The purpose of this study is to explore how “the Devil” is used metaphorically in popular music, both contextually and within the linguistic framework of conceptual metaphor theory. The corpus examined consists of 15 lyrics spread over the genre’s blues, country/bluegrass, heavy metal and female alternative. The study was conducted applying PIMS grounded in conceptual metaphor analysis. The analysis shows the Devil being used both in metaphors and metonymies in both target domains and source domains linked to concepts like force, deception and control, and emotions such as love, fear, anger and sadness. The study further showed that context made multiple interpretations of the scenes/phrases possible.

Submitted by Delma Barros Filho (delmab@gmail.com) on 2015-11-16T22:53:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Delma Barros_Dissertação.pdf: 9789741 bytes, checksum: 7553c5c82a7277e7b0aef79dd79424bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-27T13:35:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Delma Barros_Dissertação.pdf: 9789741 bytes, checksum: 7553c5c82a7277e7b0aef79dd79424bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-27T13:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Delma Barros_Dissertação.pdf: 9789741 bytes, checksum: 7553c5c82a7277e7b0aef79dd79424bf (MD5) / CNPq / Este trabalho tem o objetivo de compreender a maneira como adultos iletrados pertencentes a sociedades letradas manejam conceitos no que diz respeito a diferentes níveis de abstração. No campo de estudos sobre o desenvolvimento cognitivo de adultos, os autores que se dedicam a investigar o funcionamento cognitivo de pessoas em diferentes contextos têm concordado quanto à ideia de que o processo de escolarização promove o treinamento sistemático em operações teóricas, aspecto que envolve a aquisição de ferramentas culturais que subsidiam a organização do pensamento. O tema tem sido pesquisado através da comparação da cognição de iletrados com a de pessoas formalmente escolarizadas. O interesse tem sido investigar possíveis consequências cognitivas do uso da linguagem escrita e compreender as inter-relações entre as linguagens oral e escrita. Os estudos considerados apontam que a aquisição da escrita é avaliada, por um lado, como promovendo efeitos homogêneos; por outro, como sendo caracterizada pelas práticas sociais de uso desta habilidade, não devendo ser tomada por efeitos gerais. O presente trabalho é uma proposta de estudo sobre as relações entre o pensamento não escolarizado e o escolarizado tomando como base os desenvolvimentos teóricos de Vigotski, especificamente o tópico da formação de conceitos (cotidianos ou científicos). No pensamento orientado por conceito cotidiano, palavras codificam informações com base nos atributos perceptuais dos referentes. No pensamento orientado por conceito científico a estrutura do significado de palavra é abstrata, não dependendo do reflexo imediato da realidade. Para Vigotski o objetivo principal da escolarização seria a ascensão do pensamento empírico para o teórico. Este estudo propõe levar em conta uma rota alternativa de desenvolvimento, configurada para aqueles que não foram escolarizados, permanecendo iletrados. O conceito de oralidade letrada, considerado neste estudo, aponta para o fato de que, em sociedades letradas, a ascensão ao pensamento teórico pode acontecer fora da escola, através, por exemplo, de demandas sociais do trabalho. Foram examinadas as respostas de dois grupos de participantes (iletrados: adultos que nunca frequentaram a escola ou o fizeram rudimentarmente por poucos anos, permanecendo, portanto, não-alfabetizados ou semi-analfabetos; e letrados: estudantes universitários ou pessoas com nível superior concluído) a testes sobre formação de conceitos (com vistas a identificar a estrutura conceitual predominante) e a testes sobre medidas de habilidades cognitivas. A consideração da estrutura conceitual leva em conta a maneira como o participante organizou as respostas aos testes: os critérios subjacentes a essa organização e a forma de ligação das palavras, no conjunto formulado. Esta análise permite classificar a estrutura do seu pensamento como orientada predominantemente por conceito cotidiano ou científico. Entre os resultados da análise comparativa entre o padrão de respostas encontrado para os dois grupos de participantes, destacam-se, conforme esperado: a) o predomínio da utilização de conceitos cotidianos entre iletrados; b) o predomínio do uso de conceitos científicos entre letrados. No entanto, o fato de os participantes dos dois subgrupos terem formulado os dois tipos de conceitos permite discutir questões relacionadas com o desenvolvimento da oralidade letrada no subgrupo dos participantes iletrados. This study has the objective of understanding the way how illiterate adults belonging to literate societies handle concepts respecting to different levels of abstraction. In the field of studies about cognitive development, the authors dedicated to investigate the cognitive operation of people in different contexts have agreed on the idea that the schooling process promotes the systematic training in theoretical operations, aspect that encompass the acquisition of cultural tools that support the organization of thought. The subject has been investigated by comparison between the cognition of illiterates and of formally schooled persons. The objective has been the investigation possible cognitive consequences about the use of written language and understanding the inter-relations between oral and written languages. The studies here considered point that the acquisition of writing is evaluated, at one hand, as promoting homogeneous effects; and on the other hand, as being characterized by the social practices of this skill’s usage, should not be taken as general effects. This present work is a study proposal about the relationships between unschooled and schooled thought based on the Vygotsky’s theoretical developments, specifically the topic about word meaning structure (WMS) (the description of the system of relationships of words - the connections between symbols - that characterizes the semiotically mediated thought). There are hierarchical levels of language utilization, that is WMS. In this work we study two of these levels: everyday concept and scientific concept. In thought organized/ oriented by everyday concept, words code information based on the related sensitive’s attributes. In thought oriented by scientific concept the structure of word meaning is abstract, not depending on reality’s immediate reflex. To Vygotsky the main objective of schooling would be the ascension of empirical thought to theoretical thought. This study proposes to have in account an alternative route of development, configured the people who didn’t went through school, remaining illiterates. The concept of literate orality, considered in this study, points out to the fact that, in literate societies, the ascension to theoretical thought can happen outside the school, by means of, for example, working social demands. There have been examined the answers of two groups of participants (illiterates: adults which never attended to school or did it poorly in few years, remaining, thus, unlettered or semi-lettered; and literates: university students or persons which concluded the high school) to tests about word meaning structure (concepts formation) (intending to identify the predominant conceptual structure) and to tests about cognitive skills measurement. The consideration about the conceptual structure has in account the way how the participant organized the answers to the tests: the underlying criterions to this organization and the form of binding words, inside the formulated series. This analysis enables to classify the structure of the thought as predominantly oriented by everyday or scientific concept. Among the results of the comparative analysis between the patterns of answers found on the two groups of participants, excel out, as expected: a) the predominance of everyday concepts utilization among illiterates; b) the predominance of scientific concepts among literates. However, the fact that the participants of both subgroups formulated the two types of concepts allows the discussion of questions related with the development of literate orality inside the subgroup of illiterate participants.

Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is the process of computationally identifying and labeling poly- semous words in context with their correct meaning, known as a sense. WSD is riddled with various obstacles that must be overcome in order to reach its full potential. One of these problems is the aspect of the representation of word meaning. Traditional WSD algorithms make the assumption that a word in a given context has only one meaning and therfore can return only one discrete sense. On the other hand, a novel approach is that a given word can have multiple senses. Studies on graded word sense assignment (Erk et al., 2009) as well as in cognitive science (Hampton, 2007; Murphy, 2002) support this theory. It has therefore been adopted in a novel, paraphrasing system which performs word sense disambiguation by returning a probability distribution over potential paraphrases (in this case synonyms) of a given word. However, it is unknown how well this type of algorithm fares against the traditional one. The current study thus examines if and how it is possible to make a comparison of the two. A method of comparison is evaluated and subsequently rejected. Reasons for this as well as suggestions for a fair and accurate comparison are presented.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第23264号 / 人博第979号 / 新制||人||232(附属図書館) / 2020||人博||979(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 阪上 雅昭, 教授 谷口 一美, 准教授 森口 佑介 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

In the years since Joseph Smith completed the translation of the Book of Mormon, the English language has changed; some common phraseologies and word meanings are dissimilar to today's. Often, in reading the Book of Mormon, we impose our current definitions onto terms that in 1830 had a different meaning. Our interpretation of these words, as well as the passages in which they are found, is skewed by our modern definitions. These words, when they occur in the Book of Mormon, demonstrate dialectal and obsolete senses. In the case of some words, the dialectal or obsolete sense is so far removed in meaning from the prevailing modern sense that Book of Mormon readers may be unsure how to interpret the meaning.In this study I investigate words in the Book of Mormon text that have taken on different meanings, thus leading to potential misreadings within some passages of the text.

Es gibt unterschiedliche Techniken, die Bedeutung eines unbekannten Wortes ohne Hilfeeines Wörterbuchs zu erschließen. In dieser Untersuchung wurden insbesondere vierTechniken beachtet und präsentiert: Worterschließung mit Hilfe des Zusammenhangs,durch Ähnlichkeit mit Wörtern aus anderen Sprachen, durch Ähnlichkeit mit deutschenWörtern und durch Teilung von komplexen Wörtern. Als weiterer Aspekt wird dieZusammenarbeit zwischen den Schülern untersucht, um herauszufinden, ob dies dieWorterschließung positiv oder negativ beeinflusst. An der Untersuchung nahmen elfSchüler teil, die in vier Gruppen eingeteilt wurden. Zusammen besprachen sieErschließungsmöglichkeiten unbekannter Wörter in einem Text. Die Analyse der Techniken zeigt, dass alle Vor- und Nachteile haben. Ofttragen die mangelhaften Vorkenntnisse oder die Aussprache, die nicht immer korrekt ist,zu falschen Worterschließungen bei. Die Analyse der Zusammenarbeit, die mithilfe derZPD-Theorie und des Scaffolding-Konzepts analysiert wird, zeigt, wenn die Kenntnisseeines einzelnen Schülers ungenügend sind, können die Schüler durch Gesprächemiteinander eine Worterschließung finden. Die Worterschließung ist jedoch nicht immerkorrekt, was an einer Reihe von Ursachen liegt. Beispielsweise wird die Zusammenarbeitbenachteiligt, wenn kein beiderseitiges Gespräch zwischen den Schülern entsteht. Einanderer sozial bedingter Faktor ist die Unsicherheit, die die Schüler über ihre Antwortenausdrücken. / Different techniques can make it possible to find out the meaning of an unfamiliar wordwithout using a dictionary. In this study four techniques were observed that are used inthese kind of situations: to find out the meaning of a word by using the context, bycomparing with words from other languages, by comparing with other German words andby dividing complex words. Another aspect is the cooperation between students and inwhat way this has a positive or negative influence on finding out the meaning of a word.Eleven students were divided into four groups, in which they talked about the possiblemeanings of the unfamiliar words they had found in a text. The results showed that the different techniques have advantages anddisadvantages. The pronunciation frequently contributes to the false meaning of a wordand also the inadequate previous knowledge. The results of the cooperation were analysed by using the ZPD Theory and the Scaffolding Concept. These analyses showed that whenstudents’ knowledge is inadequate they can together find out the meaning of a wordthrough conversation. The answer they come up with is however not always correct. Theresults were for instance negative when a one-sided conversation was held. Anothernegative factor was the insecurity which was expressed in the students’ answers.