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Denna uppsats har sin utgångspunkt i genus- och gestaltningsteori och målet var att redogöra för de eventuella skillnader som existerar i Aftonbladets rapportering om svenska herrlandslaget i fotboll och svenska damlandslaget i fotboll. Detta genomfördes med en kvalitativ textanalys av totalt 8 artiklar som skrevs och publicerades om de respektive landslagen inför herrarnas VM 2018 och damernas VM 2019. Resultatet från studien kom att bekräfta vår tes om att skillnader faktiskt förekommer. Resultatet från studien som genomfördes påvisar tydliga skillnader vad gäller såväl artiklarnas huvudsubjekt, samt från vems eller vilkas perspektiv som artiklarna är skrivna utifrån. En tydlig indikator på den (icke)rådande balansen i rapporteringen var rollen som Svenska Fotbollförbundet (SvFF) iklädde sig i samband med de båda mästerskapen. SvFF och dess representanter figurerade ofta i samband med rapporteringen om herrlandslaget men betydligt mer sällan i samband med rapporteringen om damlandslaget ett år senare. Strukturen i rapporteringen om herrlandslaget framstår mer omfattande och gedigen jämfört med den om damlandslaget, något som inger känslan av att det är förstnämnda är skrivet på grund av att det existerar ett läsintresse och det sistnämnda på grund av att det behöver skrivas. Flera identifierade faktorer i studien understryker och förstärker det faktum att manligt fotbollsspelande betraktas som norm och kvinnligt fotbollsspelande som något avvikande. / The aim of this study was to find and reveal the differences in the reports about the Swedish men’s national football team and the Swedish women’s national football team in one of Sweden’s biggest newspaper - Aftonbladet. The theories applied in the study were gender theory and Gestalt theory. A qualitative text analysis was used while we examined 8 articles written and published during the days before each national team played their first game in the FIFA World Cup 2018 and the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2019. The result based upon the study points towards differences in how (and who) Aftonbladet use as the main subject of the articles, and also obvious differences in regards of the perspective presented in the articles. A clear indicator of the non-existing balance in the World Cup-coverage was the role of Swedish Football Federation (SvFF). SvFF and its representatives figured mainly in the coverage about the Swedish men’s national team while barely nothing at all in the coverage about the Swedish women’s national team during their World Cup one year later. The overall structure of the coverage about the men’s national team appears more solid and extensive compared to the coverage on the women’s national team. Several identified factors in the study emphasizes and strengthens the fact that men’s football is seen as normative while women’s football is seen as something deviant.

The world of football has changed dramatically in recent years. At present the game has developed into something more than just a ball and a pitch, and the political aspects of football can not be underestimated. In terms of audience football is the biggest sport in the world, and the attention that the huge tournaments bring has become of major interest for authoritarian forces. During 2022 the world cup of football will be hosted by Qatar, and the controversies surrounding the tournament are many and have certainly caught the eye of the media. The aim of this study is to examine how Qatar as organizer of the world cup is portrayed in Swedish, American and Qatari news media based on the reporting on working conditions prior to the tournament. By implementing a discourse analysis inspired by Chantal Mouffe and Ernesto Laclau’s discourse theory we have analyzed how the arrangement is portrayed by examining choice of words, subjects, meaning and context in the chosen material. The content to be analyzed consists of articles from Aftonbladet, Washington Times and Gulf Times that have been selected by using a given time period and specific keywords. The results show that there are big differences in how Qatar is portrayed in news media from various parts of the world. Western media tends to portray Qatar as an authoritarian state with poor human rights and transparency in the process that surrounds working conditions leading up to the world cup. On the other hand, Qatari media attempts to produce an image of a groundbreaking tournament that has led to major improvements in developing labour legislation in Qatar and will be a historical event for the Middle East. The conclusions show that Swedish and American news media bases its reporting on Western values of a democracy  and how an organizer of a global event like the world cup should live up to these. The representation in the material from Aftonbladet and Washington Times indicates that Qatar does not live up to these values and ideals and is therefore an inappropriate organizer of the tournament. Qatari media respond to this criticism by defending their position as organizer of the world cup by highlighting the improvements that have been made due to the tournament and by trying to clarify that the information about horrible working conditions in the country is incorrect.

