在2006年1月，立法院通過了總金額合計高達1410億水患治理特別條例、石門及其集水區整治特別條例。本文以許多民間非營利組織為監督治水預算成立的1410大禹治水聯盟為研究個案，希望能瞭解立法過程裡，民間聯盟如何監督公共政策？又如何打破國會與官僚的結盟結構，實際影響政策？本文採用深度訪談、報章資料與參與觀察等方式，藉由McAdam的政治機會結構理論為分析架構，以說明治水預算裡行動者擴編預算的動機與過程。並分析在立法院審查各階段治水聯盟的因應策略、實際行動和內部運作，以及監督成效。研究發現在地方水患陰影下，又面對官僚、國會與地方政府三者鐵三角般的互利合作，主張審慎監督的治水聯盟其實無力回天。一方面因議題範圍實在太大，無法動員特定地區相關者；另一方面也是鐵三角間同盟關係非常穩固，國會遊說發揮不了作用。故只能藉少數友好立委，在朝野協商爭取加入更多資訊公開、績效評估與公民參與機制。透過這些機制，在後續八年政策執行過程中找出更多公共參與和監督的著力點。藉此也讓原先僅有地區性互動的環保運動與社區大學運動在本案上交會。此新合作方向是否會對未來環保運動帶來新的在地網絡與群眾支持，值得後續觀察與研究。 / In January 2006, the Legislative Yuan passed the Special Enactment on Flood Management in Areas Susceptible to Floods and the Special Enactment on Restoration of Shi-Men and its Catchments Area amounting to NT$141 billion. This paper makes a study of the 1410 Ta-Yu Water Management Alliance formed by a number of civil non-profit organizations for the purpose of supervising and auditing the water management budget. The study seeks to understand how the civil alliance supervises public policies during the legislative process and how they break the alliance structure between the Legislative Yuan and bureaucracy to actually influence policies. By using McAdam’s political opportunity structure theory as its analysis structure, this paper gives an account of the motives and processes of activists in the creation of the water management budget through in-depth interviews, newspaper reports and participate observation. It also analyzes the countering strategies, activities, internal functioning and the results of the supervisory actions of the Water Management Alliance. This research discovered that in the face of the alliance’s proposition of prudent supervision could not be upheld in the face of mutual cooperation within the iron triangle of bureaucracy, the Legislative Yuan and local government. On one hand is the alliance’s inability to mobilize related parties in specific areas due to the issues covering too wide a range and on the other hand is the solid relationship within the iron triangle alliance and negates lobbying efforts in the Legislative Yuan. It is only by a few friendly legislators that mechanisms for the increased disclosure of information, performance evaluation and civil participation were added during negotiations between the ruling and opposition parties. Through these mechanisms it is hoped that more foothold for public involvement and supervision can be found in the following eight years of policy implementation. Also, such mechanisms would allow conservation movements and community college movements which used to be limited to territorial interactions to meet. Whether this new direction in cooperation brings new grassroot support for future environmental movements remains worthy of follow up observation and research.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Cette thèse apporte des éléments sur la compréhension de la gestion de l'eau et de ses effets sur les performances électriques d'une PEMFC au moyen de modélisations multi-échelle des transferts. Une analyse du transport couplé de charges et de matière dans les pores de la membrane est proposée. La présence d'eau liquide est prise en compte dans les GDL (écoulements diphasiques) et les couches actives (noyage). Le couplage de ces modèles à une description des transferts de matière le long des canaux d’alimentation permet de mettre en évidence une répartition non-uniforme des concentrations en eau, des flux et donc de la densité de courant. Les résultats numériques sont comparés à des données expérimentales (coefficient de partage de l'eau et performance électrique locale) obtenues au laboratoire sur deux piles. Ceci permet de valider les modèles de fonctionnement du cœur de pile et d'alimenter la réflexion sur la connaissance et la modélisation des transferts d'eau dans le cœur de pile / This works contributes to the understanding of water management of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell and of its links with the electrical performances. More specifically, the manuscript deals with the multi-scale modelling of transport phenomena. An analysis of coupled mass and charge transfer in the pores of a polymer membrane is presented. The presence of liquid water is considered in the GDL (two-phase flow) and in the active layers (flooding). The description of these phenomena is associated with that of gas depletion along the bipolar plate channels. This allows to emphasize the non-uniformity of water concentration, of the fluxes and as a consequence, of current density. The numerical results are compared with experimental data (water transport coefficient, local electrical performances) measured on two different fuel cells. This comparison validates at least partially the numerical models and provides further information for the analysis of water management within PEMFC

