Betong är ett av världens mest använda byggnadsmaterial, men kan också vara en stor miljöbov. Cementklinker är en betydande beståndsdel i betong som vid tillverkning frigör stora mängder koldioxid, av den anledningen optimeras betongrecept idag genom att ersätta en del av cementen med flygaska som är en restprodukt från kolkraftsindustrin. I takt med att samhället rör sig mot en fossilfri produktion beräknas tillgången till flygaska att avta och material med liknande egenskaper undersöks som alternativa bindemedel i betong.  Syftet med studien är att, genom litteraturstudier och laboratoriska tester, undersöka huruvida naturliga puzzolaner kan ersätta mängden flygaska i en cementsammansättning utan att försämra betongens hållfasthetsegenskaper. Tryckhållfastheten samt hållfasthetsutvecklingen har undersökts hos 150x150x150 mm provkuber med varierande mängd flygaska samt vulkanaska av isländsk pimpsten respektive jordanska tuffer. Målet med studien är att minska mängden, eller helst ersätta hela andelen flygaska i en klimatförbättrad betongsammansättning.  De laboratoriska testerna har utförts enligt svensk standard där totalt 48 provkroppar gjutits. Referenskuben i undersökningen består av 80% portlandkalkstencement och 20% flygaska. Totalt har 6 olika kombinationer av provkuber gjutits där andelen flygaska ersätts med 20%, 15% eller 10% vulkanaska. Vardera provkub har utsatts för tryckhållfasthetsmätning efter 2, 7 samt 28 dygn.  Resultatet av provtryckningen visade att provkuberna innehållande isländsk pimpsten gav en ökad eller oförändrad hållfasthet vid samtliga mätningar, jämfört med referenskuben. Provkuberna innehållande jordanska tuffer medförde däremot en reducering av hållfastheten vid samtliga mätningar, jämfört med referenskuben. Provkuberna innehållande vulkanaska från isländsk pimpsten gav högst sluthållfasthet då ingen flygaska förekom i sammansättningen och något sämre värden vid inblandning av flygaska, till skillnad från provkuberna innehållande vulkanaska från jordanska tuffer som utan flygaska i princip stannade av i sin hållfasthetstillväxt efter 7 dygn. Skillnaden i resultatet mellan vulkanaska av pimpsten respektive tuffer antyder att vilken typ av material det är samt dess ursprung har betydelse för hur det presterar som bindemedel i betong. / Concrete is one of the most widely used building materials in the world, but it can also be a major environmental culprit. Cement clinker is a significant component of concrete that releases large amounts of carbon dioxide during production. For this reason, concrete recipes are now optimized by replacing some of the cement with fly ash, which is a byproduct from the coal power industry. As society moves towards fossil-free production, the availability of fly ash is expected to decrease, and materials with similar properties are being investigated as alternative binders in concrete.  The purpose of the study is to investigate, through literature review and laboratory tests, whether natural pozzolans can replace the amount of fly ash in a cement composition without deteriorating the strength properties of the concrete. The compressive strength and strength development have been studied on 150x150x150 mm test cubes with varying amounts of fly ash and volcanic ash from Icelandic pumice and Jordanian tuffs. The goal of the study is to reduce the amount, or preferably replace the entire portion, of fly ash in a climate-improved concrete composition. The laboratory tests have been performed according to Swedish standards, where a total of 48 test specimens have been cast. The reference cube in the study consists of 80% Portland limestone cement and 20% fly ash. A total of 6 different combinations of test cubes have been cast, where the proportion of fly ash is replaced with 20%, 15%, or 10% volcanic ash. Each test cube has been subjected to compressive strength measurement after 2, 7, and 28 days. The results of the compression testing showed that the test cubes containing Icelandic pumice provided increased or unchanged strength at all measurements, compared to the reference cube. However, the test cubes containing Jordanian tuffs resulted in a reduction of strength at all measurements, compared to the reference cube. The test cubes containing volcanic ash from Icelandic pumice provided the highest final strength when no fly ash was present in the composition, and slightly lower values when fly ash was added, unlike the test cubes containing volcanic ash from Jordanian tuffs which essentially plateaued in their strength development after 7 days without fly ash. The difference in results between volcanic ash from pumice and tuffs suggests that the type and origin of the material are significant factors in how they perform as a binder in concrete.

