La philosophie d’Eric Weil présente une structure systématique dont l’interprétation des composants n’est pas facilement concevable. Le titre “Philosophie et histoire dans la pensée d'Eric Weil” propose une lecture complète du système weilian visant à sa compréhension à travers un élément qui traverse tout son travail : l’histoire. Notre hypothèse est que Weil présente une manière originale de penser à l’histoire qui, sans constituer une “philosophie particulière”, peut être un principe herméneutique pour l’interprétation de sa pensée. Nous voulons montrer que la question de l’histoire représente une position originale en s’éloignant de l’inspiration hegelienne et de la pensée heideggerienne; et fondamental, parce que la pensée de Weil ne peut être comprise sans référence à la réflexion sur l’histoire et à l’homme qui pose des questions sur l’histoire. Notre thèse se développe à partir de la tâche qui exige à la fois la présentation des problèmes inhérents à la conception d’une philosophie de l’histoire et la détermination du fil qui pointe vers son unité interne et son articulation avec le reste du système. Par conséquent, à chaque nouvelle étape, l’hypothèse est prise : la réflexion sur l’histoire sert de clé herméneutique légitime à approcher le travail weilien. Une première exigence a un caractère historique-exposant : énumérer les textes qui abordent les questions de la réflexion sur l’histoire. Il faut également lire systématiquement l’ensemble des textes et leur relation avec le système de philosophie articulé dans la Logique de la philosophie, en supposant que l’idée du système est la pierre angulaire de la validité de toute interprétation. Il ne s’agit donc pas de découper le corpus weilien en vue de l’indication des lieux où apparaît la question, mais de reconstruire l’unité entre les différentes parties de son travail. Notre enquête prend le travail de Weil en se concentrant sur l’histoire dans sa dimension logique-philosophique sans dispenser de la perspective histoire-politique. C’est donc une approche logique-argumentative qui tente de comprendre une philosophie qui est à la fois dialectique et critique. Nous avons divisé le travail en quatre chapitres. Le premier abordait la métaphilosophie dans la pensée weilienne à partir de son inspiration kantienne. Notre hypothèse fondamentale est le retour à l’affirmation du kantisme de Weil. Nous commençons par la définition de la philosophie en tant qu’acte humain de celui qui a librement choisi de comprendre le monde, une activité éminemment scientifique et transmissible et essentiellement historique. Le deuxième insère Eric Weil parmis les philosophes qui pensent l’histoire, plus précisément, il rélie Weil à la tradition d’une “critique de la raison historique” qui s’étend de Dilthey à Weber et à Aron. Le troisième prend les conditions des discours sur le sens de l’histoire dans le système des catégories discursives. Autrement dit, nous suivons la succession catégorielle de la Logique de la philosophie. Ce dernier constitue une deuxième partie du travail et reprend la tâche annoncée comme la récupération de la fonction sociale du philosophe, de la lecture weilienne de la Révolution française. / The following thesis argues for the singular presence of the concept of sacred and the philosophical categories of Sense and the Wisdom on Éric Weil writings, taking as referencethe first term so that go beyond from a sociological perspective, restricted to Political Philosophy, but present in other works, whether with a defined signification or as well as apointed place. The Sacred does not take on religious characters on Weil's thinking, but it is linked to the tradition field and from the values that allow a certain community to decide amongconflicts, taking on the idea of a decision element and not only of composition of a context for problematization and comprehension of a theme. The walk by the work made possible to setthe concept of Sacred, as well as its permanence with basic characteristics and, beyond this, with a specific place at the text, namely, the sacred is a fundamental concept for the weilianthinking when it is set a conflict situation and it demands to think about criteria in face of crisis. Such importance of the sacred