Afin de pouvoir utiliser les piles à combustible du type PEMFC dans une application automobile, leur coût doit être diminué et leur durée de vie doit être augmentée. De nombreux résultats montrent que la gestion de l'eau dans les piles PEMFC est essentielle sur ces aspects et qu’une meilleure maitrise contribuera a développer des piles plus performantes. La couche active cathodique (CCL, Cathode Catalyst Layer) est le lieu de production de l'eau ce qui en rend l'optimisation importante pour assurer une bonne gestion de l'eau. Dans ce travail, la méthode réseau de pores a été adaptée pour modéliser le transport diphasique dans la structure poreuse de la CCL. Dans l'état de l'art actuel, le modèle développé est le seul permettant d’analyser l'effet des proprietes locales de la CCL (structure, mouillabilite…) sur les mecanismes de transport diphasique. Cet outil de compréhension constitue également une base pour proposer des améliorations de la CCL afin d'améliorer les performances des piles. Les algorithmes d'invasion développés ont été analysés d'une façon détaillée. Le transport fluidique (gaz et liquide) est couplé avec le transport des charges (électrons et protons) par un modèle de réaction électrochimique. Les mécanismes de capillarité, de diffusion gazeuse et d’evaporation sont integres au modele afin d'avoir une représentation la plus complète possible du fonctionnement de la CCL. La description de la structure poreuse par un réseau de pore régulier, l'algorithme d'invasion de l'eau liquide et le modèle de la diffusion des gaz ont été validés par des comparaisons avec des résultats expérimentaux de la littérature ou spécifiques de ce travail. Le modèle est ensuite exploité pour analyser l'effet des paramètres de la CCL tels que la mouillabilité et la taille des pores sur les performances de la couche active. Les résultats permettent d’analyser de premieres idees de modifications de la CCL pour ameliorer la gestion de l’eau et les performances des PEMFC. / In order to use PEM fuel cells in an automotive application, their cost must be reduced and their lifetime must be increased. Many results show that water management is a critical issue in PEMFC optimization. The water is produced in the cathode active layer (CCL) which makes the optimization of this component very important to ensure a better water management in the PEMFC. In this work, the pore network method has been adapted to model the two-phase transport in the porous structure of the CCL. Considering the state of the art, this is the only model developed to analyze the effect of local properties of the CCL (structure, wetting ...) on the two-phase transport mechanisms. This model is proposed as a scientific tool to help understanding the fundamentals behind the transport phenomena inside the CCL and also to help in the conception of the future CCL. The liquid invasion algorithms developed in this work were analyzed in details. The fluids transport (gas and liquid) is coupled with the charges transport (electrons and protons) using an electrochemical reaction model. The capillary driven liquid transport, the gas phase diffusion and the evaporation process are all integrated into the model in order to have the most possible complete description of the CCL. The description of the porous structure by a regular network, the liquid invasion algorithm and the gas diffusion model all have been validated by comparisons with experimental results from literature or specific work . The model is then exploited to analyze the effect of parameters such as the CCL wettability and pore size distribution on the performance. The results allow analysis of initial ideas that can help in the conception of the CCL in order to improve the water management and the performances of the PEMFC.

The rapid growth of Louisiana's coastal restoration science and technology assets is paralleled by the growth of business resources to fulfill myriad project needs. Many institutions and organizations in Louisiana seek to further develop the state's research, education, engineering and related restoration assets into a globally competitive set of industries with exportable expertise and products that help the state capitalize on its water challenges. Globally, similar efforts are identified (and often branded) as water technology innovation clusters (or more simply water clusters). This paper explores the phenomenon of the development of water clusters by public-private partnerships and initiatives, nationally and internationally, in a comparative analysis with Louisiana.

The diploma thesis is devoted to the elaboration of a plan of common facilities in the cadastral area Přídolí. The work focused on the methodological procedure in the implementation of ground adaptations, according to technical and metodical standards. The content of the first part is a literature review, which not only describes the field of land consolidation and its course, but also specifies the plan of common facilities together with the scope of work necessary for its elaboration. Everything important in this section is theoretically described. In the second practical part, attention is paid to the selection of the territory and the evaluation of its condition with the help of exploratory works. Further to the field research, the practical part is focused mainly on the proposal of individual proceedings concerning the protection of ZPF, elements of TSES, water management elements and ensuring access to lands. The results of surveys and draft measures are presented in both text and graphic form.

