Cette thèse porte sur le calcul des états liés et de diffusion de systèmes à deux corps dans une formulation explicitement covariante de la dynamique sur le front de lumière. Nous traitons dans ce cadre deux particules scalaires en interaction à l'approximation "ladder" (modèle de Wick-Cutkosky massif). Les états liés sont calculés (onde S et P) par une décomposition angulaire du potentiel. Nous montrons que la restriction de cette décomposition à sa première composante suffit pour décrire correctement le système, ce qui revient à approximer le potentiel par sa moyenne sur toutes les directions du front de lumière. Ce résultat facilite le traitement des états de diffusion. Nous calculons donc des déphasages élastiques (onde S et P). Or notre potentiel relativiste prend en compte l'ouverture d'un canal inélastique au-delà du seuil de création. Nous calculons donc des déphasages correspondant à l'émision d'un boson, qui violent cependant l'unitarité de la matrice S. La prise en compte la self-énergie permet de résoudre ce problème comme nous montrons par un calcul perturbatif. L'ajout de la self-énergie permet d'obtenir des déphasages inélastique respectant l'unitarité de S. Nous montrons aussi que la self-énergie modifie considérablement les conditions d'existence d'états liés. Nous considérons aussi le cas des deux fermions en interaction par un échange scalaire ou pseudo-scalaire (état $J^\pi=0^+$). Les états liés sont traités par une décomposition angulaire, mais la propriété de moyenne n'apparaît pas pour le couplage pseudo-scalaire. Elle apparaît pour le couplage scalaire, ce qui nous permet de calculer des déphasages élastiques et inélastiques à l'approximation ladder. Abstract : This thesis concerns the two-body scattering and bound states in an explicitly covariant formulation of the light-front dynamics. We consider, in this framework, two scalar particles in interaction at the "ladder" approximation (massive Wick-Cutkosky model). S and P-waves bound states are calculated by an angular decomposition of the potential. We show that the first term of the decomposition gives already a very good description of the system, what is equivalent to take an averaged potential over the light-front directions. This results simplifies the treatment of the scattering states. We obtain the elastics phase shifts (S and P waves). Yet our relativistic potential take into account the first inelastic threshold, what corresponds to the one boson emission. These phase shifts do not respects the S-matrix unitarity. We show by a perturbative calculation that the addition of self-energy contributions permits to solve this problem. Adding this term, allows to obtain an inelastic phase-shift respecting S-matrix unitarity. We show also that the self-energy contribution strongly modifies the conditions of existence of a bound state. We consider also two fermions interacting by a scalar or pseudoscalar exchange ($J^\pi=0^+$ state). The bound states are calculated by the angular decomposition method, that works well here but fails in the pseudoscalar coupling. The average method is finally used to calculate the scattering states in the ladder approximation fo the scalar coupling.