I denna uppsats analyseras tio stycken artiklar från kvällstidningarna Aftonbladet och Expressen, med syftet att undersöka hur svenska kvällstidningar reproducerar eller utmanar stereotyper i sin rapportering om det svenska damlandslaget under fotbolls-VM i Australien och Nya Zeeland 2023, utifrån genus- och inramningsteorin. Vi använder en kritisk diskursanalys med utgångspunkt i Norman Faircloughs tredimensionella modell. Genom att analysera textuella, diskursiva och sociala praktiker i rapporteringen avslöjar vi de underliggande maktstrukturerna som formar hur det svenska damlandslaget framställs och uppfattas i medierna under fotbolls-VM 2023. Analysen av artiklar från Aftonbladet och Expressen avslöjar tydligt att kvällstidningarna i hög grad reproducerar och förstärker stereotyper samt bevarar könsmaktsordningen. Även om artiklarna var skrivna av kvinnor, kunde vi observera tendenser till stereotypisk rapportering. Kvällstidningarnas logik bidrar till att dessa tendenser består. De återkommande stereotyperna och den underliggande genusslentrianen inom media pekar mot nödvändigheten av kulturella och sociala förändringar. Det krävs en djupare förändring för att bryta de rotade strukturerna och normer som fortsätter att forma representationen av kvinnliga idrottare i medierna. / In this thesis, ten articles from the evening newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen are analyzed with the aim of examining how Swedish evening newspapers reproduce or challenge stereotypes in their reporting on the Swedish women's national football team during the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup in Australia and New Zealand, based on gender and framing theory. We employ a critical discourse analysis rooted in Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model. By analyzing textual, discursive, and social practices in the reporting, we uncover the underlying power structures that shape how the Swedish women's national team is portrayed and perceived in the media during the 2023 Women's World Cup. The analysis of articles from Aftonbladet and Expressen reveals clearly that the evening newspapers largely reproduce and reinforce stereotypes, preserving the gender power hierarchy. Even though the articles were written by women, tendencies toward stereotypical reporting were observed. The logic of the evening newspapers contributes to the persistence of these tendencies. The recurring stereotypes and the underlying gender bias in the media point to the necessity of cultural and social changes. A deeper transformation is required to break the entrenched structures and norms that continue to shape the representation of female athletes in the media.

Die Chemnitzer Linux-Tage fanden am 13. und 14. März 2010 auf dem Campus der Technischen Universität Chemnitz statt. Neben den Präsentationen im Foyer zogen vor allem die Vorträge über 2500 Besucher zur 12. Auflage der Veranstaltung. Der Band vereint den Inhalt von 15 Hauptvorträgen und die Abstrakts von 76 weiteren Beiträgen und stellt damit einen Überblick über das weit gefächerte Programm der Veranstaltung dar. / The Chemnitz Linux Days took place at the campus of the Chemnitz University of Technology. Besides the presentations at the foyer the lectures were first of all attractive for more than 2.500 visitors. This volume contains the content of 15 main lectures and abstracts of 76 further talks and hence gives a survey of the broadly based program of this event.

