The goal of this project was to analyze Cache County for potential sanitary landfill sites covering the period 2020 to 2120. The county population and per capita solid waste were estimated. The minimum landfill size was then calculated. A geographic information system (GIS) was used for data storage and vii analysis. Relevant data were gathered. Areas which would not support a landfill were eliminated. Remaining sites were rated as having slight, moderate, or severe restrictions for use as an area method sanitary landfill based on the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) Sanitary Facility Report, and the NRCS Soil Interpretations Rating Guide. Seventeen sites were designated as sites for further evaluation. A landfill ranking system giving a primary and/or secondary rating to data items was developed. Nine prime sites had one secondary (.,a ting. These sites should be more closely investigated to determine which are the best potential sites. (136 pages)

The goal of this project was to analyze Cache County for potential sanitary landfill sites covering the period 2020 to 2120. The county population and per capita solid waste were estimated. The minimum landfill size was then calculated. A geographic information system (GIS) was used for data storage and vii analysis. Relevant data were gathered. Areas which would not support a landfill were eliminated. Remaining sites were rated as having slight, moderate, or severe restrictions for use as an area method sanitary landfill based on the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) Sanitary Facility Report, and the NRCS Soil Interpretations Rating Guide. Seventeen sites were designated as sites for further evaluation. A landfill ranking system giving a primary and/or secondary rating to data items was developed. Nine prime sites had one secondary (.,a ting. These sites should be more closely investigated to determine which are the best potential sites. (136 pages)

Poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) is a group of more than 5000 different substances, of which all consist of a fluorinated carbon chain resulting in a strong bond. Most of these substances are shown to be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic for both humans and the environment. Furthermore, PFASs are used in a variety of products such as coatings of textiles, firefighting foam and food packaging, which all pose as potential sources of PFASs in the environment. Present studies have found leachate to be one of the largest sources of PFASs in the environment. Therefore, research on possible removal techniques for PFASs in leachate is required. This study focuses on overland flow areas and their potential to remediate PFASs in leachate. The occurrence of PFASs in incoming and outgoing water was examined at four waste facilities in Sweden, as well as the concentrations in soil and plants upstream and downstream. Water samples were collected once a day for five days. Plant and soil samples were collected once, distributing the samples over the upstream and downstream area and investigating possible mechanisms for PFAS uptake as well as the spatial variation of PFAS uptake.  The samples were then analyzed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) at a commercial laboratory (Eurofins). The analysis showed a significant increase in the concentration of PFAS11 in the leachate after the overland flow area at one of the facilities. At the other three facilities, the analysis presented no significant changes in PFAS11 concentrations. Concentrations of all 11 PFASs were detected in the leachate at three out of four facilities. PFCAs were the dominating group. Furthermore, all 11 PFASs were detected in the majority of the soil samples, where PFOS was the dominating substance due to its relatively long carbon chain and high distribution coefficient. Plant samples from the facilities had high concentrations of PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA and 6:2 FTS, which may be explained by their short carbon chain and hydrophilic features. This study also showed a significant variation in emissions of PFASs between the facilities. However, relatively high emissions of PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA and PFOA were detected at all facilities. An estimation of overland flow areas as a removal technique for PFASs in leachate, by harvesting the plant biomass, showed a potential removal of 0,03-0,3 %, which does not motivate an expansion of the current overland flow areas at these facilities. / Poly- och perfluorerade alkylsubstanser (PFAS) är en grupp på över 5000 olikaämnen. Gemensamt för alla PFAS är att de består av en fluorerad kolkedja, vilket ger upphov till en mycket stark bindning. Alla dessa ämnen är mer eller mindre persistenta, bioackumulerande och toxiska för människor och miljön. De når miljön från flera olika källor, så som exempelvis impregnering i textilprodukter, brandsläckningsskum och livsmedelsförpackningar. Studier har visat att lakvatten kan vara en av de största källorna till PFAS i miljön idag, vilket motiverar en undersökning av reningsmöjligheter för PFAS i lakvatten. I denna studie har översilningsytors potential som reningsmetod för PFAS i lakvatten undersökts. Provtagning har skett vid fyra avfallsanläggningar i Sverige, där inkommande samt utgående vatten vid översilningsytan har provtagits. Vattenproverna togs som ett samlingsprov över fem dagar. Även växt- och jordprov har tagits som samlingsprov vid inlopp respektive utlopp vid ytan vid ett tillfälle, för att undersöka var och hur avskiljningen av PFAS sker.  