L’évaporation d’eau chargée en sels fait partie des processus de dégradation d’un milieu poreux. Lors de l’évaporation, les sels vont s’accumuler à l’interface liquide-gaz, pouvant aller jusqu’à la cristallisation. Lors de la cristallisation, des contraintes importantes sont exercées sur la matrice solide du milieu poreux, ce qui à terme peut la détériorer.Les travaux présentés ici portent sur l’évaporation d’une solution de NaCl en situation de mèche et se focalisent sur les phénomènes de transport jusqu’à la cristallisation. Nous avons analysé le lien entre le transport de la vapeur, l’écoulement induit dans la solution par l’évaporation, le transport de sel depuis le réservoir de solution saline vers l’interface, et la cristallisation. Plusieurs études expérimentales ont été réalisées pour différentes configurations de mèche. Par ailleurs, nous avons aussi mis en place divers modèles numériques (approche continue 1D et 2D, réseaux de pores 2D et 3D).Une première étude sur une mèche saturée met en évidence l’influence de la cristallisation sur les différents transports. Les cristaux forment un nouveau milieu poreux, favorisant l’évaporation et générant un effet de pompage sur la solution saline. Une deuxième étude sur des mèches saturées a permis d’analyser l’influence de l’évaporation et des propriétés du milieu poreux sur la localisation et le temps d’apparition de la cristallisation. Les expériences montrent une cristallisation discrète à la surface des mèches, se formant préférentiellement dans les zones où l’évaporation est la plus intense. Dans le cas des milieux hétérogènes, la localisation de la cristallisation dépend des propriétés des milieux poreux formant les mèches (porosité et perméabilité).Finalement, la situation d’évaporation en milieu partiellement saturé est étudiée et montre aussi une cristallisation discrète. Nous avons constaté qu’une approche continue classique ne permet pas de prédire correctement la cristallisation en raison des hétérogénéités des fronts. Pour palier ce manque, des modèles de réseaux de pores ont été développés. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que pour une évaporation insuffisante, la cristallisation n’a jamais lieu à l’interface. Lorsque l’évaporation augmente, la proportion de fronts amenant à la cristallisation augmente. Lorsque l’évaporation devient suffisamment intense, la totalité des fronts atteignent la cristallisation. Les zones de cristallisation préférentielles le long des fronts sont identifiées et caractérisées. / The evaporation of water with dissolved salt is a main source of degradation of porousmedia. As water evaporates, dissolved salts accumulate under the liquid-gas interface, possibly reaching crystallization. As crystals grow, stresses can be generated andmay deteriorate pore walls. In this context, our study focuses onNaCl transport and crystallization processwhich result from evaporation inside or at the surface of the porousmedium. The link between vapour transport, brine flow, salt transport and crystallization, is studied with both experiments and numerical simulations (continuummodels and pore network models). A firstwork on saturatedwicks shows howthe growth of efflorescences affects the different transports occurring during evaporation. Efflorescences create a new porous medium which increases evaporation, and consequently salt transport through the wick, generating a "pumping effect". The influences of evaporation rate distributions and porous medium properties on crystallization are also analysed. Results showthat crystallization occurs in a discrete way over the surface of the saturated wicks, due to the porous medium disorder. In addition, it is found that efflorescences tend to grow preferentially in strong evaporating areas. For heterogeneousmedia, results show that crystallization occurs over the less permeable and the less porousmedium. A study of evaporation inside partially saturatedwicks also indicates discrete crystallization at the front. Classic continuum models can not predict accurately the crystallization over this kind of heterogeneous interface. Pore network models are more suitable to simulate transports with these large scale heterogeneities. Results show that depending on the global evaporation rate at the front, crystallization never occurs, may occur with a certain probability or always occurs. The relation between fronts structures, evaporation rate distribution and transports in the liquid phase, is analysed in order to understand and predict crystallization localization. These crystallization spots are then identified and characterized.

Nanofluids as an innovative class of heat transfer fluids created by dispersing nanometre-sizedmetallic or non-metallic particles in conventional heat transfer fluids displayed the potential toimprove the thermophysical properties of the heat transfer fluids. The main purpose of this study is toinvestigate the influence of the use of nanofluids on two-phase heat transfer, particularly on thethermal performance of the heat pipes. In the first stage, the properties of the nanofluids were studied,then, these nanofluids were used as the working fluids of the heat pipes. The thermal performance ofthe heat pipes when using different nanofluids was investigated under different operating conditionsexperimentally and analytically. The influences of the concentration of the nanofluids, inclinationangles and heat loads on the thermal performance and maximum heat flux of the heat pipes wereinvestigated.This study shows that the thermal performance of the heat pipes depends not only on thermophysicalproperties of the nanofluids but also on the characteristics of the wick structure through forming aporous coated layer on the heated surface. Forming the porous layer on the surface of the wick at theevaporator section increases the wettability and capillarity and also the heat transfer area at theevaporator of the heat pipes.The thermal performance of the heat pipes increases with increasing particle concentration in all cases,except for the heat pipe using 10 wt.% water/Al2O3 nanofluid. For the inclined heat pipe, irrespectiveof the type of the fluid used as the working fluid, the thermal resistance of the inclined heat pipes waslower than that of the heat pipes in a horizontal state, and the best performance was observed at theinclination angle of 60o, which is in agreement with the results reported in the literature. Otheradvantages of the use of nanofluids as the working fluids of the heat pipes which were investigated inthis study were the increase of the maximum heat flux and also the reduction of the entropy generationof the heat pipes when using a nanofluid.These findings revealed the potential for nanofluids to be used instead of conventional fluids as theworking fluid of the heat pipes, but the commercialization of the heat pipes using nanofluids for largescale industrial applications is still a challenging question, as there are many parameters related to thenanofluids which are not well understood. / <p>QC 20170228</p>

