Syfte: Arbetet är en experimentell studie i samarbete med Lidköpings kommun där syftet är att undersöka om konditionshöjande motion och ökad VO2-max kan sänka blodtrycket och öka upplevd hälsa, och minska den upplevda arbetsbelastningen. Metod: En grupp kvinnor anställda inom hemvården har under en period genomfört en intervention med ett aktivitetsprogram. Innan och efter interventionsperioden har de, och en kontrollgrupp, genomgått tester för att mäta blodtryck och VO2-max. De har också i samband med testerna, via ett frågeformulär, svarat på frågor om sin hälsa, fysiska aktivitetsnivå samt sin upplevda hälsa och arbetsbelastning. Resultat: Det finns inga signifikanta skillnader mellan grupperna varken innan eller efter interventionsperioden. Det finns inte heller några signifikanta skillnader av interventionsgruppens resultat innan och efter interventionsperioden. Slutsats: Studien kan inte svara på om konditionshöjande motion och en ökad syreupptagningsförmåga kan sänka blodtrycket och öka den upplevda hälsan och minska den upplevda arbetsbelastningen. Stickprovet har varit för litet. På grund av detta, och pga. av att ett frivilligt deltagande i studien omöjliggör ett slumpvis urval, kan undersökningen inte sägas vara representativt för gruppen av människor som det avser att studera. / Aims: To examine if an increased oxygen uptake and moderate to vigorus physical exercise, could lower blood pressure and increase the level of perceived health and lower the level of perceived workstrain, in women working with elderly care. The work is an experimental study in cooperation with Lidköpings kommun. Methods: An experimental group have participated in a period of exercise in a given program. Before, and after the period of exercise the participants and a controlgroup have undergone tests to measure their bloodpressure and VO2-max. In connection with the tests a survey with questions abouth their physical activitylevel and ther perceived health and workstrain were answered. Results: No significant differences could be seen between the experimental group and the controlgroup in any parameter, neither before or after the experimental period. No significant differences could be seen in the results of the experimental group, before or after the experimental period. Conclusion: The study could not answer the questions whether an increased oxygen uptake and moderate to vigorus exercise, could lower bloodpressure and increase the level of perceived health and lower the level of perceived workstrain. The sampel of individuals who participated is too small. In relation to that, and that voluntary participation makes a random selection of individuals an impossibility, makes this study not representative to those people it aims to study.

Title: Determination energy costingness and means of it's cover in complex outdoor performance in special physical training Objektive of work: Objektive of this work was to found the level of the stress and it's energetic severity of the Komplex drill in Special physical education as a komplex and so the each Themis, which are in the Komplex drill contained. Consequently energy costingness compare with options of energy cover which are availiable for soldiers of Czech army Metod: Master thesis was processed as a empiric kvantitative research with method of shared watching proband in the Komplex drill in nature. In the first part of the thesis there was found the level of the minute lungs ventilation with the spiroergometric test. In the second part there was a observation with seven participants of the Komplex drill. After that we did analysis of all possibilities which have soldiers of Czech army availiable. Results: There was the observation of the heart beat frequence, in duration 27 hours. The highest depletion of the energy was observed in theme of the movements in the nature, concretely in orienteering run. Average heart beat frequence was 161 beats per minute. The lowest heart beat frequence in the themes of the Special physical education was observed in surfoval drills where it was 105...