on weilian text on its practical sense evoked the issue ofexistence, for who decided by philosophy, of his sacred too, in other words, is there the sacred for the philosopher, just like there is one for the community who needs to decide? Thefundamental difference is that the sacred of the philosopher just wouldn't only an issue of decision, but of philosophical comprehension of the speeches on real. Therefore, the secondconcept of triad, the Sense, the formal category of philosophy that allows the comprehension of what is essential in each category on dynamic of the Logic of Philosophy. The essential ofthe speech is understood at the horizon of sense and for each category to express itself in a speech, or even as a no-speech, the Sense appears at the perspective of understanding thelanguage in its inventiveness and poetical creativity, so that the Sense, like the sacred in its practical logic, is the field of theoretical comprehension of what is set discursively on severalphilosophical categories. Sacred and Sense express the issues of practical and theoretical, but the weilian thinking doesn't understand them closing in themselves, once they overflow to thesynthesis that is effected on Wisdom, namely, the third element of our hypothesis, that is characterized as the category that updates itself once the wiseman thinks about yourself action,join in his action both the theoretical and the practical of the speeches. The Wisdom concerns to the innermost relationship between the attitude and the category and the wiseman, the manof the presence, as well is the man of the Sense and in it, finally, philosophy meets to itself. / A tese que segue defende a singular presença do conceito de sagrado e as categorias filosóficas do Sentido e da Sabedoria nos escritos de Éric Weil, tomando como referência oprimeiro termo de modo a ir além de uma perspectiva sociológica, restrita à Filosofia Política mas, presente nas demais obras, seja com uma significação definida, seja também como umlugar determinado. O sagrado não assume características religiosas no pensamento de Weil, mas está ligado ao campo da tradição e dos valores que permitem uma determinada comunidadedecidir em meio aos conflitos, assumindo a ideia de elemento de decisão e não apenas de composição de um contexto para problematização e compreensão de um tema. O percurso pelaobra possibilitou situar o conceito do sagrado, como também a sua permanência com características básicas e, além disso, com um lugar determinado no texto, a saber, o sagrado éum conceito fundamental para o pensamento weiliano quando se instaura uma situação de conflito e se exige pensar critérios frente à crise. Essa importância do sagrado no texto weilianoem seu sentido prático fez surgir a questão da existência, para aquele que se decidiu pela filosofia, também de seu sagrado, em outras palavras, há o sagrado para o filósofo, assim comohá para a comunidade que necessita decidir? A diferença fundamental é que o sagrado do filósofo já não seria apenas uma questão de decisão, mas de compreensão filosófica dosdiscursos sobre o real. Desse modo, surge o segundo conceito da tríade, o Sentido, categoria formal da filosofia que permite a compreensão do que é essencial de cada categoria na dinâmicada Lógica da Filosofia. O essencial do discurso é compreendido no horizonte do sentido e por cada categoria se expressar em um discurso, ou mesmo como negação do discurso, o Sentidosurge na perspectiva de compreender a linguagem em sua inventividade e criatividade poética, de modo que o Sentido, como o sagrado em sua lógica prática, é o campo da compreensãoteórica do que é posto discursivamente nas várias categorias filosóficas. Sagrado e Sentido expressam os problemas do prático e do teórico, mas o pensar weiliano não os entende sefechando em si, uma vez que transbordam para a síntese que se efetua na Sabedoria, a saber, o terceiro elemento de nossa hipótese, e que se caracteriza como a categoria que se atualiza jáque o sábio pensa sua ação, une na ação tanto o teórico quanto o prático dos discursos. A Sabedoria diz respeito à íntima relação entre a atitude e a categoria e o sábio, o homem dapresença, também é o homem do sentido e nela, finalmente, a filosofia encontra a si mesma.

