Submitted by OSCAR ANDRÉS HICANPIÉ MARÍN null (oandreshm@gmail.com) on 2018-01-24T22:07:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_ANDRES.pdf: 160535240 bytes, checksum: ad1d6ad8e788c9ef58c0064162659a45 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-01-25T12:46:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marin_oah_dr_prud.pdf: 160535240 bytes, checksum: ad1d6ad8e788c9ef58c0064162659a45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-25T12:46:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marin_oah_dr_prud.pdf: 160535240 bytes, checksum: ad1d6ad8e788c9ef58c0064162659a45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O crescimento demográfico e de população urbana da América do Sul se reflete no aumento de conurbações, na consolidação de áreas metropolitanas e no incremento das demandas de infraestrutura urbana e de recursos. Neste sentido, os processos eficientes de planejamento e de gestão de bacias hidrográficas, contribuem substancialmente para a consolidação e desenvolvimento de contextos de bens e serviços. Há uma estreita relação entre o desenvolvimento de áreas metropolitanas e a gestão dos sistemas hierárquicos das bacias hidrográficas. O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta metodológica para avaliar a relação entre a funcionalidade das bacias hidrográficas e a conformação de duas áreas metropolitanas, no Brasil e na Colômbia, mediante uma análise comparativa dos arcabouços normativos e institucionais aplicados. Para isso, seguindo o modelo Pressão-Estado-Resposta, foram selecionadas três variáveis de pressão nas bacias (mudanças nas coberturas das terras, usos urbanos em fundos de vale, variabilidade climática) e quatro variáveis de estado (abastecimento de água, perda de solos, produção de serviços ecossistêmicos, estrutura ecológica da paisagem fluvial). Seguidamente, se avaliou e comparou os mecanismos de resposta normativa e institucional metropolitanos. Entre os resultados, se destaca uma abundante normativa, em ambos casos, focada na proteção das bacias com objetivos de produção hídrica, mas insuficientes para controlar as ocupações irregulares, decorrentes da especulação imobiliária das metrópoles. No caso brasileiro há uma relação mais coesiva entre a funcionalidade das microbacias abastecedoras e a projeção do desenvolvimento metropolitano, inserido em um sistema de gestão hídrico maior, concluindo-se que, o sucesso dessa integração está relacionado, entre outros fatores, com o cumprimento das funções institucionais por componentes ambientais e não por jurisdições territoriais, como no caso da Colômbia. / The demographic and urban population growth of South America is reflected in the increase of conurbations, in the consolidation of metropolitan areas and in the increase of demands of infrastructure and resources. In this sense, efficient watershed management processes contribute substantially to the consolidation and development of metropolitan contexts through the provision of goods and services, that is, there is a close relationship between the development of metropolitan areas and the management of the hierarchical systems of the watersheds. This research presents a methodological proposal to evaluate the relationship between watershed functionality and the conformation of two metropolitan areas, in Brazil and Colombia, through a comparative analysis of the normative and institutional structures applied for each case. For that, based on the Pressure-State-Response model, three pressure variables were selected about basins (changes in land cover, urban uses in valley bottoms, climatic variability) and four state variables (supply of water, soil loss, production of ecosystem services, ecological structure of the river landscape), then the metropolitan normative and institutional response mechanisms were evaluated and compared. Among the results of the comparison, there is an abundance of normativity, in both cases, regarding the protection of watersheds with water production objectives, but insufficient to control, for example, the irregular occupations resulting from real estate speculation typical of the metropolises. In Brazil there is a more cohesive relationship between the functionality of the supplying microbasins and the projections of metropolitan development, which in turn are part of a larger water management system. These results allow us to conclude that the success of the integration between the two contexts is related, among others, to the fulfillment of the institutional functions by environmental components and not by territorial jurisdiction as it is done in Colombia. / El crecimiento demográfico y de población urbana de América del Sur se refleja en el aumento de conurbaciones, en la consolidación de áreas metropolitanas y en el incremento de demandas de