"Grace Wick: Portrait of a Right-Wing Extremist" is a biography of an American woman who lived between 1888 and 1958. Wick grew up in a small midwestern town, but as a young woman broke away from small town tradition by moving to the city to pursue a career as an actress in the theater and in silent movies. In the course of her acting career she traveled across North America and had the opportunity to associate with people from all walks of life. As an actress, she was able to achieve an autonomy enjoyed by few women during the 1910s and early 1920s. She also developed into a political activist, organizing campaign rallies for candidates, crusading to extend women's freedom, and was an active participant in mainline politics. However, as a middle-aged woman during the late 1930s, Wick developed a narrow focus on life, becoming involved with right-wing, pro-America organizations. By the 1940s she had become outspoken against immigrants and Jews and was actively distributing nativist, anti-Semitic propaganda. The thesis poses and suggests answers to the question of why a woman who had spent a number of years in the city, and in a career which afforded her the opportunity to gain a cosmopolitan view of the world, followed a course toward nativism and right-wing extremism in her later years.

Stone column treatment is commonly used to mitigate liquefaction hazard in sandy soils. Research and experience indicate that this method is effective for clean sands but that it may not be effective for silts and sands with fines contents greater than 15-20%. An alternative to the stone column method involves supplementing stone column treatment with pre-fabricated vertical wick drains installed prior to the stone columns installation. Although this method is used in practice, there has not been a formal academic study of its effectiveness. This thesis evaluates seven different case histories where wick drains were used and one where wick drains were not used, for comparison purposes. The site locations varied as well as the soil properties and treatment plans. CPT testing was done at 3 sites and SPT testing was performed at the other 5 sites. CPT data were correlated to SPT data to facilitate comparisons. One of the case histories includes a unique study in which three different variations of the stone column treatment were applied at the same site, providing a direct comparison of the effectiveness of each method. A 26% area replacement ratio (Ar) with drains was determined to be more effective overall than a 26% Ar without drains and more effective in increasing low initial blow counts than the 34% Ar without drains. The areas with drains were more likely to exceed the minimum project criteria consistently throughout the site. Significant scatter were observed in the results and probable causes for the scatter are noted. Final blow count coefficients of variation ranged from 28% to 77%. Increased fines contents required increased Ar in order to maintain similar average final blow counts. Site improvements were evaluated separately and collectively. Individual site results were compared to clean sand curves developed by Baez (1995). Sites with average fines contents less than 20% which were improved using drains and an 11-15% Ar treatment were comparable to clean sand sites without drains and with 5-10% Ar. To achieve similar improvement at sites with 40-46% fines necessitated drains and Ar values of 23-26%. Design recommendations are provided.

Stone columns are an established method of liquefaction mitigation in clean sands (fines content <15%). Although stone columns are considered less effective in silty soils, an increase in the area replacement ratio or the addition of wick drains may still produce improvement in the normalized blow count. Limited case histories are available with a direct comparison of the use of stone columns with and without wick drains at one location. The Salmon Lake Dam Modification project provided such a scenario. Two test sections were completed at the site prior to construction to determine the area replacement ratio for the final design as well as to compare the application of stone columns with and without wick drains. Visual observations of water and air escaping from wick drains within a distance of 15 ft of the stone column construction confirmed that drains aided in pore pressure dissipation. Test results indicated that stone column treatment with wick drains produced greater improvement in blow count than stone column treatment without drains. For the overall site, there was an increase in improvement ranging from 3 to 8 SPT blow counts. When compared to the results of a similar evaluation of a site in Ogden, Utah, which had a comparable fines content and an area replacement ratio of 26%, the increase in stone column effectiveness produced by adding wick drains was lower at the Salmon Lake Dam site. The increase in improvement at the Ogden, Utah site ranged from 12 to 18 SPT blow counts. At the Ogden site, wick drains were placed between every stone column while they were only placed between vertical rows of columns at Salmon Lake dam. Despite the beneficial effects provided by using wick drains with stone column treatment in silty soils, the performance was below what would be expected for stone column treatment without wick drains in clean sands with less than 15% fines. Stone column treatment also proved less effective in layers of sandy silt than in layers of silty sand, which was indicated by lower average improvement and more points of negative improvement in layers of sandy silt. Although several different area replacement ratios were analyzed (23, 27, 31, and 35%), no consistent trend towards greater improvement in blow count was seen as the replacement ratio increased beyond 23%.