L’évolution des populations occidentales s’accompagne d’une augmentation de la sédentarité et des maladies métaboliques qui accroissent les problèmes de santé. Ces évolutions ont des répercussions sur le muscle squelettique qui voit sa capacité à produire de l’énergie aérobie diminuer. Néanmoins, le muscle squelettique est très plastique et les capacités oxydatives musculaires s’améliorent rapidement par l'activité physique. Les mitochondries sont des éléments majeurs des capacités oxydatives musculaires et la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires qui régissent la biogenèse et la fonction mitochondriale est nécessaire pour prescrire au mieux l’activité physique.L’exercice intermittent semble être de plus en plus utilisé dans la pratique. Plusieurs arguments sont mis en avant pour préconiser cette modalité : 1) le temps passé à haute consommation d’oxygène, 2) la haute intensité et 3) les perturbations métaboliques induites par les variations d’intensité au cours de l’exercice. Cependant, l’influence des perturbations métaboliques sur les capacités oxydatives musculaires n’a pas encore été clairement démontrée. L’objet des mes travaux de thèse s’est donc focalisé sur ces perturbations métaboliques et leurs effets sur les voies de signalisation impliquées dans la biogenèse mitochondriale. Afin de caractériser l’implication des perturbations métaboliques dans la stimulation des voies de signalisation de la biogenèse mitochondriale, nous avons comparé l’influence d’exercices aigus sur ces voies de signalisation. Deux protocoles nous ont permis d’investiguer l’influence des variations métaboliques. Le premier a consisté, lors d’un exercice de intermittent, à identifier la durée du cycle induisant les plus grandes perturbations métaboliques et à caractériser les effets de la modalité d’exercice sur un exercice de 30 minutes de pédalage à 70%WRpic. Le second protocole visait à déterminer l’influence de la répétition des perturbations métaboliques sur les voies de signalisation régulant la biogenèse mitochondriale.Afin d’identifier la durée de cycle produisant le plus de variations métaboliques, nous avons analysé l’évolution de la consommation d’oxygène et quantifié les variations métaboliques. Pour cela nous avons utilisé trois paramètres : 1) un paramètre quantitatif, 2) un paramètre qualitatif et 3) un index associant les paramètres quantitatif et qualitatif. La comparaison de trois durées de cycle différentes (30s d’effort:30s de récupération passive ; 60s:60s et 120s:120s) nous a permis de mettre en évidence que la modalité 60s:60s est celle qui induit le plus de variations métaboliques et cela pour une dépense énergétique identique pour les trois modalités.Notre seconde étude a consisté à comparer 30 minutes de pédalage à 70%WRpic sous deux modalités différentes : continue (1 bloc de 30min) et intermittente (30 bloc de 1min entrecoupés de 1min). La répétition de phase d’exercice et de repos lors de l’exercice intermittent créée plus de perturbation du métabolisme et entraîne une phosphorylation supérieure de l'AMPK, CaMKII et p38 MAPK. Ces kinases sont situées en amont de PGC-1α, un important régulateur de la biogenèse mitochondriale dans le muscle squelettique. Ces résultats mettent donc en évidence un effet spécifique des perturbations métaboliques sur les voies de signalisation contrôlant la biogenèse mitochondriale.Ces travaux ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives sur les méthodes de réentraînement de personnes sédentaires ou atteintes de pathologie chronique. Les futurs travaux viseront à confirmer nos résultats lors d’interventions chroniques et d’explorer ces effets chez différentes populations. / Western life evolution is associated with an increase in sedentary behaviours and metabolic diseases leading to health alteration. This evolution affects the skeletal muscle, which is characterized by a decrease in its ability to produce aerobic energy. However, skeletal muscle is a highly malleable tissue, capable of considerable metabolic adaptations in response to physical activity. Mitochondria produce the aerobic energy within the skeletal muscle. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and its function is necessary to improve physical activity prescription.The intermittent exercise is currently used in rehabilitation programs. Several arguments are put forward to utilizing this method: 1) the time spent at high oxygen consumption, 2) the high intensity of exercise and 3) the metabolic disturbances induced by variations of intensity during exercise. However, the influence of metabolic disturbances on muscle oxidative capacity has not been clearly demonstrated. The purpose of my thesis work has therefore focused on these metabolic perturbations and their effects on signalling pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. In order to characterize the influence of metabolic disturbances on the signalling pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, we compared the influence of acute exercises. We realized two protocols to investigate the influence of metabolic disturbances. The first study compared three intermittent exercises in order to identify the optimal duty-cycle duration to induce the biggest metabolic disturbances and to compare metabolic responses of intermittent and continuous exercise performed at 70%WRpic. The second protocol evaluated the influence of the repetition of metabolic disturbances on signalling pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.In order to identify the duty-cycle duration producing more metabolic fluctuations, we analysed the changes of oxygen consumption and quantified metabolic variations. We used three parameters: 1) a quantitative parameter, 2) a qualitative parameter, and 3) an index combining quantitative and qualitative parameters. Comparison of three different duty-cycle durations (30s work:30s passive recovery; 60s:60s, and 120s:120s) revealed that the 60s:60s modality induces more metabolic fluctuations for a same energy expenditure.Our second study compared 30 minutes of pedalling at 70%WRpic realized by two different modalities: continuous (30min 1 block) and intermittent (30 1min block interspersed by 1min of passive recovery). Repetition of transitions from rest to exercise during the intermittent exercise creates higher metabolic disturbances and leads to a higher phosphorylation of AMPK, p38 MAPK and CaMKII. These kinases are upstream of PGC-1α, an important regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. All together, these results demonstrate that metabolic disturbances are involved in mitochondrial signalling pathways activation.This work opens up new perspectives on exercise training prescription for sedentary or chronic pathology people. Future work will aim to confirm our results in chronic interventions and explore these effects in different populations.