No description available.

Volcanic ash and Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) were investigated as indigenous materials for drinking water treatment based on problems identified at Kampala and Masaka water treatment plants in Uganda. Coagulation experiments were done using swamp raw water at Masaka National Water &amp; Sewerage Corporation water treatment plant and pilot-scale filtration experiments carried out at Ggaba II (Kampala) water treatment plant. The results from the study indicated that there were both operational and design handicaps at the treatment plants in Kampala. There is need to modify the filtration and clarification units to enable production of water meeting both the national and international standards. At Masaka water treatment, there was increase in trihalomethanes concentration as a result of pre-chlorination. Following aeration and pre-chlorination processes, the average increase of total trihalomethanes concentration was over 4000% with over 99% being chloroform. Preliminary results from the jar test experiments indicated that use of alum with MOCSC as coagulant aid is promising as a first stage in the treatment train for waters with a humic materials and high content of iron, typical of swamp water sources. This would probably eliminate the formation of unwanted by-products by eliminating the pre-chlorination process. Assessment of the characteristics of the volcanic ash showed that it meets the requirements for a filtration material; and results obtained from the pilot study showed that it was a suitable alternative material for use in a dual media filtration system. There was an increase in the filter run length of about two and half fold in the dual media filtration column compared to the mono medium column. Both columns produced similar water quality levels. Therefore, conversion of the rapid sand filters at Ggaba and similar water treatment plants in the country to dual media (volcanic ash on top of sand) systems would probably significantly improve the performance of the filtration systems. / <p>Obs! ISBN: 978-91-7283-565-76</p><p>QC 20101110</p>

Les processus d’interaction solide-liquide régulent les mécanismes qui régissent la disponibilité des oligo-éléments en phase liquide. Dans cet article, ces processus ont été étudiés grâce à l'utilisation des éléments de terres rares (REE), car ils sont d'excellents traceurs des processus géochimiques. Le but de la première partie de ce travail était d'étudier la réactivité des particules volcaniques lors de l'interaction avec l'eau de la mer synthétique. Les résultats montrent que en dehors de la dissolution, qui est le processus principal, un procédé d'adsorption de surface se produit également, probablement sur la surface des cristaux nouvellement formé. La présence supposée de ces minéraux est suggéré par la variation temporelle de l'Y/Ho, des observations SEM et analyse XRD. Enfin, l'ajout des ligand dissous ne pas augmenter le taux de dissolution des particules volcaniques, mais modifiant la distribution de REE en phase liquide. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, l'étude des terres rares a été appliquée à un système humain. Ces éléments ont été utilisés, en fait, d'enquêter sur les fluides du poumon (BAL) chez les personnes exposées aux retombées de cendres volcaniques. Le résultat suggère que la co-précipitation du YLn-phosphates se produisent dans les poumons, à la suite de l'inhalation de particules volcaniques. Ce processus est confirmé par des simulations thermodynamiques et cinétiques indiquant que la cristallisation de YLn-phosphates et d'autres phases authigènes apparaît comme la conséquence de la dissolution de la fraction solubles de cendres / The solid-liquid interaction processes regulate the mechanisms governing the availability of trace elements in liquid phase. In this paper, these processes have been studied through the use of the Rare Earth Elements (REE) since they are excellent tracers of geochemical processes. The purpose of the first part of this work was to study the reactivity of volcanic particulates during the interaction with synthetic seawater. The results show that apart from the dissolution, which is the main process, a surface adsorption process also occurs, probably on the surface of newly formed crystals. The supposed presence of these minerals is suggested by the temporal variation of the Y/Ho ratio, by SEM observations and XRD analysis. Finally the addition of ligand species to dissolved media does not increase dissolution rate of volcanic particles but modify the YLn distribution in liquid phase. In the second part of this work, the Rare Earth study was applied to a human system. These elements were used, in fact, to investigate the effects due to the interactions between the inhaled atmospheric particulate matter and the lung fluids (BAL), in people exposed to fallout of volcanic ash. The results suggest that YLn-phosphate co-precipitation occurs in lungs as a consequence of inhalation of volcanic particles and their interactions with lung fluids. This process is confirmed by thermodynamic and kinetic simulations indicating that crystallisation of YLn-phosphates and other authigenic phases occurs as a consequence of the soluble ash fraction dissolution. The combination of YLn fractionation in bronchial fluids can represent a potential tracer of exposure to atmospheric fallout

This master's thesis deals with the issue of volcanic ash as a complex and its impact on aviation, including the volcanic activity itself (conditions for its existence, for existence of eruptions and their basic products). In addition, the thesis also deals with effect of volcanic ash on aircraft and airports, possibilities of its detection or monitoring as well as mechanism of its spreading in airspace. The emphasis is laid mainly on air incidents related to volcanic ash and on danger it poses to the airspace of the Czech Republic.