Proverna har sedan analyserats med Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) vid ett kommersiellt laboratorium (Eurofins). Resultatet av denna analys visade på en tydlig ökning av PFAS11 i lakvattnet efter översilningsytorna vid en av anläggningarna. Vid de tre resterande anläggningarna detekterades ingen tydlig skillnad. Vid tre av fyra avfallsanläggningar detekterades halter av samtliga 11 PFAS i lakvattnet, där PFCA-ämnen var den dominerande gruppen. I majoriteten av jordproverna från anläggningarna hittades halter av samtliga 11 PFAS. Samtliga jordprov domineras av PFOS. Detta förklaras av dess långa kolkedja och höga Kd-värde (fördelningskoefficient), vilket gör att PFOS ackumuleras i jord. Analysen av växtprov från anläggningarna visar på höga halter PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA och 6:2 FTS, vilket kan förklaras av deras korta kolkedja, vilket gör dem mer hydrofila och därmed mer mobila i växter. I studien visades även att stora variationer i utsläppta mängder PFAS finns mellan olika avfallsanläggningar. Ett relativt högt massflöde av PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA och PFOA kunde dock ses vid samtliga anläggningar. En uppskattning av översilningsytornas potential att rena lakvatten från PFAS genom skörd av biomassa visar på en potentiell avskiljning på 0,03-0,3 %, vilket ej motiverar en uppskalning av anläggningarnas översilningsytor.

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O Reator Multipropósito Brasileiro (RMB) é um projeto que está sendo desenvolvido pela Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (DPD), da Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN), com o objetivo principal de suprir o país com radioisótopos para aplicação médica (saúde), indústria, agricultura e meio ambiente. Este empreendimento possui vários estágios de desenvolvimento, cada um deles com etapas que envolvem conhecimentos muito específicos para a operacionalização efetiva de suas instalações, além de detalhes legais e regulamentares que precisam ser atendidos. O Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) e a Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) são, respectivamente, os responsáveis pelo licenciamento ambiental e nuclear. Nesses órgãos licenciadores pode-se encontrar diretrizes para elaborar a documentação necessária aos processos de licenciamento para Instalações Nucleares e Instalações Radiativas, porém não foi possível identificar claramente algumas diretrizes para as instalações dedicadas a tratamento e armazenamento de Rejeitos Radioativos. O Empreendimento RMB irá gerar rejeito radioativo e contará com uma instalação para tratamento, acondicionado e armazenamento, para o qual haverá também a necessidade de se gerar documentação específica dedicada ao processo de licenciamento. Diante da lacuna na diretriz de estruturação e elaboração dos documentos específicos para este tipo de instalação, foi necessário realizar um levantamento de leis, regulamentos e normas relacionados a este tipo de negócio e que serão adotadas como referência na estruturação de tais documentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento e alinhamento das leis, regulamentos e normas aplicáveis, estruturando os requisitos em um Sistema de Gestão (SG), cujo escopo abrange o tratamento e armazenamento dos rejeitos radioativos do RMB. Este SG deverá fornecer diretrizes para a elaboração dos documentos de licenciamento e promover a gestão dos rejeitos radioativos gerados pelo RMB, bem como, deverá abordar as melhores práticas, de maneira a observar a segurança da instalação e processos envolvidos. / The Brazilian Multipurpose Reactor (RMB) is a project being developed by the Research and Development (DPD) Directorate of the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN), with the main objective of supplying the country with radioisotopes for medical application (health), industry, agriculture and the environment. This project has several stages of development, each one with very specific knowledge for the effective operation of its facilities, as well as legal and regulatory details that need to be met. The Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) and CNEN are respectively responsible for environmental and nuclear licensing. These regulatory agencies have guidelines to prepare the necessary documentation for the licensing processes for nuclear and radioactive facilities, but it was not possible identify clearly the guidelines for the facilities dedicated to the treatment and storage of radioactive wastes. The RMB will generate radioactive waste and will have a facility for treatment, conditioning and storage, for which it will also be necessary to generate specific documentation dedicated to its licensing process. Faced with the lacuna in the structuring guideline and elaboration of the specific documents for this type of installation, it was necessary to carry out a survey of laws, regulations and norms related to this type of business and that will be adopted as reference in the structuring of such documents. The objective of this work was to carry out a survey and alignment of the applicable laws, regulations and standards, structuring the requirements in a Management System (SG), whose scope covers the treatment and storage of the RMB radioactive waste. This SG should provide guidelines for the preparation of licensing documents and promote the management of radioactive waste generated by the RMB and should address best practices in order to observe the safety of the facility and the processes involved.