A análise das variáveis associadas à fadiga muscular durante protocolos de ciclismo até a exaustão (incremental e carga constante), ou mesmo simulados (contrarrelógio), e suas implicações em parâmetros cinéticos e cinemáticos, têm sido descritas na literatura em modelos experimentais. Alterações encontradas nas articulações do quadril, joelho e tornozelo, associadas a mudanças no direcionamento das forças aplicadas ao pedal (melhora da técnica de pedalada) durante testes de ciclismo incrementais e/ou constantes, parecem estar relacionados a estratégias musculares intrínsecas para manutenção do trabalho e postergar os efeitos da fadiga. Entretanto, evidências suportam que a aplicação de Laserterapia de Baixa Potência (LBP) reduz os efeitos da fadiga muscular sobre o desempenho, principalmente em modalidades esportivas com um grande componente aeróbico, tal como o ciclismo. Entretanto, ainda não está claro na literatura qual a dosagem ideal de LBP a ser utilizada nessas atividades. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de diferentes dosagens de LBP sobre o desempenho em teste de tempo de exaustão em ciclistas. Além disso, foi analisado os efeitos do LBP sobre o conteúdo de frequências dos sinais de EMG e a cinética de VO2 durante os testes de exaustão. Vinte ciclistas competitivos do sexo masculino participaram de um estudo, randomizado, duplocego e placebo-controlado. Os atletas realizaram teste incremental de ciclismo até a exaustão (dia 1) para determinar o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2MÁX) e a potência máxima (POMÁX), seguido de outros quatro testes até a exaustão (dias 2 a 5) na POMÁX do teste incremental. Antes de cada teste de exaustão, diferentes dosagens de LBP (3, 6 e 9 J/diodo, ou 135, 270 e 405 J/coxa, respectivamente) ou placebo. Aumento do desempenho nos testes de exaustão foi observado com a LBP-3J (~22 s; p < 0,01), LBP-6J (~13 s; p = 0,03) e LBP- 9J (~13 s; p = 0,02), comparado com o placebo (149 ± 23 s). Embora LBP-6J e LBP-9J não aumentaram a ativação muscular em comparação com o placebo, a LBP-3J, aumentou a ativação das bandas de alta frequência em comparação com o placebo no final do teste de exaustão, em ambos os membros inferiores (p ≤ 0,03). Os resultados na cinética de VO2, resultaram e redução do constante de tempo (Tau) e déficit de O2 com a aplicação de LBP comparado ao placebo (p < 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças (p > 0,05) entre as condições experimentais para amplitude de VO2 e tempo de atraso do VO2. Em conclusão, nosso estudo demonstrou que a fototerapia pode ser um agente ergogênico eficaz para aumentar o desempenho de ciclistas (independente da dose utilizada), e isto se deve ao aumento da ativação das bandas de alta frequência (LBP-3J), bem como da redução do Tau e déficit de O2 (LBP-3 6 e 9J), durante testes máximos de ciclismo até a exaustão. / The analysis of muscle fatigue variables during cycling protocols to exhaustion (incremental and constant load) or simulated (time trial), and its implications on kinetic and kinematic parameters, has been described in the literature for experimental models. Changes in hip, knee and ankle joints (such as increased range of motion and reduced ankle contribution to the total joint torque), associated with changes in the direction of the forces applied to the pedal (improved pedaling technique) during cycling tests, seems to be related to strategies for maintaining muscle work in order to postpone fatigue effects. However, evidences supports that application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) minimizes fatigue effects on muscle performance. However, the ideal LLLT dosage to improve athletes’ performance during sports activities, such as cycling, is still unclear. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of different LLLT dosages on cyclists’ performance during a time-to-exhaustion test. In addition, we looked at the effects of LLLT on the frequency content of the EMG signals and kinetics of VO2 to assess fatigue mechanisms. Twenty male competitive cyclists participated in a crossover, randomized, double-blind and placebo controlled trial. They performed an incremental cycling test to exhaustion (day 1) determine maximal oxygen output (VO2MAX) and maximal power output (POMAX) followed by four time-to-exhaustion tests (days 2 to 5) at their individual POMAX. Before each time to exhaustion test, different LLLT dosages (3, 6 and 9 J/diode; or 135, 270 and 405 J/thigh, respectively) or placebo were applied at the quadriceps muscle bilaterally. Power output and muscle activation from both lower limbs were acquired throughout the tests. Increased performance at the exhaustion tests was observed with the LLLT-3J (~22 s; p < 0.01), LLLT-6J (~13 s; p = 0.03) and LLLT-9J (~13 s; p = 0.02) compared to placebo (149 ± 23 s). Although LLLT-6J and LLLT-9J did not show significant differences in muscle activation compared to placebo, LLLT-3J led to an increased high frequency content compared to placebo in both limbs at the end of the exhaustion test (p ≤ 0.03). The results in kinetics VO2, resulting in reduction of time constant (Tau) and deficit O2 with LLLT applications compared to the placebo condition (p < 0.05). No differences (p > 0.05) were found between the experimental conditions for VO2 amplitude and VO2 delay time. In conclusion, this study has shown that the phototherapy can be an effective ergogenic agent to increase cycling performance (regardless of the dose used), and this is due to increased activation of the high frequency bands (LLLT-3J) as well as the reduction of Tau and deficit of O2 (LLLT-3, 6 and 9J), during maximum cycling exhaustion test.

