesão. A média de idade foi 39 anos, e 72% da amostra eram do sexo masculino. Mais de 85% dos pacientes se infectaram com o HIV através de relações sexuais. Apenas 7,9% eram usuários de drogas injetáveis. A média de CD4 foi 404,8 e carga viral 3,55 (log). A prevalência de depressão atual foi 17,7%, com diferença estatisticamente significante entre os mais jovens. Setenta e cinco pacientes (45,73%) apresentaram episódio depressivo passado. Dos 164 pacientes, 137 faziam uso de anti-retrovirais. Pacientes que tomavam 95% dos anti-retrovirais foram considerados pacientes que aderiram ao tratamento. A adesão foi avaliada através de questionário e 79,56% dos pacientes aderiram ao tratamento. A adesão foi maior entre os homens e os mais velhos. A carga viral também apresentou associação com a adesão e com antecedente pessoal de depressão. A adesão não mostrou associação com depressão / Approximately 40 million individuals are infected by HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the word. The control of the HIV infection by the antiretroviral treatment provides lower viral resistance; lower viral load levels and diminishes the probability of the transmission of the HIV. The adherence to antiretroviral treatment is important for the success of the treatment. Depression is a psychiatric disorder with high prevalence in general population and in HIV/AIDS infected patients. Depression seems to be a limitation for good adherence. In this study, the association between adherence and depression was assessed in 164 HIV/AIDS infected patients in a specialized service, in the period of October of 2002 and October of 2003. The following instruments were applied: SCID/DSM-IV (Structured Clinical Interview/Diagnostic and Manual Statistical of Mental Disorders), HAM-D (Hamilton Rating for Depression), MMSE (MiniMental State Examination), sociodemographic, laboratorial, disease and adherence questionnaires. The mean age was 39 years-old and 72% of the sample were men. More than 85% of the patients were infected by sexual contact and 7.9% were injecting drug users. The mean of CD4 was 404.8 and viral load 3.55 (log). The prevalence of current depression was 17.7%, with higher prevalence among youngest. Seventy five patients (45.73%) had a lifetime depressive episode. Of the 164 patients, 137 were treated with antiretroviral. Patients who took at least 95% of the antiretroviral medications had been considered adhered to treatment. The adherence was evaluated through questionnaire and was presented in 79.56% of the patients. The adherence was higher among men and oldest. The viral load also showed association with adherence and lifetime depression. The adherence was not associated to depression