infraestructura y de recursos. En este sentido, los processos eficientes de planificación y gestión de cuencas hidrográficas contribuyen substancialmente a la consolidación y desarrollo de los contextos metropolitanos mediante la provición de bienes y servicios, es decir, hay una estrecha relación entre el desarrollo de áreas metropolitanas y la gestión de los sistemas jerarquicos de las cuencas hidrográficas. El presente trabajo presenta una propuesta metodológica para evaluar las relaciones entre la funcionalidade de las cuencas hidrográficas y la conformación de dos áreas metropolitanas, en Brasil y Colombia, mediante un análisis comparativo de las estructuras normativas e institucionales aplicadas para cada caso. Para eso, con base en el modelo Presión-Estado-Respuesta se seleccionaron tres variables de presión sobre las cuencas (cambios en las coberturas de la tierra, usos urbanos en los fondos de valle, variabilidad climática) y cuatro variables de estado (abastecimiento de agua, perdida de suelos, producción de servicios ecosistémicos, estrutura ecológica del paisaje fluvial), seguidamente se evaluacon y compararon los mecanismos de respuesta normativa e institucional metropolitana. Entre los resultados de la comparación se destaca la abundante normatividade, en los dos casos, respecto a la protección de las cuencas con objetivos de producción hídrica, pero insuficientes para controlar, por ejemplo, las ocupaciones irregulares resultantes de la especulación inmobiliária propia de las metrópoles. En el Brasil hay una relación más cohesiva entre la funcionalidade de las microbacias abastecedoras y las projecciones del desarrollo metropolitano, que a su vez hacen parte de un sistema de gestión hídrica mayor. Estos resultados permiten concluir que el éxito de la integración entre los dos contextos está relacionado, entre otros, con el cumplimiento de las funciones institucionales por componentes ambientales y no por jurisdicción territorial como se realiza en Colombia. / CAPES PEC-PG 15042-12-0

The purpose of this study was to determine what activities and practices prejudice water conservation in the Steelpoort area. Using this information, context specific environmental education programmes were designed for various sectors of the community. A qualitative research approach was used. Respondents who provided information through interviews and questionnaires included school principals and educators, non-teaching staff members, learners and adult community members. The theory developed from the literature review facilitated the development of qualitative research for the study. The research identified certain activities and practices that contribute to the unsustainable use of water in the area. The respondents suggested that consumers generally need to acquire knowledge and skills that will enable them to effectively conserve and utilise water. Specific programmes intended to meet the needs of the various categories of consumers that will facilitate water conservation and its sustainable use were designed as an outcome and recommendation of the research. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Environmental Education)

Water is life, and without it nothing can survive. All plants and animals need water to survive, whether it is fresh or salty. Climate change and pollution contribute greatly to the decline of freshwater supply and quality (National Geographic, 2015). According to the United Nations, 10% of the global population does not have access to clean water (UN Water, 2016) while World Health Organisation (WHO, 2009) stated that 3,4 million people die annually from water related diseases. The tourism industry across the world requires water for basic human consumption, irrigation of gardens and golf courses, preparation of food and drinks, making snow for winter sports and general water activities such as swimming or motorised water sports (Gössling et al., 2012). Many tourism lodges in the wildlife lodge industry in South Africa, Namibia and Botswana are in remote areas where little or no infrastructure exist. These lodges are dependent on natural water sources such as rivers, dams and boreholes to supply their water demand. The main objectives of the study were to determine water quality and quantity management in lodges from South Africa, Namibia and Botswana. The objectives were divided into sub-categories such as frequency and comprehensiveness of water quality analysis, the current quality of water at each lodge, water consumption per capita, establish benchmarks for the lodges and investigated other management components such as stakeholder involvement, financial implications and the monitoring of water management systems Across all three countries, 29% of the lodges have tested the water quality of their source, 61% tested water