Cancer is a leading cause of death that affects millions of people across the globe each year. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a relatively new treatment approach for cancer in which anticancer drugs are activated by light at an appropriate wavelength to generate highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and achieve tumor destruction. Compared with conventional chemo- and radiotherapy, PDT can be performed with minimal invasiveness, local targeting and reduced side effects. However, most of the currently available PDT drugs mainly absorb in the visible part of the spectrum, where light penetration depth into human tissues is very limited. Therefore, increasing the treatment depth of PDT has been considered to be an important approach to improve the effectiveness of PDT for treating larger and thicker tumor masses. In this thesis, we present our investigation into the potential of two-photon activated PDT (2-γ PDT), combination therapy of PDT and chemotherapy, and bioluminescence-activated PDT as a means to increase the treatment depth of this modality. In 2-γ PDT, the photosensitizing agents are activated through simultaneous absorption of two photons. This approach allows the use of near-infrared (NIR) light that can penetrate deeper into tissues and thus, has the potential of treating deep-seated tumors and reducing side effects, while the non-linear nature of two-photon excitation (TPE) may improve tumor targeting. We have evaluated the PDT efficacy of a second-generation photosensitizer derived from chlorophyll a, pyropheophorbide a methyl ester (MPPa), through both one- and two-photon activation. We observed that MPPa had high one-photon (1-γ PDT efficacy against both cisplatin-sensitive human cervical (HeLa) and cisplatin-resistant human lung (A549) and ovarian (NIH:OVCAR-3) cancer cells when activated by femtosecond (fs) laser pulses at 674 nm. At a low light dose of 0.06 J cm-2, the MPPa concentration required to produce a 50% cell killing effect (IC50) was determined to be 5.3 ± 0.3, 3.4 ± 0.3 and 3.6 ± 0.4 μM in HeLa, A549 and NIH:OVCAR-3 cells, respectively. More significantly, we also found that MPPa could be effectively activated at the optimal tissue-penetrating wavelength of 800 nm through TPE. At a light dose of 886 J cm-2, where no measurable photodamage was observed in the absence of MPPa, the IC50 values were measured to be 4.1 ± 0.3, 9.6 ± 1.0 and 1.6 ± 0.3 μM in HeLa, A549 and NIH:OVCAR-3 cells, respectively. We obtained corresponding LD50 (the light dose required to produce a 50% killing effect) values of 576 ± 13, 478 ± 18 and 360 ± 16 J cm-2 for 10 μM MPPa, which were approximately 3-5 times lower than the published 2-γ LD50 of Visudyne® and 20-30 times lower than that of Photofrin®. These results indicate that MPPa may serve as a photosensitizer for both 1- and 2-γ activated PDT treatment of difficult-to-treat tumors by conventional therapies. Indocyanine green (ICG), a dye having an absorption maximum near 800 nm, has been considered to be a potential NIR PDT agent. However, the PDT efficacy of ICG has been found to be very limited probably due to the low yield of cytotoxic ROS. In the present work, we have evaluated the combination effects of ICG-mediated PDT with conventional chemotherapy mediated by two types of chemotherapeutic drugs, namely the type II topoisomerase (TOPII) poisons etoposide (VP-16)/teniposide (VM-26) and the platinum-based drugs cisplatin (CDDP)/oxaliplatin (OXP). Synergistic enhancement of cytotoxicity and increased yields of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) were observed in HeLa, A549 and NIH:OVCAR-3 cancer cells treated with the combination of ICG-PDT and VP-16. The presence of VP-16 during the laser irradiation process was found to be critical for producing a synergistic effect. An electron-transfer-based mechanism, in which ICG could increase the yield of highly cytotoxic VP-16 metabolites, was proposed for the observed synergistic effects, although direct spectroscopic detection of the reaction products was found to be very challenging. Moreover, we observed a much lower degree of synergy in the human normal fibroblast GM05757 cells than that in the three cancer cell lines investigated. Synergistic effects were also observed in A549 cells treated with the combination of ICG-PDT and VM-26 (i.e. an analog of VP-16). Furthermore, the combination of low-dose CDDP/OXP and ICG-PDT