Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:20:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas Rafael Salaroli.pdf: 1447685 bytes, checksum: 8ca504848373e3c519a5ec3767837bc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-02 / Esta pesquisa é a conclusão da dissertação de mestrado realizada com o suporte financeiro da Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Espírito Santo (FAPES). Discutimos sobre o Projeto Executivo para o Enquadramento de Cursos de Água e Plano de Bacia para os rios Santa Maria da Vitória e Jucu (PEEPB), ambos no estado do Espírito Santo. O PEEPB é um projeto inovador na tentativa de uma gestão pública compartilhada das águas neste estado. Abrange para além dos Comitês de Bacia Hidrográfica, os atores gestores por excelência, e incluem também a Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES) com o Laboratório de Gestão de Recursos Hídricos e Desenvolvimento Regional (LABGEST_DEA_UFES), o Instituto de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos do Espírito Santo (IEMA), e a parceria com o consultor em gestão compartilhada de recursos hídricos Paulo Paim. Esta equipe de acompanhamento técnico e científico atua na capacitação de gestores, na realização de propostas para mobilização social, político institucional e na orientação do planejamento e ordenamento do território hidrográfico para a realização do Enquadramento de corpos de água em classe e o Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica. Conforme a Lei das águas (9433/97) e a Política Estadual de Recursos Hídricos (Lei 5.818) são garantidas a participação de três segmentos da sociedade, o poder público, a comunidade e os usuários de água, para atuarem na gestão de recursos hídricos com o intuito de promover um processo igualitário e participativo. Diante da grande quantidade de atores que estes segmentos representam nos Comitês de bacia hidrográfica, e a parceria institucional de capacitação desses gestores para a realização do Projeto de Enquadramento de Corpos de água e Plano de bacia hidrográfica (PEEPB) que se situa esta pesquisa. Nosso objetivo é estudar as atividades do PEEPB na tentativa de entender os processos de produção do espaço das águas, para tanto usamos como método o estudo dos elementos do espaço geográfico, a saber: os homens, as firmas, as instituições, o meio ecológico (SANTOS, 2008); como um processo articulado em si e, entre si. Classificamos os elementos do espaço em categorias de variáveis qualitativas como atores, função exercida no PEEPB, objetivo da ação e a correlação com demais elementos, o que facilitou a metodologia para entender os elementos do espaço estudados e suas relações no PEEPB. A partir disso, observamos que as relações entre os elementos do espaço são capazes de expor à gestão das águas formas de reconhecimento da diversidade de atores gestores do território hidrográfico. A amplitude está em absorver as instancias do pensamento entre a atuação dos atores pela horizontalidade e a verticalidade no processo do planejamento do PEEPB, uma produção social do espaço das águas que tem por base a alteridade / This research is the completion of the dissertation carried out with the financial support of the Foundation for Research Support of Espírito Santo (FAPES). We discussed the " Executive Project for the Environment Watercourse and Basin Plan for Santa Maria da Vitória and Jucu rivers" (PEEPB), both in the state of Espírito Santo. The PEEPB is an innovative attempt towards a shared public management of water in this state. Covers beyond the Watershed Committees, actors managers par excellence, and also include the Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES) with the Laboratory of Water Resources Management and Regional Development (LABGEST_DEA_UFES), the Institute of the Environment and Water Resources of Espírito Santo (IEMA), and partnership with a consultant of shared management of water resources Paulo Paim. This team of technical and scientific support works in the training of managers, in making proposals for social, institutional and political mobilization, and on the orientation of planning and ordainment of hydrographic territories to carry out the water bodies framing in class and the Watershed Plan. According to the Law of Waters (9433/97) and the Water Resources State Policy (Law 5818) the participation of three segments of society: the government, the community and water users, are gueranteed to act in the management of water resources in order to promote an egalitarian and participatory process. Given the large number of actors that these segments represent at the watershed committees, and the institutional partnership for the capacity building of these managers to carry out the project of Water Bodies Framework and watershed plan, lies this research. Our goal is to study the activities of PEEPB in an attempt to understand the processes of production of water space, in this direction we use as a method the study of the elements of geographical space, as follows: "Men, firms, institutions, the ecological environment "(Santos, 2008), as an articulated process in itself and each other. We classified the elements of space into categories of qualitative variables as actors, the function performed at PEEPB, goal of the action and the correlation with other elements, which facilitated the methodology towards the understanding of the studied elements of space and their relations in PEEPB. From this, we observed that the relations between the elements of the space are able to expose to water management forms of recognition of the diversity of actors managers of hydrographic territory . The amplitude is to absorb the instances of thought between actors acting the horizontality and verticality in the process of planning PEEPB a social production of space waters based on otherness