quality on their taps and 19% tested water quality of their wastewater discharge. From the 61% that did water quality tests on their tap, only 11% tested more than 37% of the required parameters as stated in the countries relevant standards and guidelines. The results indicated that the average water consumption across all three countries were 2073 l/g/n or 503 l/b/n when staff is included. Strong correlations were established between water consumption, the guest to staff ratio and rate in US $ when all three countries were considered. The water quality results indicated that several lodges had issues with Iron, Sulphate and Chloride levels. The author concluded that the current water management systems can be improved to ensure that water quality is managed more sustainably in the wildlife industry. The biggest concern relates to wastewater discharge, where very few water quality analysis are done. This has the potential to cause pollution and degrade ecosystems. It was recommended that more frequent and more comprehensive water quality analysis must be carried out on wastewater discharge as well as tap water to ensure water is safe for consumption. Lodge managers can appoint designated personnel to ensure that water meter readings are taken monthly and that they are probably recorded. The use of modern equipment such as pulse meters will prevent meters from seizing. Smart meters can be used to upload data to a cloud where WIFI is available. / Department of Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Ce travail porte sur le développement d'algorithmes et l'application de méthodes numériques pour la résolution des problèmes inverses d'estimation de paramètres, d'identification de conditions aux limites et d'identification de sources dans un milieu poreux. Ces outils seront d'une grande utilité pour l'aide à la gestion des ressources en eaux souterraines et à leur préservation quant aux dégradations. L'objectif de cette thèse est de résoudre ces problèmes inverses en se basant sur différentes approches : Une résolution basée sur l'optimisation de forme topologique qui est la recherche de la géométrie d'un objet qui soit optimale vis à vis d'un critère donné, et ce sans aucun a priori sur sa topologie, c'est-à-dire sur le nombre de "trous" qu'il peut contenir. Sachant que ces trous représentent les puits recherchés. Pour ce faire, nous avons adopté la méthode du gradient topologique, qui consiste à étudier le comportement d'une fonction objectif lors de la création d'un petit trou à l'intérieur du domaine. Une résolution basée sur la minimisation d'une fonctionnelle d'erreur en énergie en utilisant des données surabondantes sur une partie de la frontière du domaine afin de compléter les données sur toute la frontière du domaine et de déterminer les positions, les débits et le nombre de puits existants à l'intérieur du domaine. Une résolution par le couplage de la méthode de paramétrisation adaptative qui a l'avantage de minimiser le nombre des inconnus de paramètres permettant d'interpréter au mieux les données disponibles et la méthode du gradient topologique. Ce couplage nous permet à la fois d'identifier les zones géologiques, de déterminer les valeurs de la transmissivité hydraulique dans chaque zone et de localiser les positions des puits. / This work deals with the development of algorithms and application of numerical methods for solving inverse problems of parameters estimation, identification of boundary conditions and localisation of sources in porous media. These tools will be usefull in the management of groundwater resources and their preservation as to damage. The objective of this thesis is to solve the inverse problem based on different approaches: A resolution based on topological shape optimization is to find an optimal design without any priori assumption about its topology, that is, about the number of holes it may contain. Knowing that these holes represent the searched wells. To do this, we have adopted the method of topological gradient, which is to study the behavior of an objective function when creating a small hole inside the domain. A resolution based on the minimization of a constitutive law gap functional by using overspecified data on a part of the boundary of the domain to complete the data on all the boundary of the domain and determine the positions, the flows and the number of existing wells inside the domain. A resolution by the coupling of the adaptive parameterization method which has the advantage to minimize the number of the unknowns of parameters allowing to interpret at best the available data and the method of the topological gradient. This coupling allows us at the same time to identify the geological zones, to determine the values of the hydraulic transmissivity in every zone and to locate wells' positions.