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is regarded as the gold standard for assessing aerobic fitness. In 1923, Hill et al. proposed that VO2max represents the maximal ability of the body to take in and consume O2 during strenuous exercise. Recently, however, controversy has arisen over the issue of whether a leveling off, or "plateau" in VO2 is necessary to verify attainment of VO2max. Purpose: To compare two different VO2max protocols and determine if both protocols show direct evidence of an upper limit on VO2. Methods: Nine runners (18-35 years old) completed a continuous graded exercise test (CGXT), followed by a discontinuous graded exercise test (DGXT). The CGXT consisted of gradually increasing treadmill running speed to the point of volitional exhaustion; the highest speed attained was labeled the peak treadmill speed. Over the next several days, participants ran at 80%, 90%, 100%, 105%, and 110% of peak treadmill speed for 10 minutes, or until volitional exhaustion was reached. Results: All participants (n=9) achieved a "VO2 ceiling" (or upper limit) on the DGXT, while only 44% (n=4) achieved a "VO2 plateau" on the CGXT. There was no significant difference between the VO2max obtained from a CGXT (57.4 ± 2.6 mL*kg-1min-1) and DGXT (60.0 ± 3.1 mL*kg-1min-1). There was no difference between oxygen uptake measured at 90%, 100%, 105%, and 110% of PTV (p>0.05). However, the highest VO2 recorded at 80% PTV was significantly lower than that recorded at all other velocities (p<0.05). Conclusion: The VO2 ceiling effect on a DGXT is inherently different than the VO2 plateau effect on a CGXT. In this study, a ceiling was always seen on the DGXT, but a plateau was not always seen on the CGXT.

To assess the relationships of body mass index (BMI) on arterial stiffness at rest and post-maximal treadmill graded exercise testing (GXT). Forty-four apparently healthy, young adult males (22.1 ± 0.48 years) were recruited and divided into either a healthy weight (H, ≤24.9 kg/m2), overweight (OV, 24.9-29.9 kg/m2) or obese (OB, ≥29.9 kg/m2) group based on BMI. All subjects underwent arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, cfPWV), blood pressure (BP), pulse pressure (PP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis, BIA) measurements at rest. Following the GXT, measures of arterial stiffness (cfPWV) and BP were acquired. Resting measures of cfPWV, BMI, systolic BP, diastolic BP, MAP, and PP were significantly (p <0.05) greater in OV and OB compared with H. Compared with OV, OB had a greater BMI. Relative peak oxygen consumption (VP2peak) was greater in H compared with OV and OB (p<0.05). systolic BP was positively associated, whereas VO2peak was inversely related to cfPWV (p<0.05). No significant inter-group interactions were observed with cfPWV after the GXT. However, interactions were observed for SBP, DBP and PP (p<0.05). In young men with varying BMI, SBP and VO2peak were associated with resting cfPWV. However, similar cardiovascular responses were observed between groups after a maximal GXT.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-31 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Introdução: Os pacientes com Miopatia Mitocondrial (MM) e Oftalmoplegia Externa Progressiva (OEP) apresentam disfunção na cadeia respiratória com incapacidade de aumentar a extração de oxigênio muscular e sintetizar ATP aerobicamente, levando à intolerância ao esforço e lentificação da cinética do O2. Quando a extração de oxigênio é comprometida, na tentativa de se manter o consumo de oxigênio muscular, uma hipótese é que estes pacientes poderiam aumentar compensatoriamente a oferta de oxigênio, apresentando, assim, uma resposta hipercinética cardiovascular e ventilatória. Por outro lado, alguns indícios de menor oferta de oxigênio foram encontrados em pacientes com MM, como um menor fluxo sanguíneo muscular no antebraço e uma maior capacidade de produção de ATP após a suplementação de oxigênio. A cinética do O2 na fase de recuperação (REC) nos fornece, assim, subsídios quanto ao pagamento do débito de oxigênio tecidual e ao reabastecimento do estoque de oxigênio sanguíneo após o exercício. Ao nosso conhecimento, a cinética do O2 REC