O Reator Multipropósito Brasileiro (RMB) é um projeto que está sendo desenvolvido pela Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (DPD), da Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN), com o objetivo principal de suprir o país com radioisótopos para aplicação médica (saúde), indústria, agricultura e meio ambiente. Este empreendimento possui vários estágios de desenvolvimento, cada um deles com etapas que envolvem conhecimentos muito específicos para a operacionalização efetiva de suas instalações, além de detalhes legais e regulamentares que precisam ser atendidos. O Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) e a Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) são, respectivamente, os responsáveis pelo licenciamento ambiental e nuclear. Nesses órgãos licenciadores pode-se encontrar diretrizes para elaborar a documentação necessária aos processos de licenciamento para Instalações Nucleares e Instalações Radiativas, porém não foi possível identificar claramente algumas diretrizes para as instalações dedicadas a tratamento e armazenamento de Rejeitos Radioativos. O Empreendimento RMB irá gerar rejeito radioativo e contará com uma instalação para tratamento, acondicionado e armazenamento, para o qual haverá também a necessidade de se gerar documentação específica dedicada ao processo de licenciamento. Diante da lacuna na diretriz de estruturação e elaboração dos documentos específicos para este tipo de instalação, foi necessário realizar um levantamento de leis, regulamentos e normas relacionados a este tipo de negócio e que serão adotadas como referência na estruturação de tais documentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento e alinhamento das leis, regulamentos e normas aplicáveis, estruturando os requisitos em um Sistema de Gestão (SG), cujo escopo abrange o tratamento e armazenamento dos rejeitos radioativos do RMB. Este SG deverá fornecer diretrizes para a elaboração dos documentos de licenciamento e promover a gestão dos rejeitos radioativos gerados pelo RMB, bem como, deverá abordar as melhores práticas, de maneira a observar a segurança da instalação e processos envolvidos. / The Brazilian Multipurpose Reactor (RMB) is a project being developed by the Research and Development (DPD) Directorate of the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN), with the main objective of supplying the country with radioisotopes for medical application (health), industry, agriculture and the environment. This project has several stages of development, each one with very specific knowledge for the effective operation of its facilities, as well as legal and regulatory details that need to be met. The Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) and CNEN are respectively responsible for environmental and nuclear licensing. These regulatory agencies have guidelines to prepare the necessary documentation for the licensing processes for nuclear and radioactive facilities, but it was not possible identify clearly the guidelines for the facilities dedicated to the treatment and storage of radioactive wastes. The RMB will generate radioactive waste and will have a facility for treatment, conditioning and storage, for which it will also be necessary to generate specific documentation dedicated to its licensing process. Faced with the lacuna in the structuring guideline and elaboration of the specific documents for this type of installation, it was necessary to carry out a survey of laws, regulations and norms related to this type of business and that will be adopted as reference in the structuring of such documents. The objective of this work was to carry out a survey and alignment of the applicable laws, regulations and standards, structuring the requirements in a Management System (SG), whose scope covers the treatment and storage of the RMB radioactive waste. This SG should provide guidelines for the preparation of licensing documents and promote the management of radioactive waste generated by the RMB and should address best practices in order to observe the safety of the facility and the processes involved.