La gestion de l'eau peut être un domaine complexe, incertain et conflictuel. Dans différentes régions du monde il se confronte à de nombreux problèmes, tel que la disparité des intérêts liés à la ressource de l’eau, plusieurs décideurs, des réseaux administratives complexes, la distribution d'eau inefficace, divers événements socio-politiques et le changement climatique. Par conséquent, la prise de décision a lieu dans un système fortement interconnecté, dans lequel ni les ramifications décisionnels ni la complexité de ses impacts peuvent être négligés. Dans la région des Pouilles, la rareté de l'eau est le principal problème croissant qui touche les communautés humaines et plus qu’humaines.La pénurie d'eau génère la nécessité d'améliorer les processus décisionnels collaboratifs avec agents multiples. Les chercheurs suggèrent que la «tragédie des communs» pourrait être évitée si une ressource partagée était gérée de manière collective. Cela nécessite le développement d'outils dynamiques d’aide à la décision. Ceux-ci devraient être capables d'intégrer les différents cadres de problèmes détenues par les décideurs, de clarifier les différences entre les cadres, de soutenir la création d'un processus collaboratif pour la structuration d’un problème et de fournir des plates-formes communes et des espaces d'interaction.À cet égard, nous avons construit un espace d'interaction dynamique (DIS), mettant en évidence les points critiques opératoires et permettant aux analystes d'identifier une définition commune du problème. Les nouveaux défis de la collecte et de l'échange de connaissances et de la représentation des concepts structurés peuvent être résolus par une approche combinée. Les systèmes multi-agents joints aux systèmes dynamiques pourraient fournir des alternatives non conventionnelles qui utilisent des composants physiques et sociales, avec une attention particulière sur les comportements individuels et collectifs dans la gestion des ressources avec plusieurs décideurs.Dans notre étude de cas, le modèle a été utilisé comme une plate-forme pour la modélisation des organisations multi-agents, afin de soutenir la prise de décision collective dans la gestion de l'eau. Le modèle est capable de représenter un système de gestion de l'eau distribuée complexe, où les comportements simulés sont basées sur des observations sur le terrain et sur la participation des parties prenantes. De plus, l'approche de système multi-agents permet l'interaction et la formalisation des comportements des usagers de l'eau dans le processus de gestion. Une modélisation type systèmes dynamiques dans un environnement d'interaction entre agents de décision, nous permet d’intégrer explicitement les différents cadres et de simuler les interactions lors de l'adoption d'une nouvelle politique. Le modèle peut montrer comment la compréhension limitée de l'espace d'interaction affecte les actions suivies par chacun des décideurs et, enfin, comment elle pourrait conduire à des mécanismes de résistance systémique. En conclusion, le résultat est l’image la plus riche possible de la situation du problème existant, qui traite de la gestion de l'eau d'irrigation dans les systèmes agricoles. / Water resource management can be a complex, uncertain and conflictual domain. It faces numerous problems in many regions of the world, such as the disparity of interests associated with the water resource, multiple decision makers, complex networks of administration, inoperative water distribution, various socio-political events and climate change. Consequently, environmental decision-making takes place in a highly interconnected system, in which neither the decisional ramifications nor the complexity of its impacts can be neglected. In the Apulia Region, water scarcity is the main rising problem and is affecting human and more-than-human communities.Water scarcity generates the need to enhance collaborative multi-agent decision-making processes. Researchers suggest that the “tragedy of commons” could be avoided when a shared resource is at stake, provided that communities interact and operate in a collective way and avoid, for example, the market rules constraints. This requires the development of dynamic decision-aiding tools. They should be capable to integrate the different problem frames held by the decision makers, to clarify the differences among those frames, to support the creation of a collaborative problem structuring process and to provide shared platforms and interaction spaces.In this regard, we built a dynamic interaction space (DIS), highlighting the operative criticalities and allowing the analysts to identify a shared problem definition. The emerging issues of gathering and exchanging knowledge and representing structured concepts can be solved through a combined approach. Multi-agent systems joined with system dynamics can provide unconventional alternatives that use physical and social components, with a particular focus on individual and collective behaviours in resource management with multiple decision makers.In our case study, the model was used as a platform for modelling multi-agent organizations, in order to support collective decision-making in water management. The model is capable of representing a distributed complex water management system, where simulated behaviours are based on field observations and on the participation of stakeholders. What is more, the multi–agent system approach enables the interaction and allows to formalize theIrene Pluchinotta – “Multi-Agent Modelling For Distributed Intelligent Decision In Water Management”iibehaviours of water users in the management process. A system dynamics modelling in an environment of interacting decision agents, allows us to explicitly consider the different frames and to simulate interactions when adopting a new policy. The model can showcase how the limited understanding of the interaction space affects the actions followed by each decision-makers and, finally, how it could lead to policy resistance mechanisms. In conclusion, the result is the richest possible picture of the existing problem situation that deals with irrigation water management in agricultural systems.