The cold chain industry has a need for a standalone, electricity independent cooling unit that is used for both storage of warehouse product and on deliveries [1]. Mixed temperature fresh and frozen food deliveries are problematic without the distributor having specialized duel compartment refrigerated trucks [2]. These trucks permanently reduce the available capacity for payload delivery [2]. It would be valuable to the cold chain industry to have a passive, independent, storage unit that can be moved using a forklift and placed anywhere within a reefer or warehouse [1]. This versatile unit is a simple mechanical system, but presents a complicated thermal problem. One of the design challenges is to thermally isolate the load from the environment and to maintain thermal conditions for a specified length of time. A proposed storage system uses heat pipes to connect the cargo compartment to a heat sink containing solid CO2. Heat pipes are a simple, passive, and quiet way to transfer heat. Heat pipe design and theory is an active area of research with numerous papers in the literature; however, there is less reported about the actual process of manufacturing. This thesis investigates a new potential application of heat pipes, with a focus on the manufacturing process and experimental performance. A total of four heat pipes and two thermosyphons are created using acetone and methanol as the working fluids, and copper and aluminum as the heat pipe housing. Performance is compared to an insulated copper tube with the same outer dimensions, where the primary performance metric is steady-state thermal resistance. In addition, transient performance is quantified as well as the temperature distribution along the outer in the evaporator, adiabatic and condenser regions. Results show that the prototypes made out of copper reached steady-state faster than the aluminum pipes, while also having a smaller temperature differential between the evaporator and condenser. Methanol and acetone have similar performance over the temperature ranges of 198 K to 358 K. The best performing prototype is a copper thermosyphon containing methanol which achieves an effective thermal resistance of 2.0 K/W with an applied load of 40.7 W, when the condenser is cooled with dry ice in acetone. When cooled with ice water the copper thermosyphon achieves an effective thermal resistance of 0.5 K/W with a load of 40.7 W. / Graduate / 0548 / jstrain@uvic.ca

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre général de la description de l'effet tunnel dans la limite semiclassique $\hbar \rightarrow 0$. Nous présentons une nouvelle méthode de calcul direct de la largeur des doublets tunnel. L'expression obtenue est basée sur l'utilisation de traces d'opérateurs quantiques, dont l'opérateur d'évolution $\hat{U}(T)$ prolongé analytiquement à l'aide d'un temps complexe $T$. L'étape suivante consiste en un développement semiclassique de ces traces. Nous nous plaçons dans le cadre des systèmes intégrables unidimensionnels afin d'insister sur l'importance d'un temps complexe et on montre que le choix d'un chemin du temps $[t]$ adapté, lors du calcul semiclassique des traces, fournit un critère de sélection efficace des trajectoires complexes dominantes. Nous verrons que cette approche retrouve la technique des instantons dans la limite d'un temps purement imaginaire et qu'elle permet d'inclure les descriptions, inaccessibles par une rotation de $\textsc{Wick}$ complète, de l'effet tunnel dynamique et résonant. Nous montrons également comment adapter cette méthode au taux de transmission tunnel d'un état localisé dans un minimum local vers un continuum d'états. Enfin, nous proposerons, en guise de perspectives, d'étudier l'effet tunnel résonant à partir de modèles intégrables présentant des îlots stables entourés de chaînes de tores pour lesquels nous tenterons d'adapter la théorie de l'effet tunnel assisté par les résonances.