Nous analysons cette thèse au travers de quatre grandes échelles d'observation : macrosociale, mésosociale, microsociale et micro-individuel. Dans le premier temps, pour comprendre le contexte de la gestion et l'utilisation de l'eau potable, nous allons présenter d'abord le contexte environnemental pour rappeler l'importance géopolitique par rapport à l'eau au niveau internationale, montrer progressivement le développement du pays accompagnant « une crise de l'eau » au niveau national, et au niveau régional notre exemple de Guangzhou, ainsi que les solutions et les conflits de cette crise dans une échelle macrosociale. « La maîtrise de l'eau » en quantité et en qualité est toujours un enjeu particulièrement important au niveau national et international. En second, nous allons montrer une évolution de la qualité et de la gestion de l'eau courante à Guangzhou. Dans cette partie, nous allons rappeler d'abord la cause principale d'une pollution importante nuisant à la qualité de l'eau courante à cause d'un développement d'urbanisation très rapide, pour comprendre comment l'eau courante est devenue non potable. Dans l'échelle d'observation mésosociale, nous pouvons observer les réactions et les coopérations des différents secteurs publics et privées autour de la production et de la distribution de l'eau courante. Dans la troisième partie, nous allons mobiliser notre perspective à l'échelle d'observation microsociale. Ici nous nous intéresserons particulièrement à l'usage de l'eau dans la vie quotidienne chez les individus, notamment dans le cadre de l'alimentation. Nous allons présenter d'abord une évolution et une diversité de l'eau dans la famille chinoise citadine contemporaine, de manière plus ancienne comme l'eau des puits vers plusieurs types d'eau commerciale. En face des choix, comment les individus expertisent et choisissent leur(s) eau(x) ? Comment les individus utilisent et transforment les sens de l'eau dans l'espace domestique ? Ensuite, nous analyserons les occasions de consommation et les représentations des eaux potables (l'eau courante, ainsi que des autres eaux sans goût ou avec du goût (des boissons non alcoolisées) dans les familles chinoises dans quatre grandes villes (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou et Chengdu) en Chine à l'échelle d'observation microsociale et micro-individuel. C'est dans cette partie que nous voyons les différentes pratiques entre les chinois les plus traditionnels qui pratiquent la philosophie chinoise du qi, du yin et du yang dans la consommation des eaux dans leur vie quotidienne et les chinois plus modernes qui ne pratiquent pas du tout la tradition, ou bien entre les deux. C'est aussi dans cette partie, où nous voyons le lien interrelationnel dans la société chinoise au travers de la consommation des eaux. À la fin, nous avons travaillé sur le goût, surtout le sucré dans les boissons non alcoolisées en montrant les occasions, les pratiques et les représentations et la gestion du corps par rapport au sucre et au sucré. / We will analyze this topic based on four major scales of observation: macrosocial, mesosocial, microsocial and micro individual. Firstly, in order to understand the context of drinking-water usage and management, we will present the environmental context and the geopolitical importance of water at the international level. We will then demonstrate China's development following a "water crisis" at the national level. Finally, we will present the regional-level example of Guangzhou, along with the solutions to and conflicts within this crisis on a macrosocial scale. "Water management", in terms of quantity and quality, continues to be a particularly important issue on the national and international stage. Secondly, we will examine the changes in the quality and management of running water in Guangzhou. In this second section, we will first show that running water in the region has become undrinkable due to severe pollution stemming from rapid urbanization. On a mesosocial level, we can observe the reactions of and cooperation between various segments of the public and private sector with respect to the production and distribution of running water. In the third section, we will examine the issue on the microsocial scale. Here, we will be focusing on water usage in individuals' daily lives, especially in the context of food and eating habits. We will first describe the changing role and diversity of water usage in the modern urban Chinese household, from historic usage of well-water to various types of commercially produced water. How do individuals select their preferred water source(s) based on the available options? How do they use and transform the meaning of water within the domestic realm? Next, we will analyze the forms of consumption and the representations of drinking water (including running water as well as other types of non-alcoholic water beverages, both flavored and unflavored) within Chinese households in four major Chinese cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chengdu on the microsocial scale and micro individual. In this section, we outline the differences between the habits of more traditional Chinese, adherents of the Chinese philosophy of qi, yin, and yang, and those of more modern, non-traditional Chinese, as well as those in between the two extremes. This section also explores the relationships inherent in Chinese society though the lens of water consumption. Lastly, we address the issue of flavor, especially sugar in non-alcoholic drinks, by outlining the forms, practices, representations, and management of the body in relation to sugar and sweet drinks.