nunca foi avaliada nos pacientes com MM, assim como a integração desta variável com as respostas não-invasivas cardiovasculares e de extração de oxigênio muscular. Objetivo: contrastar as dinâmicas da oferta e da utilização de oxigênio na recuperação do exercício em pacientes com MM; e identificar os principais mecanismos fisiopatológicos da intolerância ao esforço nestes indivíduos. Métodos: Foram avaliadas em 12 pacientes com MM e 12 controles saudáveis, as cinéticas de recuperação: (i) do O2 pulmonar, (ii) da variação na concentração da deoxiemoglobina ([HHb], mensurada pela espectroscopia de raios quasi infravermelhos - NIRS) no vasto lateral, (iii) do débito cardíaco (DC) por bioimpedância transtorácica, após um teste de carga constante de alta intensidade (70% da carga máxima atingida em teste incremental prévio) até o limite da tolerância em cicloergômetro. Resultados: Foram observadas cinéticas mais lentas de reoxigenação da [HHb], ([HHb] = 43,7 ± 21,2 vs 27,5 ± 6,7) e do O2 ( O2 = 58,1 ± 25,1 vs 38,8 ± 7,6) nos pacientes com MM em relação aos controles, respectivamente. Estas respostas foram associadas a uma cinética de DC mais rápida em relação ao O2, nos pacientes comparados aos controles (T½DC * 1,44 / O2 = 1,3 ± 0,4 vs 1,7 ± 0,6). Conclusão: Os pacientes com MM na forma OEP apresentam, na recuperação do exercício de alta intensidade, um pagamento elevado do débito de oxigênio contraído no exercício e reoxigenação mais lenta da [HHb]. Estas respostas, associadas à cinética mais rápida do DC em relação ao O2 são indícios de que possa haver um déficit no transporte de oxigênio microvascular, além do comprometimento mitocondrial característico desta doença. / Background: Mitochondrial Myopathy patients (MM) and Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (PEO) present with respiratory chain dysfunction and inability to increase muscle oxygen extraction and aerobic ATP synthesis, leading to exercise intolerance and slower O2 kinetics. When oxygen extraction is impaired, in an attempt to maintain muscle oxygen uptake, these patients could increase oxygen delivery, thus exhibiting a hyperkinetic cardiovascular and ventilatory response. On the other hand, some evidence of oxygen delivery impairment was found in MM patients, such as a decrease in muscle blood flow in the forearm and a greater capacity for ATP production after oxygen supplementation. Recovery O2 kinetics provides information on tissue oxygen debt repayment and oxygen blood store replenishment after exercise. To our knowledge, recovery O2 kinetics has never been evaluated in MM patients, as well as its integration with the non-invasive cardiovascular and muscle reoxygenation responses. Objective: to contrast oxygen delivery and utilization dynamics on exercise recovery of MM patients and to identify the main pathophysiologic mechanisms of exercise intolerance in these subjects. Methods: Were evaluated in 12 MM patients and 12 healthy controls, the recovery kinetics of: (i) O2 (ii) deoxyhemoglobin variation ([HHb], measured by near-infrared spectroscopy - NIRS) in vastus lateralis, (iii) cardiac output (CO) by transthoracic bioimpedance, after a high-intensity constant work rate test (70% of maximal workload in a previous incremental test) to the limit of tolerance in a cycle ergometer. Results: We detected slower kinetics for [HHb] ([HHb] = 43.7 ± 21.2 vs. 27.5 ± 6.7) and for O2 ( O2 = 58.1 ± 25.1 vs. 38.8 ± 7.6) in MM patients compared to controls, respectively. Additionally, these responses were associated with a faster recovery CO kinetics in relation to O2 kinetics in MM patients compared to controls (T½DC*1,44 / O2 = 1,3 ± 0,4 vs. 1,7 ± 0,6). Conclusion: Patients with MM and PEO present with a higher oxygen debt and slower reoxygenation kinetics in the recovery of a high-intensity exercise test. Those responses were associated with a faster CO recovery in relation to O2 kinetics, indicating a microvascular oxygen transport deficit, besides the characteristic mitochondrial impairment observed in these patients. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