Nous nous sommes intéresses a la restauration de la symétrie de réflexion droite-gauche brisée dans certains calculs effectues en utilisant l'approche HTDA (Higher Tamm-Danco Approximation). Cette approche a été proposée par le groupe de Bordeaux pour traiter de façon microscopique les corrélations en conservant explicitement les nombres de nucléons. La projection sur la parité par la méthode PAV (projection après variation) utilisant une généralisation du théorème de Wick de type Lowdin s'est avérée être très bien adaptée dans le cadre d'un modèle simple pour ce type de calcul et a permis de tourner certaines difficultés propres aux calculs qui utilisent la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité déduite par exemple de l'interaction de Skyrme. Les résultats obtenus pour des noyaux lourds manifestant une déformation octupôlaire ou a tout le moins une grande déformation pour ce mode, sont en gros tout a fait cohérents avec les calculs antérieurs effectues dans une approche HFB ou HF+BCS. D'autre part nos résultats montrent qu'on peut abaisser par projection sur la parité positive la hauteur de la seconde barrière de fission par une quantité de l'ordre de 1 MeV.

The aim of this thesis is to simulate stochastic models that are driven by a fractional Brownian motion process and to apply these methods to financial applications related to yield rate and asset price modelling. Several rough volatility processes are used to model the asset price and yield dynamics. Firstly fractional processes of Cox-Ingersoll-Ross, CEV and Vasicek types are introduced as models for volatility and yield data. In this framework it holds that the Hurst parameter that determines the covariance structure of the fBM process can be directly estimated from observed data series using a least squares log-periodogram approach. The remaining parameters in the model are estimated using a combination of Maximum Likelihood estimates and expectation estimations. In the modelling and pricing of assets one model that is studied is the fractional Heston model, that is used to model an asset price process using both observed asset and volatility data. Similarly two other similar rough volatility models are also studied, which are constructed so as to have log-Normal returns. These processes which in the thesis are called the exponential models 1 and 2 have rough volatility that are characterized by the CEV and Vasicek processes. Additionally the first order Wiener Chaos Expansion is implemented and explored in two ways. Firstly the Chaos Expansion is applied to a parametric fractional stochastic model which is used to generate a Wick product process, which is found to resemble the underlying process. It is also used to generate an approximate expansion of real yield rate data using a bootstrap sampling approach. / Den här uppsatsen syftar till att simulera stokastiska modeller som drivs av fraktionell Brownsk rörelse och att använda dessa modeller i finansiella tillämpningar relaterade till räntor och finansiella tillgångar. Flera volatilitetsprocesser som är rough används för att modellera ränte- och aktiedynamiken. Först introduceras de fraktionella varianterna av Cox-Ingersoll-Ross, CEV och Vasicek processer, vilka används för att modellera volatilitet och ränteprocesser. Med detta tillvägagångssätt gäller det att Hurstparametern, vilken bestämmer covariansstrukturen för den fraktionella Brownska rörelsen, kan uppskattas direkt från observerad data med en minsta kvadrat log-periodogram-metod. Samtliga andra parametrar i modellen uppskattas med en kombination av Maximum Likelihood och uppskattning av väntevärden. I modelleringen och prissättningen av finansiella tillgångar är en model som studeras den fraktionella Hestonmodellen, som används för att modellera en tillgång baserat på både volatilitets- och aktiedata. Ytterligare två liknande modeller studeras, vilka också har volatilitet som är rough och är konstruerade så att deras avkastning är log-Normal. Dessa processer, vilka i uppsatsen är benämnda som de exponentiella modellerna 1 och 2 har volatilitet som karaktäriseras av CEV- och Vasicekprocesser. Ytterligare är Wiener's Kaosexpansion av första ordningen också implementerad och undersöks från två håll. Först används den på en parameterbestämd fraktionell stokastisk modell, vilken används för att generera en Wickproduktprocess. Expansionen används även med hjälp av en bootstrap-metod för att generera en process från observerad data.