Water conservation initiatives seldom quantify the volume of water that is at stake in lawn watering. In many communities, including those in South Florida, outdoor water use, which includes lawn irrigation, is not metered separately from indoor water use and is indistinguishable from indoor water usage. A large number of residents use self supply non-potable wells for lawn irrigation that are not regulated by the South Florida Water Management District. The result is that residential lawn water use is difficult to account for and quantify. This thesis project addressed these difficulties by combining semistructured interviews, daily watering observations and irrigation system audits to ascertain how much public supply water and self supply (well) water was being used for residential lawn irrigation. The study also examined lawn watering practices and how factors such as: precipitation, the minimum plant needs of St. Augstinegrass, and how local watering restrictions influenced watering behavior. / by Felicia D. Survis. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

O presente trabalho apresenta-se como um marco inovador na área de gestão de recursos hídricos, já que o mesmo consegue inserir aspectos de qualidade da água para os processos de outorga e cobrança pelo uso da água, de forma articulada a todos os instrumentos da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (Lei 9.433 de 1997), possibilitando a efetiva aplicação da Política e da Resolução n° 48, de 21 de março de 2005, que estabelece critérios gerais para a cobrança pelo uso dos recursos hídricos. Traz também para a Política um novo conceito, o de Justiça Hídrica, ou seja, quem capta água com qualidade superior paga mais do que quem capta água com qualidade inferior, assim como, quem mais polui e prejudica os usuários de jusante, mais paga. Neste trabalho, a variável de decisão do sistema é o volume outorgado e o estudo leva em consideração a capacidade de autodepuração, o enquadramento em classes de uso, o regime de vazão do corpo hídrico, a qualidade da água captada e os prejuízos, em termos de qualidade da água, ocasionados pelos usuários-poluidores aos usuários de jusante. A ferramenta de auxílio aqui oferecida é um Sistema de Suporte a Decisão (SSD), denominado RB, que apresenta: um módulo Interface, um módulo Modelos, constituído pelo modelo de outorga e cobrança pelo uso da água RM1 e pelo modelo de qualidade das águas QUAL2E e, por fim, um módulo Dados, que representa os dados de entrada e saída do sistema. O SSD RB foi aplicado à bacia do rio Jundiaí, afluente do rio Tietê, localizado no Estado de São Paulo. Na aplicação do SSD RB, foi realizada uma análise comparativa para a variação de cenários relativa a Classes de Uso do corpo hídrico, vazões de referência e diferentes valores de cobrança que podem ser utilizados. A aplicação do SSD RB reflete a necessidade de uma articulação sistemática entre os instrumentos da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, apoiada na diretriz de gestão integrada de recursos hídricos, ou seja, existe um único corpo de trabalho (a gestão de recursos hídricos) cujos membros (instrumentos de gestão) só ganham sentido quanto articulados entre si com um mesmo objetivo: a garantia de água de boa qualidade com a quantidade necessária à atual e às futuras gerações. / The main objective of this study is to develop a set of tools to help with the implementation of water management mechanisms such as the analysis of authorization of water uses (permits) and water charging. An integrated analysis of both water quality and quantity is needed and the decision process must also take into account watershed plans and the designated uses of the water. In this study, the decision variable is the volume of water authorized in each permit. The tool developed in this study is a Decision Support System named RB, based on the QUAL2E model and an water permit and charging simulation system named RM1. The RB system was tested in the Jundiaí watershed, a tributary of the Tietê river located in the State of São Paulo. In this case study, several scenarios with different classification of water bodies, reference flows and water values were tested. The application of the system shows that water management tools must be applied in an integrated manner, mainly to reflect both aspects of water quality and quantity. Water management tools are to be articulated so that the main objective of supplying water with good quality and in an adequate amount is sustainable in the long run.