Nos últimos anos, cada vez mais a participação social é um fator preponderante para a consolidação da democracia e o desenvolvimento da cidadania. Com a participação da sociedade civil surgem conflitos diante de uma cultura política centralizadora, tanto nas decisões, como na manutenção do poder por grupos dominantes dos recursos políticos, econômicos e culturais, onde o consenso e as consequências das políticas públicas em relação à governança da água afetam a sociedade civil. Fatos recentes, que envolve a crise hídrica na Macrometrópole Paulista (MMP), denunciam a escassez e revelam a atual e real gestão em relação à água. Indispensável à sobrevivência humana, tal contexto desencadeou novas articulações entre governo, instituições e sociedade. Neste cenário, a luta pela questão ambiental passou a ocupar arenas antes não ocupadas. A participação da sociedade civil na gestão da água desvenda vários conflitos ao envolver diferentes atores diante da desigualdade e das condições de negociação. Neste sentido, tais conflitos desencadeiam arranjos entre os atores sociais que procuram influenciar o processo decisório institucional, apesar de tal análise focar a sociedade civil externa à institucionalidade estabelecida. A presente Tese buscou analisar a atuação da sociedade civil frente à crise hídrica na MMP, ou seja, foca a sociedade civil e seus atores na busca de soluções para enfrentar a crise e propor soluções diante do problema apresentado. Ao enriquecer a reflexão sobre os caminhos alternativos, com a participação da sociedade civil, busca propostas diante da escassez hídrica, uma vez que a crise atual não se refere apenas ao abastecimento, mas também ao modelo de gestão e de efetividade da governança. Utilizou como fundamentos de análise, tanto a escola europeia, como a americana, de teorias dos movimentos sociais. A pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter interdisciplinar, envolveu o desenho da uma cronologia da crise e conta com o estudo de caso, a partir de entrevistas e o acompanhamento dos processos de participação da sociedade civil e seus atores. / In recent years, more and more social participation is a major factor for the consolidation of democracy and the development of citizenship. With the participation of civil society conflict arise before a coordinating political culture, both in decisions such as the maintenance of power by dominant groups of the political, economic and cultural resources, where the consensus and the consequences of public policies in relation to the governance of water affect civil society. Recent events involving the water crisis on macro-metropolis of São Paulo (MMP), denounce the scarcity and reveal the real and current water management. Essential for human survival, this context has unleashed new joints between Government, institutions and society. In this scenario, the struggle for environmental issue occupied arenas before not occupied. The participation of civil society in water management unveils several conflicts involving different actors on inequality and trading conditions. In this sense, such conflicts trigger arrangements between the social actors who seek to influence the institutional decision-making process, although such analysis focus on civil society outside established institutions. The present Thesis sought to analyze the performance of civil society vis-à-vis the water crisis in the MMP, namely, focuses on civil society and its actors in the search for solutions to address the crisis and propose solutions before the problem presented. To enrich the reflection on the alternate routes, with the participation of civil society, seeking proposals on the water shortage, since the current crisis does not refer only to the supply, but also the management and effectiveness of governance. Used as a basis for analysis, both the European school, as the American theories of social movements. The qualitative research, interdisciplinary character, involved the design of a chronology of the crisis and the case study, from interviews and monitoring of the processes of participation of civil society and its actors.