was demonstrated to produce an additive or synergistic effect in selected cancer cell lines. These preliminary results suggest that the combination of ICG-PDT with VP-16/VM-26 or CDDP/OXP chemotherapy may offer the advantages of enhancing the therapeutic effectiveness of ICG-PDT and lowering the side effects associated with the chemotherapeutic drugs. Bioluminescence, the generation of light in living organisms through chemical reactions, has been explored as an internal light source for PDT in recent years. This approach, in principle, does not suffer from the limited tissue penetration depth of light. In the present project, we have evaluated the effectiveness of luminol bioluminescence in activating the porphyrin photosensitizers meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine dihydrochloride (TPPS4) and Fe(III) meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine chloride (FeTPPS). The combination treatment induced significant killing of HeLa cells, while additive effects were observed in two normal human fibroblast cell lines (GM05757 and MRC-5). Our observations indicate that bioluminescence of luminol may generate sufficient light for intracellular activation of PDT sensitizers. Furthermore, the combination treatment may have intrinsic selectivity towards cancerous tissues. In summary, we have demonstrated effective killing of cancer cells by MPPa-mediated 1- and 2-γ PDT, combination of ICG-PDT and VP-16/VM-26 or CDDP/OXP chemotherapy, and bioluminescence of luminol activated PDT mediated by TPPS4/FeTPPS. These positive preliminary results indicate that all these three approaches have the potential of increasing the treatment depth of PDT and facilitating the development of more effective PDT treatment strategies.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή εστιάζεται στον χώρο των Φ/Β πλαισίων εναλλασσομένου ρεύματος (AC-PV Modules) με μετατροπείς δύο βαθμίδων, και πιο συγκεκριμένα σε μετατροπείς Σ.Τ. – Σ.Τ με τους οποίους επιτυγχάνεται ανύψωση της τάσης και μπορούν να αποτελέσουν την πρώτη από τις δύο βαθμίδες. Τρεις είναι οι κύριοι στόχοι: A)Η εύρεση της καταλληλότερης επιλογής για την πρώτη βαθμίδα της διάταξης σύνδεσης ενός Φ/Β πλαισίου στο μονοφασικό δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης. B)Ο βέλτιστος σχεδιασμός και η επιλογή του κατάλληλου Πολλαπλασιαστή Τάσης. C)Ο βέλτιστος σχεδιασμός της μονάδας ανύψωσης τάσης, η οποία αποτελεί την πρώτη βαθμίδα, μιας διάταξης δύο βαθμίδων, για τη σύνδεση Φ/Β πλαισίου με το δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης. Η μελέτη των τυπικών επιπέδων τάσης που εμφανίζονται σε διατάξεις διασύνδεσης δύο βαθμίδων απέδειξε την ανάγκη σχεδιασμού μετατροπέων Σ.Τ.-Σ.Τ. με υψηλά κέρδη τάσης, τα οποία δεν μπορούν να προσφέρουν οι κλασσικοί μετατροπείς. Το γεγονός αυτό αποτέλεσε το έναυσμα για τη διερεύνηση της λειτουργικής συμπεριφοράς των Πολλαπλασιαστών Τάσης και εστιάσθηκε στην εξαγωγή νέων απλών και ακριβέστερων μαθηματικών σχέσεων για τη λειτουργία τους, στον ορισμό και την υλοποίηση του βέλτιστου σχεδιασμού και τέλος στη βέλτιστη επιλογή των στοιχείων του κυκλώματος. Για τον καλύτερο δυνατό σχεδιασμό του ανυψωτή τάσης διεξάγεται τεκμηριωμένη σύγκριση μεταξύ διαφόρων δημοφιλών τοπολογιών Πολλαπλασιαστών Τάσης, καθώς και της μορφής της τάσης που θα τον τροφοδοτεί. Η εκτεταμένη έρευνα καταλήγει στην εφαρμογή θετικής παλμικής τάσης εισόδου, με τη χρήση μιας παραλλαγής του μετατροπέα Boost (Mod Boost), ενώ επικρατέστερος Πολλαπλασιαστής Τάσης είναι μία παραλλαγή του Half-Wave Cockcroft-Walton με πυκνωτή εξομάλυνσης (Modified Half-Wave Cockcroft-Walton with Smoothing Capacitor). Στα πλαίσια της διδακτορικής διατριβής προτείνεται επιπλέον ένας νέος επαναληπτικός αλγόριθμος, ο οποίος συνδυάζει επιτυχώς θεωρητικές εξισώσεις και προσομοίωση, έχοντας ως στόχο το βέλτιστο σχεδιασμό του σύνθετου ανυψωτή τάσης, ο οποίος ονομάστηκε “Mod Boost – Mod H-W C-W SC VM” και συνίσταται από τον τροποποιημένο μετατροπέα Boost και τον προαναφερθέντα Πολλαπλασιαστή Τάσης. Τα συμπεράσματα και τα θεωρητικά αποτελέσματα της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής επιβεβαιώνονται μέσω της προσομοίωσης και της σύγκρισης με κατάλληλα εργαστηριακά πρωτότυπα. / The current PhD thesis focuses on the field of AC PV Modules using Dual-Steps Inverters and more specifically on DC-DC Converters that are voltage boosters and can act as the first one of the two stages of the inverter. Three goals are