On ne saurait parler aujourd’hui de l’Islam dans son immense complexité sans aborder ses différentes branches et ramifications. Sunnites, chiites, soufis. Les zaouïas font partie de ce paysage de diversité. A travers tous les pays musulmans les zaouïas ont su marqué de quelques empreintes parfois bien profondes les sociétés dans lesquelles elles ont existés.L’histoire nous révèle plusieurs cas où l’influence des soufis était un facteur déterminent dans des décisions politiques et sociales majeures. L’ascension de plusieurs villes et villages s’est faite grâce à la présence du tombeau d’un saint soufi ou voir même à son court passage. Ain Madi dans le sud Algérien, Konya en Turquie, la tombe de RUMI est le deuxième site touristique le plus visité de Turquie. Tombouctou au Mali, Tachkent, Boukhara, Samarkand et bien d’autres.Les études politiques actuelles ne s’intéressent plus uniquement aux institutions du pouvoir et aux élites pour cerner la dynamique d’un pays mais interrogent également les autres éléments constituants les sociétés et analysent les différentes formes de gouvernance et d’autorité.Le cas des zaouïas en Algérie, est des plus éloquents du fait de leurs interventions envers toutes les catégories de la société.De tout temps les politiques peinent à satisfaire les demandes de leurs populations, de les maîtriser et canaliser leurs mécontentement. Le recours aux chefs de tribus, aux représentants associatifs, aux imams est une pratique plutôt courante dans l’entretient et le maintien de la paix sociale. Les zaouïas ne sont pas étrangères aux questions de l’Etat, des populations, de l’identité, de la culture; cependant, toutes ne sont pas concernées par ce rôle. / Having been fought, been denigrated, accused, been indicated for a long time as sign of charlatanism, of obscurantism and of collaboration, zaouïas became places most coveted by high representatives in Algeria. Supported, financed, projected, favoured, their roles today is determine. Algeria would count a considerable number of zaouïas. Zaouïas, modest but warm and calm places, reflects humility and peace. Their deep anchoring in cultural, space and social environment, high symbolism which they transport, impose a more and more growing curiosity as soon as they get closer to their perimetres. However, behind this gentle facade, a machine of influence of a formidable effectiveness displayed its tentacles in the different spheres of catch of decisions, in the point where the most part of the members of successive governments for 1990s have a direct or indirect relation with one of Chouyoukhs of zaouïas. To be affiliated to a zaouïa today is fashionable.

Esta dissertação se propõe a analisar como surge a fé, como ocorre a sua expressão em relação ao sagrado, e de que forma ela se desenvolve nos primeiros anos de vida do ser humano, dando ênfase à fase considerada como infância dentro da sociedade atual. A partir dessa abordagem, a pesquisa busca identificar se a educação cristã, orientada pelos princípios do evangelho de Jesus Cristo, apresenta em suas bases conteúdos capazes de desafiar a criança para uma vida cidadã. Sob uma visão filosófica, a ética e a moral foram estudadas como características pertinentes, que desafiam o ser humano ao exercício da cidadania e ao bom convívio social dentro do grupo ao qual ele pertence. A hipótese aqui defendida entende que a educação cristã, se utilizada como método pedagógico e interpretada de forma adequada, uma vez posta em prática por aqueles que se propõem a disseminá-la, pode direcionar a criança para uma vivência ética focada na sabedoria do amor. / This dissertation presents information about how faith arises, how its expression occurs in relation with the sacred, and in which way it develops in the first years of human life. Empashis is placed on the life stage considered childhood in current society. With this approach, the research seeks to identify if the Christian education, oriented by the principles of Jesus' Gospel, features in its base information capable of leading a child to a citizen life. With a philosophical view, the moral and ethics were studied as relevant features, which challenge the human being to citizenship and to a good social co-existence inside the group to which he belongs. The hypothesis defended here understands that Christian education, if used as a pedagogic method and interpreted in an adequate form, when implemented by those who suggest its dissemination, may lead the child to an ethical life focused on the wisdom of love.

La théologie naît de la parole de Dieu. Elle doit donc expliciter ce qui caractérise la parole de Dieu. Or, c’est dans le Christ que Dieu s’adresse en personne aux hommes. Il est en outre nécessaire de préciser quelle philosophie de la parole est capable de servir d’instrument à cette réflexion théologique. Dans le Christ, parole et geste sont relatifs à son Je Suis divin et sont portés par une intention et un jugement nouveaux, divins. On reprend ainsi quelques questions fondamentales : foi et intelligence ; histoire et métaphysique ; théologie et mystique : en terre chrétienne, elles sont inséparables et une sagesse théologique demande d’être à la fois savoureuse et rigoureuse du point de vue de la vérité ; ce qui le permet est une philosophie qui explicite la cause finale grâce à l’amour. Enfin, on aborde l’unité et l’organisation de la théologie : c’est à partir du Christ que s’explicite l’ordre de la théologie dans le développement organique de ses parties. / Theology flows from the word of God. Its task, therefore, is to explicate what characterises that word. In Christ, God speaks in person to mankind, which is why we need to establish which philosophy of the human word is capable of serving theological reflection. Christ’s words and actions are relative to His divine I Am ; his words and actions are carried by a new, divine judgement and intention. This brings us to some fundamental questions : faith and intelligence ; history and metaphysics ; theology and the mystical. These pairs are inseparable in Christianity. A theological wisdom must be both appealing and rigorous as regards the truth ; what is it that allows it to be just that ? A philosophy which, thanks to love, explicates the final cause. Finally, we look at the unity and the organisation of theology : Christ himself determines the order of theology in the organic development of its different areas.