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) in the UK has seen a low level of uptake relative to similar settings such as Australia and Germany. The relatively low cost of municipal water in the UK limits the financial savings associated with RWH systems, especially in a domestic setting. Although financial benefits can be relatively low (in terms of reduced water bills), academic and practitioner studies have demonstrated the potential for RWH to significantly reduce potable water demands at typical UK houses. Hence, increased uptake of RWH has potential to contribute to mitigating droughts in water scarce regions. Stormwater management in the UK is receiving increasing attention at all levels; from grass-roots sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) such as downpipe disconnections and raingardens; through to implementation of urban realm attenuation schemes and continued development of guidance from UK policy makers. The public realm nature of most SuDS presents a need for partnership approaches to be fostered between infrastructure mangers and the general public. The application of RWH as a technology within the SuDS management train has been limited in the UK as policy makers have taken the view that RWH tanks may be full at the start of a design storm, and thus the potential for attenuation and peak discharge reduction has been largely ignored. However, in the last few years there has been a shift in emphasis; from RWH perceived purely as a water demand management technology to a focus on its wider benefits e.g. mitigating surface water flooding through improved stormwater management. RWH systems examined in this thesis are now available which offer multiple benefits to both end-users and water service providers. The application of RWH in a dual purpose configuration (to displace potable water demands and control stormwater discharges) has seen increasing interest during the development of this thesis. However, the successful design of RWH as a stormwater management tool requires a series of calculations to be completed. To date, practitioners have frequently relied upon low-resolution heuristic methods which lead to a small range of configurations being deployed, with minimal demonstrable stormwater control benefits. In this thesis, full details of novel and traditional RWH technologies were identified and described. Empirical data was collected, both in laboratory conditions and at field sites, to identify the real world operating characteristics of a range of RWH configurations. Additionally a new time series evaluation methodology was developed to enable RWH systems to be designed and analysed. This method quantifies water demand benefits and also focusses on stormwater management metrics (i.e. largest annual discharge and total discharge volume per year). The method was developed to enable a range of RWH configurations to be evaluated at a given site. In addition, a decision support tool (RainWET) was developed and tested which enabled the methods to be deployed in real world settings. The application of the RainWET software allowed a UK-wide, time series analysis of RWH configurations to be completed and the holistic benefits of a range of dual purpose RWH systems to be analysed and described. Evidence from the UK study suggests that a traditional RWH installation (3000l storage, 300l/day demand and 60m2 roof) installed at a house in a water scarce region (London, SAAR 597mm) was able to fully mitigate stormwater overflows over a 20 year analysis whilst providing a mean water saving of 31,255l/annum. An equivalent system located in the wettest region studied (Truro, SAAR 1099mm) saw mean reductions in the largest annual storm of 62% (range 35-86%) whilst satisfying a mean rainwater demand of 50,912l/annum. The study concluded that suitably designed dual purpose RWH systems offered better stormwater management benefits than those designed without a stormwater control device. In addition, the integration of smart RWH controls were shown to maximise stormwater control benefits with little or no reduction in a system’s ability to satisfy non-potable water demands.

abstract: Design is a fundamental human activity through which we attempt to navigate and manipulate the world around us for our survival, pleasure, and benefit. As human society has evolved, so too has the complexity and impact of our design activities on the environment. Now clearly intertwined as a complex social-ecological system at the global scale, we struggle in our ability to understand, design, implement, and manage solutions to complex global issues such as climate change, water scarcity, food security, and natural disasters. Some have asserted that this is because complex adaptive systems, like these, are moving targets that are only partially designed and partially emergent and self-organizing. Furthermore, these types of systems are difficult to understand and control due to the inherent dynamics of "wicked problems", such as: uncertainty, social dilemmas, inequities, and trade-offs involving multiple feedback loops that sometimes cause both the problems and their potential solutions to shift and evolve together. These problems do not, however, negate our collective need to effectively design, produce, and implement strategies that allow us to appropriate, distribute, manage and sustain the resources on which we depend. Design, however, is not well understood in the context of complex adaptive systems involving common-pool resources. In addition, the relationship between our attempts at control and performance at the system-level over time is not well understood either. This research contributes to our understanding of design in common-pool resource systems by using a multi-methods approach to investigate longitudinal data on an innovative participatory design intervention implemented in nineteen small-scale, farmer-managed irrigation systems in the Indrawati River Basin of Nepal over the last three decades. The intervention was intended as an experiment in using participatory planning, design and construction processes to increase food security and strengthen the self-sufficiency and self-governing capacity of resource user groups within the poorest district in Nepal. This work is the first time that theories of participatory design-processes have been empirically tested against longitudinal data on a number of small-scale, locally managed common-pool resource systems. It clarifies and helps to develop a theory of design in this setting for both scientific and practical purposes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Environmental Social Science 2018

In river basins that cross jurisdictional boundaries, water quality degradation has become a crucial problem and results in intensive competition among water users, especially in developing countries. Under this situation, implementing water quality management and control across jurisdictional boundaries can strengthen watershed pollution controls, and prevent pollution from being passed on and promote active pollution control within the related jurisdictional regions. This study examined the limitations of the current trans-boundary water quality management system in China and reviewed the planning and implementation of two pilot integrated trans-boundary water management systems established in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Based on our findings, we proposed a new policy framework for trans-boundary water quality management. As a first step toward integrated watershed management in China, this policy framework can help assess the actual water pollution status of various regions and serve as a basis for an integrated watershed management system. The framework can be easily applied in other countries with trans-boundary water pollution issues, particularly in the context of developing countries.