O presente trabalho adota a visão de projeto como pesquisa e desenvolve estudos de projeto para as infraestruturas urbanas fluviais da bacia hidrográfica do rio Tamanduateí, tendo como ponto de partida a ideia de recuperação da navegação nos principais rios desta bacia, presente na pesquisa de Delijaicov (1998; 2005) e nos estudos para o Hidroanel Metropolitano de São Paulo (GMF, 2011). O canal Billings-Tamanduateí cruzaria o centro da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo através dos rios Tamanduateí, Meninos e Couros e do canal de ligação com o braço Alvarenga da represa Billings, permitindo o aumento significativo da área de influência do sistema hidroviário e possibilitando a conexão com a Plataforma Logística Urbana Vila Carioca, que integra o novo sistema logístico de cargas previsto para a Macrometrópole Paulista. As eclusas e barragens móveis necessárias à navegação possibilitariam o controle das vazões e a eventual reversão das águas para a Billings, contribuindo para a macrodrenagem da bacia. Os canais e lagos navegáveis seriam eixos de infraestrutura a partir dos quais os bairros das planícies fluviais seriam reconstruídos, sendo apresentado o projeto dos Bairros Fluviais do Tamanduateí, que ocupariam o antigo parque industrial do bairro da Mooca. A partir de uma gestão integrada das águas urbanas essa infraestrutura se ramificaria pelos afluentes menores, e, na escala das microbacias hidrográficas, seriam aplicadas medidas de retenção dos escoamentos na fonte e de preservação da qualidade das águas, através de parques fluviais e microestações de tratamento, sendo desenvolvido como estudo de caso o projeto de reforma urbana para a sub-bacia do córrego Moinho Velho, afluente do Tamanduateí. Como bases para a ação projetual, a pesquisa apresenta o histórico dos projetos para as bacias hidrográficas do Alto Tietê e do Tamanduateí; discorre sobre instrumentos da legislação que representam avanços para a gestão integrada das águas urbanas; e apresenta conceitos e referências que amparam a ideia da cidade fluvial, onde os rios seriam os principais logradouros públicos, propiciando significativa melhoria na qualidade ambiental urbana. Esta pesquisa se alinha aos interesses do Grupo Metrópole Fluvial (GMF), pertencente ao Laboratório de Projeto do Departamento de Projeto (LabProj) da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo (FAU USP). / The present work adopts the vision of design as research and develops design studies for the fluvial urban infrastructures of the Tamanduatei River basin, having, as a starting point, the idea of restoring navigation in the basin\'s main rivers, present in Delijaicov\'s research (1998; 2005) and in the studies for the Metropolitan Waterway Ring of Sao Paulo (GMF, 2011). The Billings- Tamanduatei canal would cross the center of the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo through the rivers Tamanduatei, Meninos and Couros, and the artificial canal with the Alvarenga branch of the Billings Reservoir, allowing a significant increase in the area of influence of the waterways system and the connection to the Vila Carioca Urban Logistics Platform, which integrates the new cargo logistics system for the Paulista Macrometropolis. The locks and barrages necessary for navigation would permit to control the flow rate and an eventual reversion of water to Billings, contributing to the basin\'s drainage. The canals and navigable lakes would be the infrastructural axis from where the fluvial plains\' neighborhoods would be redeveloped, therefore the project for the Tamanduatei Fluvial Neighborhoods is then presented, which would occupy the old industrial site in Mooca neighborhood. From an integrated urban waters management, this infrastructure would spread to the smaller tributaries and, at the micro basin\'s scale, retention of flow at the source and water quality preservation measures would be applied, by installing treatment microstations and creating fluvial parks, having as a case study the project for urban reform for the Moinho Velho sub-basin, a tributary to Tamanduatei. As basis for design, the research brings the history of projects for the Alto Tiete River basin and the Tamanduatei basin; discourse about legislation that represents advancements for the integrated urban waters management; and presents concepts and references that support the idea of a fluvial city, where rivers are the main public place, propitiating significant improvements in the quality of the urban environment. This research aligns with the interests of the Fluvial Metropolis Group (Grupo Metrópole Fluvial - GMF), which belongs to the Design Lab of the Design Department (Laboratório de Projeto do Departamento de Projeto - LabProj) of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of Sao Paulo (FAU USP).