In 2017, the Swedish Parliament stated a new climate law with the goal that Sweden should be climate neutral by 2045. The concrete industry has developed a roadmap on how the goal for 2045 can be achieved, where one way to reduce the carbon emissions from concrete is by replacing a part of the cement clinker with alternative binders in the concrete mix. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash, silica fume and trass are alternative binders that are possible to use in concrete mixes to reduce the amount of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). GGBS, fly ash and silica fume are by-products from other industries, while trass is volcanic ash that can be extracted. Besides the positive environmental impact that comes from using alternative binders and reducing the amount of cement clinker, the alternative binders have other properties, both positive and negative, that affect the concrete. The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether concrete with alternative binders does fulfill the regulations set by Swedish standards and how concrete with alternative binders does affect the material parameters. The concrete mixes were divided into three different types of concrete: concrete for bridges (w/c ratio 0.4), hydropower structures (w/c ratio 0.45) and wind powerplant foundations (w/c ratio 0.55). A total of seven concrete mixes were cast in a laboratory and the concrete mixes were investigated in the three hardening stages of concrete: fresh, young and hardened. The analyzed material parameters were compressive strength, shrinkage, frost resistance, workability, air voids and temperature development. Beyond the experimental testing, a global warming potential (GWP) comparison was made to compare the reduction of GWP for each concrete mix compared to a reference concrete for each usage area. The mix containing a CEM II/A-V fly ash cement and 15% GGBS showed great potential regarding the different material parameters. This mix, however, is according to Swedish standards not possible to certify for structures in exposure class XF4, such as bridges, but is possible to certify for structures in exposure class XF3, such as wind powerplant foundations. The mix containing 30% GGBS and 5% silica fume also showed beneficiary properties, but superplasticizers are required in this mix to ensure good workability. For hydropower structures, the mix containing 35% GGBS showed a great compressive strength but a high temperature development and low workability. The mix containing trass had a notably low temperature development, but with an increase in shrinkage and low workability. Moreover, all concrete mixes showed a frost resistance which, according to standard, is classified as “Very Good”. / Sveriges regering antog 2017 ett nytt klimatpolitiskt ramverk med målet att Sverige ska ha noll nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser år 2045. Betongindustrin har tagit fram en färdplan för hur betong kan bli klimatneutralt, där ett sätt att reducera klimatpåverkan från betong är att byta ut en del av cementklinkern mot alternativa bindemedel. Mald granulerad masugnsslagg (GGBS), flygaska, silikastoft och trass är alternativa bindemedel som är möjliga att använda i betongblandningar för att reducera mängden Portlandcement. GGBS, flygaska och silikastoft är restprodukter från andra industrier medan trass är en vulkanisk aska som kan utvinnas. Utöver den positiva miljöeffekten som erhålls när alternativa bindemedel ersätter cementklinker, så har de alternativa bindemedlen andra egenskaper, både positiva och negativa, som påverkar betongen. Målet med denna studie var att undersöka och jämföra om betongblandningar där en del av cementklinkern har ersatts med alternativa bindemedel når upp till de krav som ställs i nuvarande regelverk. Utöver det så undersöktes även hur betongblandningarnas materialparametrar påverkades av alternativa bindemedel. Betongblandningarna delades in i tre olika typer av betong: betong för broar (vct 0.4), vattenbyggnader (vct 0.45) och vindkraftverksfundament (vct 0.55), där totalt sju betongblandningar tillverkades i ett laboratorium. Betongblandningarna undersöktes i de tre olika faserna för hårdnande