accomplished in this work: A)The optimum choice of the topology for the first stage of a dual steps inverter of an AC-PV Module connected to the single-phase low voltage utility grid. B)The optimum choice and design of the Voltage Multiplier. C)The optimum design of the first stage of a dual steps inverter of an AC-PV Module. The analysis of the typical voltage levels at the dual steps topologies turns the research interest to DC-DC Converters with voltage gain (more than 20) higher than what is typical for the classical topologies. Based on that, a theoretical analysis is held on Voltage Multipliers according to which the crucial magnitudes are highlighted and new, simple and accurate formulas are extracted, which describe the operation of the voltage multipliers. Moreover theoretical supported choices about the capacitances in every stage are suggested, an optimum design is determined and for its implementation new accurate easy-to-use formulas are extracted. For an optimal design of the voltage booster, well established comparisons are made between popular types of voltage Multipliers and voltage triggering sources. The intensive research leads to the use of a positive voltage pulsing source that is generated by a modified Boost converter (Mod Boost Converter). Moreover a modified Half-Wave Cockcroft-Walton with Smoothing Capacitor VM is set as the best choice among the studied Voltage Multipliers. Furthermore, a novel iterative optimum design algorithm is introduced, which uses both the theoretical equations of a VM optimum design and a simulation software, so as to make feasible an optimum design of the novel DC-DC Converter. The new converter, named Mod Boost – Mod H-W C-W SC VM, results from the series connection of the modified converters Boost and Half Wave Cockcroft Walton with Smoothing Capacitor VM. Finally, the conclusions and the theoretical analysis of this work are validated by PSPICE simulations and experimental results, extracted by measurements on laboratory prototypes.

The aim of master's thesis was design of electronically reconfigurable filters. Adjustability of pole frequency or quality factor is possible. First part of thesis deals with theoretical analysis of filters, their operation modes, design of frequency filters using Signal-Flow graph method and parasitic analysis. The next part describes active elements used in thesis. In a third part, three reconfigurable filters are described and designed and their simulations and parasitic analysis are made. Last part deals with filter design in EAGLE and experimental measurement.

This diploma thesis deals with design of reconection-less electronically reconfigurable filter structures which have single input and single output using unconventional active elements, which have ability to adjust one of their parameter e.g. gain or transconductance. The first part describes basic parameters of frequency filters, the division of filters by frequency transfer response and used circuit elements, their operational modes, the principle of reconnection-less electronically reconfiguration and the circuit design method MUNV. Second part describes all active elements used in the proposal of filters, their properties and the implementation using existing transistor-level models. The third part contains the design of three reconnection-less electronically reconfigurable filters and the simulations results obtained from simulation programs OrCAD Capture and PSpice. The obtained results were compared with theoretical behaviour. This part also contains results of these analyses: sensitivity, parasitic, Monte Carlo and temperature to determine the behaviour in varied cases.

Die Chemnitzer Linux-Tage fanden am 13. und 14. März 2010 auf dem Campus der Technischen Universität Chemnitz statt. Neben den Präsentationen im Foyer zogen vor allem die Vorträge über 2500 Besucher zur 12. Auflage der Veranstaltung. Der Band vereint den Inhalt von 15 Hauptvorträgen und die Abstrakts von 76 weiteren Beiträgen und stellt damit einen Überblick über das weit gefächerte Programm der Veranstaltung dar. / The Chemnitz Linux Days took place at the campus of the Chemnitz University of Technology. Besides the presentations at the foyer the lectures were first of all attractive for more than 2.500 visitors. This volume contains the content of 15 main lectures and abstracts of 76 further talks and hence gives a survey of the broadly based program of this event.