Text in Afrikaans / Die bydrae van die lsraelitiese wysheidsliteratuur word in die teologiese nadenke oor die wese sowel as die regverdigheid van God in 'n groot mate onderbenut gelaat. Dit hoef egter nie so te wees nie. lndien die wysheid van Israel teen die agtergrond of breer konteks van die ontwikkeling in die konvensionele oud-Oosterse wysheid en vanuit 'n toepaslike orienteringspunt benader word, kan die betekenis daarvan histories en eksegeties op so 'n wyse ontsluit word dat die relevansie met betrekking tot die teologiese gesprek oor God en die teodisee aangetoon kan word. In die lig hiervan word die kritiese wysheid van Israel aan die hand van 'n elliptiese ordeningsbeginsel, wat enersyds die heerskappy van God en andersyds die moontlikheid van gemeenskap tussen God en mens as wentelpunte het, histories en eksegeties ondersoek. Verskillende reaksies op 'n gemeenskaplike ervaring van God se transendensie word in die lsraelitiese wysheid gehandhaaf en ontwikkel. Al word die terme 'transendensie', 'immanensie' en 'teodisee' nerens in die wysheidstekste van Israel gebruik nie, kom die motiewe nogtans voor. Die alternatiewe wat gehandhaaf en uitgewerk word, beklemtoon die verband tussen godsbeskouing en die ervaring van God as of verwyderd of immanent. Op soek na die balans tussen die transendensie en immanensie van God, bied die kritiese wysheid van Israel wel 'n perspektief waarin so 'n omvangryke ervaring van die wese van God moontlik is dat die beperkinge van rasionaliteit, en daarom ook vrae wat uit die teodisee-vraagstuk voortvloei, oorkom kan word. / The contribution of the sapiential literature of ancient Israel to theological reflection on both the essence and the justice of God is to a large extent neglected. This need not be the case. If Israelite wisdom is approached from a suitable vantage point and against the background or in the wider context of the sapiential movement in the ancient Near East, it becomes possible to historically and exegetically unravel the meaning and relevance of Old Testament wisdom in theological discussion of God and theodicy. In this light a historical and exegetical exploration of Israel's critical wisdom is undertaken with the aid of an elliptical guiding principle in which the supreme lordship of God is the one focal point, and the possibility of intimate communion between God and humans the other. Different reactions to a common experience of the transcendence of God are maintained and developed in the wisdom of ancient Israel. Although the terms 'transcendence', 'immanence' and 'theodicy' are never used in their wisdom texts, the motifs themselves did occur. The connection between the God concept and the experience of God as either remote or immanent, is emphasized by the alternatives which are developed in both the conventional and critical wisdom. In search of balance between the transcendence and immanence of God, the critical wisdom of Israel does offer a perspective within which comprehensive experience of the essence of God is possible to such an extent that the limitations of rationality, and therefore also the questions emanating from the riddle of theodicy, can be exceeded. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / Th. D. (Ou Testament)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Uma leitura do processo de construção da teologia em Rubem Alves, em seu confronto com a ciência e com a estrutura institucional da ortodoxia teológica, fundamentada em sua biografia e em sua ênfase no corpo, na imaginação e na linguagem. A primeira parte apresenta aspectos biográficos e bibliográficos de Rubem Alves, situando o pensamento de Rubem Alves num tempo e num espaço. A segunda parte traz a crítica de Rubem Alves à idéia da teologia ser ciência do divino e aprisionar o sagrado. O conhecimento do Absoluto está além dos limites da compreensão humana. A mesma crítica é dirigida à instituição religiosa e a teólogos que se outorgam o título de representantes de Deus. A terceira parte apresenta os principais alicerces que constituem a teologia de Rubem Alves: a ênfase no corpo, a criação de universos de sentido mediados pela linguagem, a força criativa da imaginação e a religião como teia de símbolos que expressam o triunfo dos valores a despeito de uma realidade opressora. A quarta parte traz uma leitura de três textos de Rubem Alves que abordam o tema da teologia. O autor apresenta a teologia como algo intimamente vinculado à biografia, à história e à busca por referenciais de sentido. A teologia é o discurso da esperança por uma nova organização da realidade. Através do ato de contar estórias, a teologia se torna uma atividade capaz de questionar a realidade instaurada; capaz de servir aperitivos do reino de Deus; capaz de despertar o amor, mediante a proclamação de suas ausências, mediante a nostalgia e a esperança por uma nova ordem das coisas, mediante brincadeiras e sorrisos. A última parte reflete criticamente acerca do pensamento teológico de Rubem Alves e busca perguntas que tal pensamento poderia evocar. Encerra com uma breve reflexão acerca da teologia prática e de algumas perspectivas práticas que o pensamento de Rubem Alves possa fornecer à caminhada teológica.