av betong, vilka är färsk, ung och hårdnad betong. De materialparametrar som analyserades var tryckhållfasthet, krympning, frostresistens, arbetbarhet, luftporhalt och temperaturutveckling. Förutom de experimentella testerna gjordes en jämförelse kring hur mycket koldioxid som kan reduceras för varje betongblandning, jämfört med en referensbetong för varje användningsområde. Betongblandningen med ett CEM II/A-V flygaska-cement och 15% GGBS visade stor potential med avseende på de olika materialparametrarna. Denna blandning är dock enligt svensk standard inte möjlig att certifiera för betongbyggnad i exponeringsklass XF4, exempelvis broar, men kan certifieras för betongbyggnad i exponeringsklass XF3, exempelvis fundament för vindkraftverk. Blandningen med 30% GGBS och 5% silikastoft visade även positiva egenskaper, men flyttillsatsmedel måste användas i denna blandning för att erhålla en god arbetbarhet. För vattenbyggnadsbetong så visade blandningen med 35% GGBS en hög tryckhållfasthet, men samtidigt en hög temperaturutveckling och en låg arbetbarhet. Blandningen med trass hade en noterbart låg temperaturutveckling, men med ökad krympning samt låg arbetbarhet. Avslutningsvis så uppvisade alla blandningar en frostresistens som enligt standard klassificeras som ”Mycket bra”.

Paleosols from the Bahamas and the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) are closely related to past atmospheric circulation and dust load. In the Bahamas the sources of insoluble residue (IR) must be allogenic because the islands consist of almost pure carbonates. The Al2O3:TiO2 ratio was used to establish the provenance of the IR of the paleosols. Comparisons of this ratio from Bahamian paleosols, North African dust, Lesser Antilles ash and North American loess reveal that the African dust is the major contributor to the IR, with a potential minor volcanic input from the Lesser Antilles. The contribution of the North American loess to the IR was not determined because of geochemical similarities with the North African dust. The study of two outcrops in Eleuthera indicate that paleosols can act as aquicludes. The Bahamian samples were collected on a roughly north-south transect in order to establish the climatic influence on paleosol properties. Even though there is a marked climatic gradient in the Bahamas, the paleosol geochemistry shows no trend that could be related to paleoclimate. While previous studies indicated that the source of insoluble residues in the soils of CNMI is carbonate dissolution, the present study shows that atmospheric deposition of ash from the Mariana arc and dust from the Asian continent may play a significant role in paleosol formation.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The Antler and Sonoma orogenies occurred along the southwest-trending passive Pacific margin of North America during the Paleozoic concluding with the accretion of the McCloud Arc. A southeast-trending sinistral transform fault truncated the continental margin in the Permian, becoming a locus for initiation of an east-dipping subduction zone creating the Sierran magmatic arc. Constrained in age between two early Triassic tuff layers, the volcanic clasts in the breccia of Frog Lakes represent one of the earliest records of mafic magmatism in the eastern Sierra Nevada. Tholeiitic rock clasts found in the breccia of Frog Lakes in the Saddlebag Lake pendant in the east central Sierra Nevada range in composition from 48% to 63% SiO2. Boninites produced by early volcanism of subduction initiation by spontaneous nucleation at the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc are more depleted in trace element concentrations than the clasts while andesites from the northern volcanic zone of the Andes produced on crust 50 km thick have similar levels of enrichment and provide a better geochemical modern analogue. Textural analysis of the breccia of Frog Lakes suggest a subaqueous environment of deposition from a mature magmatic arc built on continental crust > 50 km thick during the Triassic. The monzodiorites of Saddlebag and Odell Lakes are temporal intrusive equivalents of the breccia of Frog Lakes and zircon geochemistry indicates a magmatic arc petrogenesis.