No description available.

La gestion de l’eau est un aspect central de la pérennité séculaire des oasis sahariennes et de leurs dynamiques économiques. En cette matière, il est important de faire la part entre les systèmes traditionnels et les systèmes « modernes » qui ont très largement bouleversé l’écosystème oasien. L’oasis du Tāfīlālt (Maroc), siège de l’émirat de Sid̲j̲ilmāsa et « port » du commerce caravanier entre le VIIIe et le XVe siècle, constitue un excellent observatoire de l’adaptation humaine en milieu aride. Afin de disposer de toutes les données nécessaires à notre réflexion sur l’hydraulique de Sid̲j̲ilmāsa, nous avons constitué un large corpus documentaire, issu du dépouillement de la littérature scientifique autour de la thématique générale de l’eau, focalisé principalement sur les études archéologiques et les techniques de mobilisation. Après une contextualisation du site archéologique de Sid̲j̲ilmāsa dans son environnement oasien et sa documentation écrite depuis le Moyen Âge, nous dressons un état des vestiges hydrauliques découverts depuis 2012 par la mission franco-marocaine. Observables sur l’ensemble des zones de fouilles, ces structures peuvent être associées au captage, à l’adduction ou au stockage de l’eau, ainsi qu’à l’évacuation des eaux usées. L’analyse et la description technique de celles-ci puis leur insertion dans un contexte stratigraphique général, permet, en mobilisant les données du corpus, de proposer des hypothèses fonctionnelles et une évolution des pratiques hydrauliques dans la Sid̲j̲ilmāsa médiévale. Dans la partie finale de la thèse, nous traitons notamment de la représentation symbolique de l’eau à Sid̲j̲ilmāsa, véhiculée depuis le Moyen Âge, et des changements dans les modes d’approvisionnement des populations locales au cours du temps, en nous basant sur les considérations archéologiques présentées durant tout ce travail de recherche et sur nos observations actuelles, afin de proposer un essai d’hydrohistoire du Tāfīlālt. / Water management is a central aspect of the secular sustainability of Saharan oases and their economic dynamics. In this matter, it is important to distinguish between traditional systems and "modern" systems that have widely changed the oasian ecosystem. The oasis of Tāfīlālt (Morocco), seat of the emirate of Sid̲j̲ilmāsa and "port" of the caravan trade between the eighth and fifteenth century, is an excellent observatory of human adaptation in an arid environment. In order to have all the necessary data for our reflection on the hydraulics of Sid̲j̲ilmāsa, we have constituted a large corpus of documents, resulting from the analysis of the scientific literature around the general theme of water, focused mainly on archaeological studies and mobilization techniques. Following a contextualization of the archaeological site of Sid̲j̲ilmāsa in its oasis environment and its written documentation since the Middle Age, we establish a report of the hydraulic remains discovered since 2012 by the french-moroccan mission. Observable over all the excavation areas, these structures can be associated with the capture, supply or storage of water, as well as the disposal of wastewater. The analysis and the technical description of these remains then their insertion in a general stratigraphic context, allow us, by also mobilizing the data of the corpus, to propose functional hypotheses and an evolution of hydraulic practices in medieval Sid̲j̲ilmāsa. In the final part of the thesis, we deal in particular with the symbolic representation of water in Sid̲j̲ilmāsa conveyed since the Middle Age and changes in the way of supply of local populations over time, based on the archaeological considerations presented during all this research work and on our current observations, in order to provide an essay of hydrohistory in Tāfīlālt.