Le but principal de la gestion de l'eau et de faire en sorte que l'eau soit gérée rationnellement et protégée de manière à ce qu'elle soit propre et saine pour les humains et l'environnement. En ce sens, nous nous interrogeons sur le régime juridique coréen actuel de gestion de l'eau qui est très fragmenté ne répond pas au but principal de la gestion de l'eau. De plus, «conflit» est le terme qui caractérise la mise en œuvre de la politique de la gestion de l'eau en Corée. Les débats sur la réforme de la gestion de l'eau ne sont certainement pas nouveaux en Corée. En effet, des études antérieures menées sur les aspects administratifs et législatifs de gestion de l'eau insistent sur la nécessité d'un nouveau cadre juridique reflétant un changement de paradigme vers une gestion par bassins versants qui soit participative donc incluant le gouvernement local et les habitants. C'est la raison pour laquelle nous nous intéressons à la loi française sur la gestion de l'eau. Depuis plus d'un demi-siècle, avec la Loi sur l'eau de 1964, la France a opté pour une gestion administrative intégrée des ressources en eau niveau des bassins versants. Dans le domaine du droit de l'eau, la France a entreprit d'améliorer sa législation en adoptant des principes reconnus du droit international de l'environnement concernant la gestion de l'eau. Ainsi, nous considérons que l'effort législatif fourni par la France envers la gestion de l'eau peut servir de référence pour guider la recherche législative de la Corée en droit de l'eau. / As for the main purpose of water management, water must be rationally managed and protected in a clean and health manner for human and environment. In this sense, we question the current Korean legal regime for water management which is highly fragmented and thus not able to achieve the main purpose of water management. Moreover "conflict" in a term that characterizes the water management approach in Korea. Debates on water management reform are certainly not new in Korea. In fact, previous studies carried out on administrative and legislative aspects of water management emphasize the need for a new legal framework reflecting a paradigm shift towards watershed and participator management associating local governments and residents. Thus, with regard to it, we decided to consider French water management law. From half a century ago, with the Water Act of 1964, France has appraised and integrate administrative aspects of water management at the level of river basins. Regarding to water law, France has undertaken the improvement of its legislation by adopting recognized principles of the international environmental law in water management. Thus, we consider that France's Iegislative effort towards water management could serve as a mode) for Korea's Iegislative research in water law.

[pt] Uma forma de avaliar a qualidade da água e a qualidade ambiental de um reservatório para monitoramento futuro é listar e analisar as concentrações de tudo o que a mesma tem. Tal lista poderia ser tão longa quanto o número de elementos analisados, podendo ir de 20 e poucos componentes comuns a centenas. É assim que vários índices de qualidade têm sido propostos por serem capazes de sintetizar o maior número destes parâmetros de qualidade em um único valor de fácil interpretação. Não obstante, uma vez que a maior parte dos índices formulados serem para águas moventes, os mesmos têm pouca utilidade para lagos e reservatórios. Lagos e reservatórios são geralmente avaliados e classificados com base em índices de estado trófico e em análises de suas composições químicas. Porém, um índice de estado trófico não tem a mesma representatividade de um índice de qualidade, visto que o termo qualidade sugere uma avaliação subjetiva, importante ressaltar essa distinção de conceitos. Excelente ou pobre, a referência de qualidade da água depende do seu uso e das atitudes locais das pessoas. A definição de estado trófico e seu índice correspondente deveriam permanecer neutros a tais julgamentos subjetivos, mantendo-se numa estrutura dentro da qual podem ser feitas várias avaliações da qualidade da água. Dessa forma, no presente trabalho, criou-se um modelo de avaliação da qualidade da água e da qualidade ambiental para um reservatório tropical oligo-mesotrófico (reservatório das Lajes) capaz de representar em uma escala numérica as gradações nos níveis de qualidade, além de levar em consideração a subjetividade implícita no conceito de qualidade. A subjetividade da avaliação em discussão motivou o emprego da Lógica Fuzzy, metodologia capaz de representar, de forma mais eficiente e clara, os limites dos intervalos de variação dos parâmetros de qualidade para um conjunto de categorias subjetivas, quando esses limites não são bem definidos ou são imprecisos. Assim, foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta computacional baseada em Sistemas de Inferência Fuzzy que avalia automaticamente a qualidade em função de variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas do reservatório. O referido modelo foi desenvolvido com base no conhecimento