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Eduardo Carli de Moraes - 2013.pdf: 1868084 bytes, checksum: 32e1fd9c7d44e8b25112401a76dbd0ba (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation aims to reflect upon the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche (18441900), whose thought is here understood as an attempt to overcome both metaphysics and nihilism. This study highlights Nietzsche’s appraisal of philosophical thought endowed with historical sense, faithful to the uninterrupted process of becoming, which implies a worldview similar to that of Heraclitus. It is argued that Nietzsche's peculiar position in the history of moral philosophy lies in his critical analysis of the multiplicity of different moral evaluations always connected with their human, all too human, sources. Through attention to the circumstances and conditions of the emergence, development and decline of many ideals, moral values and religious doctrines, we intend to describe Nietzsche's philosophy as one in rupture with the notion of divine and immutable values and which de-estabilizes beliefs in absolute truths. In order to illustrate the nietzschean genealogical method in operation, we investigate phenomena such as resentment and asceticism, re-inserted into the historical flow and understood with connection with their physiological, psychological and socio-political basis. Grounded on extensive literature review of the work of Nietzsche and his commentators (especially Jaspers, Wotling, Rosset, Giacoia, Moura, Ferraz, among others), it is argued that Nietzsche’s philosophy surpasses Platonic-Christian split between two worlds and also overcomes the dualism between body and spirit. The anti-idealistic philosophy of Nietzsche, critical of moral absolutism and metaphysical supernaturalism, acts as a "school of suspicion" inviting us to free our thought from subservience, credulity and uncritical obedience to tradition. This research also explores the theme of “the death of God" and the collapse of the Judeo-Christian values, and the concomitant rise of nihilism, in the context of a philosophy that seeks to suggest and open new avenues for the human adventure, by mobilizing concepts such as amor fati, Over-Man and "fidelity to the earth." Nietzsche’s thought is not understood only in its critical potential, shattering traditional idealistic metaphysics, but also as a creator of a tragic and dyonisian wisdom which stands at the antipodes of both ascetic ideals and nihilistic doctrines. / Esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo refletir sobre a filosofia de Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), compreendida como tentativa de superação tanto da metafísica quanto do niilismo. Destaca-se a valorização nietzschiana de um pensamento dotado de senso histórico, fiel ao devir ininterrupto do real, o que implica em uma cosmovisão semelhante à de Heráclito. Defende-se que a posição peculiar de Nietzsche na história da filosofia moral consiste na análise crítica da multiplicidade de diferentes valorações morais, sempre remetidas a suas fontes humanas (demasiado humanas). Através da atenção às circunstâncias e condições de surgimento, desenvolvimento e ocaso dos diversos ideais, valores morais e doutrinas religiosas, procuramos mostrar como Nietzsche constitui uma filosofia que rompe com a noção de valores divinos e imutáveis, além de des-estabilizar crenças em verdades absolutas. De modo a ilustrar o método genealógico nietzschiano em operação, investigam-se fenômenos como o ressentimento e o ascetismo, re-inseridos no fluxo histórico e compreendidos a partir de seus pressupostos psicológicos, fisiológicos e sócio-políticos. Com base em ampla pesquisa bibliográfica da obra de Nietzsche e comentadores (como Jaspers, Wotling, Rosset, Giacoiua, Moura, Ferraz, dentre outros), argumenta-se