環境資本中的水資源是自然生態必備要素，隨著經濟發展，水資源即漸成經濟財，早期重視農業的結果，如今與二、商及民生用水一起競用有限水資源，加上新的環境生態問題，均使水資源面臨短缺之危機；而台灣地處亞熱帶，雨量雖丰，但因其地形特殊（如南部地區），七八成地表逕流量迅速流入海中，因此河流枯水期長，流量小，如不經適當開發即面臨缺水的危機；水資源之管理有如多頭馬車，如中央有水利司、水資會、工業局、環保署，地方有水利局、水庫管理局等，導致每遇缺水時，即發生各單位協調困難，使問題無法有效解決。以上因素使未來水資源問題，不僅只為水源之開發，水源之維護與分配亦需獲得應有的重視，因此本文嘗試由效率面，就水源的管理及自來水供應予以探討，並提出較合理的方式以解決水資源問題。 　　對於民生用水方面，一般推估其用水量多是以每年人口成長數推算，本文則以實証方式找出除人口外之可能影響水的因素，以供未來決定國內民生用水需水量之參考。 　　本研究以水資源之功能分成水管理與自來水使用，水管理部份現行制度下己產生不少問題，本研究建議採水利區為一個管理單元，除可解決現今事權不統一主窘境外，尚可配合各河川水文特性，建立符合當地自然景觀之特色，於環境保育日漸興起之際，採集水區管理局經營實為當務之急。 　　自來水使用現今分成二個供水單位一台北自來水事業處及台灣省自來水公司，二者均為公用事業，過去政府從事各項水利建設，在眾多重大工程一起競用有限資金下，唯有採行之統一管理、分區經營才可解決，但此種經營方式形成水費需經民意機關監督，造成低水費政策，在原水成本不斷上升，己無法彌補公司之營運成本之際，本研究建議引入俱樂部財模型以配合水利區管理局分區成立民營水公司以解決目前難題。 　　實証部份，限於樣本不足，如能採月資料將更可使模型結果完滿，以本模型而言，所得仍為影響各縣市需水量最重要因素，且彈性皆小於一，足証水仍為民生必需品；其次為平均成本，只有四個縣市顯著：台中市及台南價格彈性小於一，表示必需品，高雄市及北縣基隆大於一，富有彈性，表示價格上升時，需求量減少很大；雨量部份計有臺北縣基隆市、高雄縣、澎湖、雲林四個區域顯著，且彈性為正表雨量上升，用量亦增加；溫度方面，只有台南顯著，一般而言應為正相關，有可能是溫度上升使水質差不願使用，此由歷年降雨量較其他縣市為少下，使水體無法有效溶解使水質變差可茲証明。需水量之估計不僅要考慮人口，尚應加上所得、價格、雨量、溫度甚或各用水設備（如馬桶個數）等，將可使實証結果更加完備。 　　本文主題一水屬環境資本之一支，它是否為再生系統，端視二種力量而定：一為水污染，嚴重的水污染將破壞水體，非但人類無法取用，水中生物及仰賴水而活之動植物亦無法悻免，如淡水河即是一例；二為新技術開發或原有技術改良以提高水的資本存量及生產力，如英國泰晤士河流域即是整治成功之最佳例証；如後者力量大於前者，水就是再生系統，反之其命運如礦產一般只有耗竭一途，而現今的水資源問題除應改供給導向之水資源政策為需求導向外，積極開發水源節水及循環用水、改進現行組織系統均為解決目前水資源難題之途。

<p>In the Kisumu District, Kenya, unreliable rainfall pattern has been identified as one of the main causes for poverty in rural areas. The negative effects of such unreliable patterns could be mitigated through improved water resource management and planning. However, estimates of current (and future) water availability will likely differ depending on whether managers draw upon data gathered at a local-scale or regional-scale. This is particularly important in developing regions where, due to lack of data availability, managers are often limited in their choice of data resolution. This study investigates the potential effect of spatial resolution of data on water management and planning by comparing hydro-climatic trends in local-scale data with trends in regional-scale data. The influence of adopting local-scale versus regional-scale data is further demonstrated by estimate the storage requirements of proposed irrigation ponds for farmers in the Orongo village of the Kisumu District located in Kenya, Africa. Results indicate a low correlation between local and regional hydro-climatic trends. Data spatial scale directly influences water resources management leading to a 300% difference in estimated storage requirement for the average farmer.</p>

<p>The aim of this case study is to analyse cooperation mainly in issues related to water management in the area along the Miño river. The study focuses on the Spanish municipalities that limit with the river and that are in the border area with Portugal. There was a key issue which was discovered during the reading and analysis of data, a change of no cooperation to cooperation on the Spanish-Portuguese border. There was previously a political culture of no cooperation among the autonomous regions in Spain, which could have affected cooperation with the region of north Portugal. The fact the both countries have different administrative cultures could also impede cooperation. Nevertheless cooperation seems to have developed and in order to study this phenomenon the researcher uses a qualitative method and relies on a choice of institutional theories. This research studies how institutions affect cooperation in this particular case. The theories will analyse the impact of political institutions and the relation between institutions and individuals. They also help to identify how human behaviour affects processes and events.</p>