de especialistas em qualidade de água e qualidade ambiental do Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) e do Departamento de Biologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). O modelo foi avaliado utilizando dados de coleta do reservatório das Lajes coletados no ano 2005, 2008 e 2009. / [en] There are many approaches to monitor the water and environmental qualities of a reservoir. One approach is to list and analyze the concentration of chemicals and physical characteristics that the amount of water it contains. Such a list could be as long as the number of elements analyzed, from a few common components to hundreds. Thus, many indices have been proposed since they are able to synthesize as many of these quality parameters into a single value for an easy interpretation. However, majority of the indices are formulated to evaluate lentic ecosystems, they have little use for lakes and reservoirs. Lakes and reservoirs are generally evaluated and classified based on trophic state indices and chemical composition analysis. Nevertheless, a trophic state index does not have the same representativeness of a quality index. The term quality implies a subjective judgment that is best kept separate from the concept of trophic state. Excellent or poor, water quality depends on the use of that water and the local attitudes of the people. The definition of trophic state and its corresponding index should remain neutral to these subjective judgments, remaining a framework within which various evaluations of water quality may be made. Accordingly, in today s world of technology and advancement there exists a unique model to evaluate water quality and environmental quality for a tropical oligo-mesotrophic reservoir which is located and known as the reservoir of Lajes in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This model is capable of representing quality levels on a numerical scale gradation, and also takes into consideration the subjectivity implicit in the concept of quality. The subjectivity, implicit in the concept of quality, motivated the use of fuzzy logic. This is a methodology to represent more efficiently the limits of ranges of quality parameters for a set of subjective categories, when these limits are not well defined or are inaccurate. As a result, we developed a computational tool based on a Fuzzy Inference System that automatically assesses the quality in terms of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the reservoir. The model was developed based on the knowledge of experts on water quality and environmental quality from the Biological Sciences and Health Center of Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) and from the Department of Animal Biology of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). The model was evaluated with data from the Lajes reservoir during the years 2005, 2008 and 2009.

The paper evaluates nature-based solutions for a retrofitting proposal for the combined regeneration, climate adaptation, and green space management of the industrial area Gåsebäck in Helsingborg, Sweden. The objective of this study was to evaluate options for how Gåsebäck could be sustainably regenerated and developed, while providing additional security against future negative effects of climate change, through the implementation of nature-based solutions. The methods used were unstructured interviews, literature study, thematic data analysis, and scoping review. Some urban societal challenges the area is facing were identified as Urban regeneration, Climate adaptation, and Green space management. The suggested NBSs to address these challenges are phytoremediation, mycoremediation, street trees and bushes, green walls, green roofs, flower beds, permeable surfaces, roadside greenery, rain gardens, de-culvertation and pocket parks. Examples of how the identified nature-based solutions can be retrofitted to block Italien are installing green walls on the old fire station for noise and pollution abatement, biodiversity increase, climate regulation, and enhancement of green elements; green roofs on various buildings for e.g. water management, increased biodiversity and green elements; street trees and bushes along the streets Södergatan and Malmöleden/Gåsebäcksvägen for noise and pollution abatement, water management, biodiversity increase, and enhancement of green elements; site specific installation or pocket park with phyto- or mycoremediation; flower beds and roadside traffic to increase attractiveness; and rain gardens and permeable surfaces for water management. / <p>20180620</p>