que a filosofia nietzschiana realiza uma ultrapassagem da cisão platônico-cristã entre dois mundos, além de uma superação do dualismo entre corpo e espírito. Procura-se descrever como a filosofia anti-idealista de Nietzsche, avessa ao absolutismo e ao sobrenaturalismo, age como uma “escola da suspeita”, convidando-nos a um filosofar liberto de subserviência, credulidade e obediência acrítica à tradição. Explora-se também a temática da “morte de Deus” e da derrocada dos valores judaico-cristãos, além da concomitante escalada do niilismo, no contexto de uma filosofia que busca sugerir e abrir novas vias para a aventura humana ao mobilizar conceitos como amor fati, além-do-homem e “fidelidade à terra”. Nietzsche é compreendido não somente em seu potencial crítico, demolidor da tradição idealista e metafísica, mas também como criador de uma sabedoria trágica e dionisíaca que se posiciona nas antípodas tanto dos ideais ascéticos quanto dos ideários niilistas.

M.A. / The book of Ecclesiastes forms part of the wisdom genre, of Hebrew literature. It is a notoriously difficult book to interpret. The author, Qoheleth, displays an ideology and theology which is at variance with the rest of the Old Testament, namely protest wisdom. Finding the part Qoheleth plays, within the scope of the wisdom tradition, has troubled interpreters for years. This study, brings Socio-Rhetorics to bear on this problem. Rhetorical theory is used to try and bring about an understanding of how Qoheleth fits into the wisdom tradition. This study tries to show that Qoheleth dialogues with that wisdom tradition in order to develop his own argument. In particular, it shows that he quotes the book of Proverbs. How, Qoheleth, quotes Proverbs, and what he does with those texts, is illustrated in selected textual studies from Ecclesiastes. It was found that Qoheleth sharply criticise especially the simplistic over-evaluation of wisdom within traditional thought.

Due to the current, global challenges such as resource depletion and economic crisis, and international societal mega-trends such as multi-internationalisation, we are in transition from conventional methods of production to relatively novel methods that strives to be competitive, satisfy customer needs and have a lower environmental impact. Product-Service System (PSS) method is deemed to be a solid alternative towards this vision. To do that, we are in need of novel approaches to re-envision the current system. Therefore, Innovation methods are the backbone of PSS. Since PSS highly emphasizes the customers' needs and co-creation with them, user-innovation methods are required in order to boost PSS Innovation. Among user-innovation methods, Crowdsourcing seems to be valid option which would enable us to attract a large, undefined network of people to the innovation process. In this research, a success model for crowdsourcing practice is proposed and validated by literature and expert interviews. As a follow-up, based on the success model, a strategic guideline for innovation using open modes of collaboration is proposed. Moreover, we discuss the implication of PSS and sustainability and how these concepts can be empowered by crowdsourcing.

This thesis looks at the impact of migration and place on the traditional healing knowledge and practices of a Mexican immigrant mother from Guanajuato, Mexico: Sofia Perez. Through the use of oral history methodology and the application of the Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Wisdom (TEKW) model and the Social Ecological Model (SEM) to analyze the narratives, this study looks at the origin of Sofia's healing knowledge and practices and at how she has managed to keep these traditions alive despite migrating to the United States and living in a society that may not believe in the efficacy of these healing traditions. The application of the Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Wisdom (TEKW) model provided insight into the healing traditions of Sofia's home community and the ways in which these were learned, practiced, and preserved and proved useful in looking at how this was done by Sofia before and after migrating. Next, the Social Ecological Model (SEM) proved useful in looking at how place and its various social, cultural, and ecological aspects have influenced Sofia's use of traditional medicine since she migrated. Overall, Sofia's knowledge and practices have been impacted by migration and place; however, she continues to practice these traditions as best as she can.