A análise das variáveis associadas à fadiga muscular durante protocolos de ciclismo até a exaustão (incremental e carga constante), ou mesmo simulados (contrarrelógio), e suas implicações em parâmetros cinéticos e cinemáticos, têm sido descritas na literatura em modelos experimentais. Alterações encontradas nas articulações do quadril, joelho e tornozelo, associadas a mudanças no direcionamento das forças aplicadas ao pedal (melhora da técnica de pedalada) durante testes de ciclismo incrementais e/ou constantes, parecem estar relacionados a estratégias musculares intrínsecas para manutenção do trabalho e postergar os efeitos da fadiga. Entretanto, evidências suportam que a aplicação de Laserterapia de Baixa Potência (LBP) reduz os efeitos da fadiga muscular sobre o desempenho, principalmente em modalidades esportivas com um grande componente aeróbico, tal como o ciclismo. Entretanto, ainda não está claro na literatura qual a dosagem ideal de LBP a ser utilizada nessas atividades. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de diferentes dosagens de LBP sobre o desempenho em teste de tempo de exaustão em ciclistas. Além disso, foi analisado os efeitos do LBP sobre o conteúdo de frequências dos sinais de EMG e a cinética de VO2 durante os testes de exaustão. Vinte ciclistas competitivos do sexo masculino participaram de um estudo, randomizado, duplocego e placebo-controlado. Os atletas realizaram teste incremental de ciclismo até a exaustão (dia 1) para determinar o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2MÁX) e a potência máxima (POMÁX), seguido de outros quatro testes até a exaustão (dias 2 a 5) na POMÁX do teste incremental. Antes de cada teste de exaustão, diferentes dosagens de LBP (3, 6 e 9 J/diodo, ou 135, 270 e 405 J/coxa, respectivamente) ou placebo. Aumento do desempenho nos testes de exaustão foi observado com a LBP-3J (~22 s; p < 0,01), LBP-6J (~13 s; p = 0,03) e LBP- 9J (~13 s; p = 0,02), comparado com o placebo (149 ± 23 s). Embora LBP-6J e LBP-9J não aumentaram a ativação muscular em comparação com o placebo, a LBP-3J, aumentou a ativação das bandas de alta frequência em comparação com o placebo no final do teste de exaustão, em ambos os membros inferiores (p ≤ 0,03). Os resultados na cinética de VO2, resultaram e redução do constante de tempo (Tau) e déficit de O2 com a aplicação de LBP comparado ao placebo (p < 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças (p > 0,05) entre as condições experimentais para amplitude de VO2 e tempo de atraso do VO2. Em conclusão, nosso estudo demonstrou que a fototerapia pode ser um agente ergogênico eficaz para aumentar o desempenho de ciclistas (independente da dose utilizada), e isto se deve ao aumento da ativação das bandas de alta frequência (LBP-3J), bem como da redução do Tau e déficit de O2 (LBP-3 6 e 9J), durante testes máximos de ciclismo até a exaustão. / The analysis of muscle fatigue variables during cycling protocols to exhaustion (incremental and constant load) or simulated (time trial), and its implications on kinetic and kinematic parameters, has been described in the literature for experimental models. Changes in hip, knee and ankle joints (such as increased range of motion and reduced ankle contribution to the total joint torque), associated with changes in the direction of the forces applied to the pedal (improved pedaling technique) during cycling tests, seems to be related to strategies for maintaining muscle work in order to postpone fatigue effects. However, evidences supports that application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) minimizes fatigue effects on muscle performance. However, the ideal LLLT dosage to improve athletes’ performance during sports activities, such as cycling, is still unclear. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of different LLLT dosages on cyclists’ performance during a time-to-exhaustion test. In addition, we looked at the effects of LLLT on the frequency content of the EMG signals and kinetics of VO2 to assess fatigue mechanisms. Twenty male competitive cyclists participated in a crossover, randomized, double-blind and placebo controlled trial. They performed an incremental cycling test to exhaustion (day 1) determine maximal oxygen output (VO2MAX) and maximal power output (POMAX) followed by four time-to-exhaustion tests (days 2 to 5) at their individual POMAX. Before each time to exhaustion test, different LLLT dosages (3, 6 and 9 J/diode; or 135, 270 and 405 J/thigh, respectively) or placebo were applied at the quadriceps muscle bilaterally. Power output and muscle activation from both lower limbs were acquired throughout the tests. Increased performance at the exhaustion tests was observed with the LLLT-3J (~22 s; p < 0.01), LLLT-6J (~13 s; p = 0.03) and LLLT-9J (~13 s; p = 0.02) compared to placebo (149 ± 23 s). Although LLLT-6J and LLLT-9J did not show significant differences in muscle activation compared to placebo, LLLT-3J led to an increased high frequency content compared to placebo in both limbs at the end of the exhaustion test (p ≤ 0.03). The results in kinetics VO2, resulting in reduction of time constant (Tau) and deficit O2 with LLLT applications compared to the placebo condition (p < 0.05). No differences (p > 0.05) were found between the experimental conditions for VO2 amplitude and VO2 delay time. In conclusion, this study has shown that the phototherapy can be an effective ergogenic agent to increase cycling performance (regardless of the dose used), and this is due to increased activation of the high frequency bands (LLLT-3J) as well as the reduction of Tau and deficit of O2 (LLLT-3, 6 and 9J), during maximum cycling exhaustion test.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPHSMA.pdf: 1029230 bytes, checksum: 1bf26ddbd8cdbd2c465cd8442edf58ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-16 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The objective of the present study was to analyse and compare the kinetics of oxygen consumption between groups during running in severe domain. Eighteen healthy and sedentary participants were separated by sex, nine men and women (25,20 ± 2,60 years; 22,10 ± 1,80 years and, 77,30 ± 12,30 kg; 58,60 ± 9,60 kg, respectively). An incremental test was realized at treadmill to determine the associated speed to VO2max (vVO2max) and running to exhaustion (Tlim) at vVO2max to determine the VO2 kinetics, with data expressed by average and standard desviation. The VO2max (3,29 ± 0,62 vs 1,90 ± 0,39 L/min) (p&#8804;0,0001); vVO2max (14 ± 2 vs 10 (3) km.h-1) (p<0,0108); amplitude (3 ± 0,70 vs 1,80 ± 0,40 L/min) (p<0,0003) was significantly increased to men. There was not detected a statistic difference between men and women to the constant time [35,80 (22,30) s vs 36,50 (6,60) s] (p<0,2973); Tlim [271 (118) s vs 261 (73) s] (p<0,6849); Target time to achieve VO2max [142,30 (84,50) s vs 175,80 (24,60) s] (p<0,2973); %Tlim to TAVO2max [43,70 (24,40) vs 72,50 (17,70)] (p<0,1903); time maintained at VO2max (TMVO2max) [145,10 (72,50) s vs 64,20 (65,30) s] (p<0,1359), expressed values by median and interquartil amplitude. We conclude that the VO2 kinetics is similar between young and sedentary men and women, despite the biggest VO2 value demonstrated by men. The prescription value to the aerobic intervalled training do not have make off the proposed by literature for medium and high performance athletes. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar e comparar a cinética de consumo de oxigênio entre gêneros em corrida no domínio severo. Participaram do estudo nove homens e nove mulheres (25,2 ± 2,6 anos; 22,1 ± 1,8 anos e, 77,3 ± 12,3 kg; 58,6 ± 9,6 kg, respectivamente). Foi realizado teste incremental em esteira rolante para determinação da velocidade associada ao VO2max (vVO2max), e corrida até a exaustão (Tlim) na vVO2max para determinar a cinética do VO2. O VO2max (3,29 ± 0,62 vs 1,90 ± 0,39) (p&#8804;0,0001), vVO2max (14,0 ± 2,0 vs 10,0 (3,0) km.h-1) (p<0,0108) e a amplitude (3,0 ± 0,7 vs 1,8 ± 0,4 L/min) (p<0,0003) (M±DP) foram significativamente maiores para os homens. Não foi detectada diferença estatística entre homens e mulheres para a constante tempo (&#964;) [35,8 (22,3) s vs 36,5 (6,6) s] (p<0,2973), Tlim [271,0 (118,0) vs 261,0 (73,0)] (p<0,6849), tempo para atingir o VO2max (TAVO2max) [142,3 (84,5) s vs 175,8 (24,6) s] (p<0,2973), %Tlim para TAVO2max [43,7 (24,4) vs 72,5 (17,7)] (p<0,1903); tempo mantido no VO2max (TMVO2max) [145,1 (72,5) s vs 64,2 (65,3) s] (p<0,1359), valores expressos pela mediana e amplitude interquartil. Concluímos que a resposta da cinética do VO2 é semelhante entre homens e mulheres jovens sedentários, apesar do maior valor de VO2max apresentado pelos homens. Palavras chave: Cinética VO2; Gênero; Domínio Severo