The chemistry of a stream is the result of different transport routes of the precipitation and the processes it undergoes in the catchment area to the stream. The transport route can involve natural processes in the ground, called diffuse sources, or some more anthropogenic sources titled point sources. In the stream, this chemistry is affected by dilution and different sources and sinks of substances. From Hovgårdens waste facility, a point source situated in Tomtaåns water catchment (20 km NE of Uppsala), waste water is released in the nearby Hovgårdsbäcken stream, bringing various metals, salts and nutrient salts. This is then transported to Lissån stream and further on to Tomtaån stream. Before connecting to Lissån, Tomtaån flows through a rural landscape without known larger point sources. This project has two purposes, one is to investigate if substance concentrations in the water changes on its transport along Hovgårdsbäcken, Lissån and Tomtaån streams and why. The other is to determine whether the mass transport from Tomtaån stream is significant for the water chemistry compared to Lissån stream. This project is based on substance concentrations measured by Uppsala Vatten AB from 2009-2014 and the writers’ own measurements from spring of 2016. The substances concerned in this project are N-tot, P-tot, NH4+, PO43-, Fe, SO42-, NO3-. The samplings made by Uppsala Vatten AB does not include Tomtaån upstream the inflow from Lissån. To obtain the size of the mass transport of Tomtaån, modelled substance concentrations along with surface types from GIS have been used. A mass balance was then calculated. The reliability of these values are then discussed. The own measurements included discharge measurements and water sampling to carry out analysis of pH, alkalinity as well as anions Cl-, SO42- and NO3-. The results showed that for Fe, P-tot and PO43-, the values were peaking after the inflow of Lissån to Tomtaån, meaning that these ones come in higher values from Tomtaån than Hovgården. N-tot, NH4+ and SO42- decrease in concentration along the transport which indicates the opposite for Fe, P-tot and PO43-. The mass transport calculated with the modelled values indicates an absurd deficit, which brings the conclusion that these are not reliable. / Ett vattendrags kemi är ett resultat av nederbördens olika transportvägar och dess processer i avrinningsområdet. Transportvägen kan innefatta naturliga processer i mark, så kallade diffusa utsläpp, och mer antropogena källor som har en bestämd utsläppspunkt, vilka benämns som punktkällor. Väl i vattendraget påverkar utspädning, källor och sänkor ämnenas halter. Från Hovgårdens avfallsanläggning, en punktkälla som ligger i Tomtaåns avrinningsområde (2 mil nordost om Uppsala), rinner avfallsvatten ut i den närliggande Hovgårdsbäcken med en rad olika typer av metaller, salter och närsalter. Detta transporteras vidare till Lissån vars flöde går ihop med Tomtaån. Tomtaån rinner innan sammanflöde med Lissån genom ett jordbrukslandskap utan större kända punktkällor men där diffusa utsläppskällor kommer till uttryck. Projektet har två syften, det ena är att undersöka om ämneshalterna i vattnet på sin transport längsmed Hovgårdsbäcken, Lissån och Tomtaån förändras och varför. Det andra är att slå fast om masstransporten från Tomtaån är betydande för vattenkemin jämfört med Lissån. Till grund för projektet ligger ämneshalter tagna vid olika punkter av Uppsala Vatten AB år 2009-2014 respektive prover tagna av författarna våren 2016. Ämnen som ligger i fokus är; N-tot, P-tot, NH4+, PO43-, Fe, SO42-, NO3-. Uppsala Vattens provtagningar innefattar inte Tomtaån uppströms. För att få fram storleken på Tomtaåns masstransport, har istället schablonvärden och markanvändningsareor tagna ur GIS använts. Med dessa schablonvärden och de empiriskt uppmätta halterna från Uppsala Vatten har massbalansberäkningen sedan gjorts. Vi kommer föra en diskussion om denna metod var tillförlitlig eller ej. Av författarna mättes vattenföring och vattenprover togs, vilka analyserades för pH och alkalinitet såväl som anjonerna: Cl-, SO42- and NO3-. Resultatet visade att ämneshalterna för Fe, P-tot and PO43- var högst efter Lissåns inflöde med Tomtaån. Vilken betyder att vattenkemin påverkas mer av Tomtaån än Hovgården. Resterande ämnen minskar i halt längsmed transporten, Hovgården bidrar med högst ämneshalt och Tomtaån påverkar vattenkemin genom utspädning. Masstransporten beräknad med schablonvärden indikerar ett massivt orimligt underskott, bedömningen är att schablonhalter ej är tillförlitliga.