Abstract Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems that rely directly or indirectly on groundwater (GW). Recent European and Finnish legislation requires better consideration of these systems in GW management. The main aim of this thesis was to develop new methods for GDE classification and management, by testing environmental tracer methods in different environments. New information about GW-surface water interactions was obtained and novel methods for GDE classification and management were developed for lakes, peatlands, streams, and springs. Stable water isotopes proved to be an efficient tool for determining the GW dependence of lakes. An iterative isotope mass balance method was applied for 67 lakes situated in the Rokua esker aquifer area. Stable water isotopes also showed potential in determining the GW dependence of a peatland surface horizon. A study conducted in peatlands adjacent to Viinivaara esker aquifer indicated that the GW dependence of peatlands can vary significantly and that GW-dependent areas can extend outside current GW protection areas. Thermal images proved useful in pinpointing clear GW seepage locations in peatlands. For streams, a novel stream tracer index method was developed to evaluate GW dependence based on GW volume in streams, thermal properties of streams, and stream water quality. The method was tested in three streams discharging from Viinivaara and Rokua aquifers and was found to efficiently capture spatial variations in GW dependence. In Oulanka region, hydrological and chemical characterization and statistical methods were used to classify springs into different types. Spring altitude and &#948;2H value were identified as useful proxies for spring water chemistry. The methods developed in this thesis can be helpful when classifying and studying GDEs and applying environmental tracer methods in various environments. Knowing the GW dependence of an ecosystem, the impacts of possible GW table decline caused by e.g., GW abstraction, drainage, and/or climate change can be evaluated. For large-scale applications, GDE classification methods have to be practical, effective, and low-cost. Combined use of stable water isotopes and other tracers can be especially effective for characterizing ecosystem hydrology on different temporal and spatial scales. / Tiivistelmä Pohjavedestä riippuvat ekosysteemit (GDE) ovat vesi- tai maaekosysteemejä, jotka ovat suoraan tai epäsuorasti riippuvaisia pohjavedestä. Euroopan Unionin ja Suomen lainsäädännön mukaan pohjavesien hallinnassa tulisi ottaa paremmin huomioon GDEt. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli kehittää uusia menetelmiä näiden ekosysteemien luokitteluun ja hallintaan. Luonnollisia merkkiainemenetelmiä soveltaen saatiin uutta tietoa pohjavesi-pintavesi vuorovaikutuksesta ja kehitettiin uusia menetelmiä GDE-luokitteluun järville, soille, puroille ja lähteille. Veden stabiilit isotoopit osoittautuivat tehokkaaksi työkaluksi järvien pohjavesiriippuvuuden määrittämisessä. Iteratiivista isotooppimassatase-menetelmää käytettiin 67 Rokuan järven pohjavesiriippuvuuden selvittämiseen. Veden stabiileilla isotoopeilla pystyttiin myös määrittämään suon pinnan pohjavesiriippuvuus. Viinivaaran harjun viereisen suoalueen tutkimus näytti, että suon pohjavesiriippuvuus voi vaihdella merkittävästi ja pohjavedestä riippuvia alueita löytyy myös nykyisten pohjavesirajojen ulkopuolelta. Lisäksi soilla havaittiin selkeitä pohjavedenpurkupaikkoja lämpökamerakuvauksen avulla. Puroille kehitettiin uusi menetelmä, jolla niiden pohjavesiriippuvuutta voidaan arvioida perustuen pohjaveden määrään puroissa, puroveden lämpötilaominaisuuksiin ja puroveden laatuun. Menetelmää testattiin Viinivaaran ja Rokuan harjuista purkautuville puroille ja sillä havaittiin pohjavesiriippuvuuden vaihtelevan purojen eri osissa. Oulangan lähteitä luokiteltiin eri tyyppeihin hydrologisen ja kemiallisen karakterisoinnin ja tilastollisten menetelmien avulla. Lähteiden altitudin ja &#948;2H-arvon havaittiin ennustavan lähdeveden kemiallista koostumusta. Tässä tutkimuksessa kehitetyt menetelmät voivat olla hyödyllisiä GDE-luokittelussa, eri ekosysteemien tutkimisessa ja luonnollisten merkkiainemenetelmien soveltamisessa eri ympäristöissä. Kun ekosysteemin pohjavesiriippuvuus tiedetään, voidaan arvioida pohjavedenotosta, ojituksesta ja/tai ilmaston muutoksesta mahdollisesti aiheutuvan pohjavedenpinnan laskun vaikutuksia. Suuressa mittakaavassa, GDE-luokittelumenetelmien tulee olla käytännöllisiä, tehokkaita ja halpoja. Veden stabiilien isotooppien ja muiden merkkiaineiden yhdistetty käyttö vaikuttaa olevan tähän erityisen tehokas työkalu, jolla voidaan ymmärtää ekosysteemien hydrologiaa eri temporaalisissa ja spatiaalisissa mittakaavoissa.

The realization of common facilities in landscape planning was evaluated in three areas of Tábor district: Sudoměřice near Tábor, Prudice and Libějice. Realization of landscape planning had been completed in these areas nine years before the evaluation. The evaluation consisted of detailed analysis of common facilities in landscape planning project and their comparison with current realized situation. A special emphasis was given to reconstructed and newly constructed elements and to neglected elements in landscape planning. The results were conveyed to tables and graphs that inform about a proportion of realized and unrealized elements and point out that the proportion of realized facilities was insufficient. The theses is concluded by a summary of results and by a list of proposals that would lead to a landscape improvement.