Orientador: Benedito Sérgio Denadai / Banca: Cassiano Merussi Neiva / Banca: Fabrizio Caputo / Banca: Emerson Franchin / Banca: Mauro Gonçalves / Resumo: Não se tem observado a preocupação com a descrição dos domínios de intensidade na natação e poucas tentativas foram realizadas para ajustar o modelo de P-tLim às condições desta modalidade de exercício. Este estudo pretendeu ajustar o modelo P-tLim à natação com o recurso do controle de cargas possibilitado pelo nado em condição atada. Assim como, seu significado fisiológico para a descrição dos domínios pesado/severo obtido pelas relações a serem estabelecidas com a velocidade crítica (VC - limite superior do domínio pesado), com a máxima fase estável do lactato (MFEL, que disputa com VC a indexação do limite superior do domínio pesado) e com a caracterização dos domínios pesado e severo pelos parâmetros de cinética e amplitude do VO2. Em um primeiro estudo, 24 nadadores (16,5 ± 2,7 anos e 67,7 ± 13,5 kg) submeteram-se à estimativa da força de arrasto (Fr = A  v2). A Fr encontrada em máxima velocidade foi fracionada para compor quatro estágios de teste, com tempos de exaustão entre 3-20 min. em crawl-atado. A VC foi estimada empregando quatro distâncias entre 200-1500m. A potência crítica atada (PCAtada) linear (81,9W) e não linear (71,1W) não se diferenciaram (  0,05) dos valores de PC linear (108,2W) e não linear (96,3W) estimados por VC linear (1,2m.s-1) e não linear (1,14m.s-1), através da equação do desempenho. Neste primeiro estudo, pode-se concluir que PCAtada é correlata a VC, podendo representar a capacidade aeróbia. No segundo estudo, dez nadadores (16,6  1,4 anos e 69,8  9,5 kg) foram submetidos às estimativas de PCAtado (equações lineares e hiperbólica de 2-parâmetros), VC (ajuste linear do tempo pela velocidade nos desempenhos de 200, 400 e 800m), PAtadaMFEL (3 ou 4 esforços entre 95 a 105% da carga em PCAtada hiperbólica) e à vMFEL (3 ou 4 esforços entre 85 a 95% do velocidade máxima do crawl nos 400m)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: There is a lack of studies describing the domains of intensity in swimming, and few works approaches the P-tLim model in swimming. This study provided a way to assess the P-tLim model in swimming, applying the load controlled environment in full-tethered condition. The physiological meaning for the description of heavy and severe domains was established from the relationships of critical velocity (CV - upper boundary of heavy domain) to maximal lactate steady state (MLSS, conflicting with VC to demarcate the upper boundary of heavy domain), and from the descriptive characterization of kinetic and amplitude parameters of VO2. In he first study, 24 swimmers with 16.5 ± 2.7 years and 67.7 ± 13.5 kg were undertaken to drag force (Fr) estimation (Fr = A  v2). The Fr at maximal crawl velocity was the load that was fractioned to build the sets, lasting 3-20min until exhaustion. CV was calculated from distance between 200-1500m. The linear (81.9W) and non-linear (71.1W) PTethCrit were not different (  0.05) from the values of linear (108.2W) and non-linear (96.3W) PC estimative obtained from linear (1.2m.s-1) and non-linear (1.14m.s-1) CV through swim performance equation. It was conclude that PCTeth was related to CV, and reliable to indexes aerobic capacity. The second work, did analyze ten male swimmers (16.6  1.4 years and 69.8  9.5kg) that were submitted to the measurements of the CPTeth (linear and non-linear two parameters equation), CV (linear adjustment between time and velocity performance in the 200, 400 and 800m), PTethMLSS (3 or 4 trials ranging from 95 to 105% of the load at non-linear PCAtada), and vMLSS (3 or 4 trials ranging from 85 to 95% of the 400-m crawl performance). The results shown that neither CV (1.19  0.12m.s-1) nor the CPTeth (99.4  23.0W) matches the statements for MLSS, once differences were observed to the vMLSS (1.17  0.11m.s-1)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor