Title: Consultants experience of Work-life balance Subtitle: And how they feel that HR promotes this experience Authors: Malin Andersson and Matilda Pettersson Advisor: Jean-Charles Languilaire Level: Bachelor thesis in Business administration, 15 credits, Spring 2019 Key words: Work-life balance, Ulrich and Brockbank (2005) HR-roles, Zedeck and Mosier (1990) relationship between work and non-work, Greenhaus och Beutell (1985) Work-family conflicts, Consultants. Purpose: To describe the consultant’s experience of Work-life balance and how they feel that HR promotes this. Method: In this study we have chosen to start from a deductive approach since there is solid research within the subject of Work-life balance. In order to answer our descriptive purpose, a case study is applied to give us detailed data. The study is of a qualitative nature and we have chosen to collect data via semi-structured interviews with active consultants. Theoretical framework: The study is based on research within Work-life balance and primarily Greenhaus and Beutell (1985) Work-family conflicts as well as Zedeck and Mosier (1990) relationship between work and non-work. In addition to these theories, our theoretical framework consists of Ulrich and Brockbank (2005) HR roles and research on HR practices. Empirical framework: The gathering of the empirical data has taken place through seven interviews with active consultants. Conclusion: Based on the study’s questions, we can conclude that the consultants generally feel that they have a good Work-life balance. We have also identified factors that have a major impact on this experience. We can conclude that consultants find that HR promotes Work-life balance to a great extent. Here too, we have identified important factors for how this experience appears.

Family businesses including copreneurships have a high failure rate. Copreneurs experience work-family conflict (WFC), which can have a negative effect on business sustainability. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore strategies that copreneurs used in managing WFC to achieve business sustainability for longer than 10 years. Three copreneurs from 3 copreneurial businesses located in the Greater Accra region of Ghana, who have employed effective strategies to cope with WFC to achieve business sustainability longer than 10 years, participated in the study. The WFC model for business/marriage partners (copreneurs) and the reciprocal coping model served as the conceptual framework that grounded the study. Data were collected from semistructured interviews, company documents, and a reflective journal. The data were analyzed using the framework of compiling, disassembling, reassembling, interpreting, and making conclusions. Emerging themes included strategy themes of personal coping, family-friendly organizational supports, and integrated coping. The implications for positive social change include the potential to help copreneurs use strategies identified to manage WFC to improve business sustainability, which may contribute to wealth creation and poverty reduction in the local economy.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention predicted that the incidence of HIV/AIDS among the American population aged 50 years and over would account for 50% of all HIV/AIDS cases in the United States by 2015. Yet there is little research available about the reason for the high prevalence or the availability of interventions available for this population. The purpose of this study was to explore factors related to HIV/AIDS awareness in a group of older recipients of health care and their health care providers. This study was intended to help fill the information gaps in this area by using a conceptual framework based on systems theory and social network theory. A mixed-method design was used to collect data; semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 17 health care providers and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Structured exploratory surveys were distributed to a sample of 99 HIV/AIDS-positive adults, aged 50 and over, to understand common factors likely to have contributed to their infection and the results were compared to common factors already identified in the general population in the literature. Results of this study indicate possible communication barriers that exist between care providers and their older clients when discussing topics related to behavioral factors contributing to HIV/AIDS. This study contributes to social change by adding support to the importance of education programs and awareness campaigns about factors related to HIV/AIDS to curtail the spread of this disease among older adults.

Cette thèse porte sur les dynamiques identitaires et plus précisément sur l'appréhension et la présentation de soi en tant qu'individu de genre masculin lorsque celles-ci posent problème au sens schutzéen du terme, au travers de l'étude de la transgression des normes de la division sexuelle du travail opérée par les pères « au foyer ». La thèse s'articule autour de trois chapitres principaux. Le premier (chapitre 4) se centre sur les réactions d'autrui a la paternité au foyer, telles qu'elles sont relatées par les pères interrogés. Le second (chapitre 5) met au jour les stratégies mises en place par les pères au foyer pour gérer le manque de légitimité auquel ils sont confrontés. Le troisième (chapitre 6) propose une analyse phénoménologique de l'appréhension genrée de soi. Au travers de cette thèse, c'est une nouvelle définition de l'identité de genre qui est proposée. / This thesis deals with identity dynamics and, more precisely, with masculine self-presentation and self-definition when these become problematic. This is done through the study of gender norms transgression operated by “at-home” dads. The three main chapters of the thesis are the following. Chapter 4 is focussed on peoples' reactions to at-home fatherhood, based on the accounts of housefathers. Chapter 5 analyses at-home dads' strategies to deal with the lack of legitimacy they are confronted to. Chapter 6 proposes a phenomenological analysis of gendered self-definition. Through this work, the author proposes a new definition of gender identity.

Cette thèse porte sur les dynamiques identitaires et plus précisément sur l'appréhension et la présentation de soi en tant qu'individu de genre masculin lorsque celles-ci posent problème au sens schutzéen du terme, au travers de l'étude de la transgression des normes de la division sexuelle du travail opérée par les pères « au foyer ». La thèse s'articule autour de trois chapitres principaux. Le premier (chapitre 4) se centre sur les réactions d'autrui a la paternité au foyer, telles qu'elles sont relatées par les pères interrogés. Le second (chapitre 5) met au jour les stratégies mises en place par les pères au foyer pour gérer le manque de légitimité auquel ils sont confrontés. Le troisième (chapitre 6) propose une analyse phénoménologique de l'appréhension genrée de soi. Au travers de cette thèse, c'est une nouvelle définition de l'identité de genre qui est proposée. / This thesis deals with identity dynamics and, more precisely, with masculine self-presentation and self-definition when these become problematic. This is done through the study of gender norms transgression operated by “at-home” dads. The three main chapters of the thesis are the following. Chapter 4 is focussed on peoples' reactions to at-home fatherhood, based on the accounts of housefathers. Chapter 5 analyses at-home dads' strategies to deal with the lack of legitimacy they are confronted to. Chapter 6 proposes a phenomenological analysis of gendered self-definition. Through this work, the author proposes a new definition of gender identity.

This thesis consists of four empirical studies on women and men in European labour markets. Study I examines effects of the sex of the immediate supervisor on the time men and women spend in initial on-the-job training (OJT) in Sweden. The results show that men receive longer initial OJT than women do, but men’s time in training is independent of the supervisor’s sex. For women in the private sector, the chances of receiving long initial OJT are higher if the immediate supervisor is a man. Study II analyses effects of labour market institutions on the quality of part-time work by comparing the skills and autonomy of female part-time jobs in Britain and Sweden. The results show that female part-time employees in Sweden hold positions of higher skill and have more autonomy compared to their equivalents in Britain. Both British and Swedish part-time employees face relative disadvantages when compared to female full-time workers. Study III examines associations between maternal employment policies and wage penalties for mothers by skill in 10 European countries. The results indicate that, net of variation in female labour force participation, extensive publicly funded childcare is associated with a modest decrease in the motherhood wage penalty, regardless of skill. By contrast, paid maternity leave is weakly associated with a larger motherhood wage gap in less skilled jobs only. Study IV examines the extent to which women’s opportunities to attain positions of high workplace authority are related to maternal employment policies, such as paid parental leave and part-time work. Based on data from 25 European countries, the results show that a high proportion of women working long part-time hours is associated with a wider gender gap in the attainment of high authority positions, to the disadvantage of women. However, paid parental leave appears to be unrelated to the gender authority gap. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

<p>The call centre industry has been one of the fastest growing industries in South Africa. Call centres have for most companies become a basic business requirement for servicing customers. Zapf, Isic, Bechtoldt and Blau (2003: 311) argue that there are high levels of stress amongst employees in call centres, which they believe to be the result of both the work tasks and the interactions with customers. The aim of this study was to establish whether call centre work design and structure contributed to role stress amongst client service representatives (CSRs). It was also the aim of this study to establish whether role stress affected the CSRs‟ levels of job satisfaction and their intentions to quit from their jobs.</p>

This study investigated how Work-Family Conflict was related to Role Salience and Job level (investigated in terms of the amount of job demand and job control associated with different job levels) among women from a Collectivistic culture. A sample of 65 teachers was used. Although the results of the study showed no correlations between Work-Family Conflict and both role salience and job level, this was attributed to the high data skewness, thereby reducing the chances of detecting correlations. The high positive data skewness was possibly caused by the floor effect, which was the situation that the sample consisted of only female teachers from a Collectivistic culture. The high negative data skewness was possibly caused by the ceiling effect, which is the situation that the women in this sample have a Collectivistic cultural orientation, and are therefore highly likely to consider their home role as more salient. Moreover, correlations between Work Family Conflict and Job demand have been found to be higher in Individualistic cultures compared to Collectivistic cultures. There also seems to be no differences in job control among teachers occupying different job levels, and hence, no correlations were detected. Further analyses depicted that the teachers within this sample considered their home role as more salient. Moreover, despite their commitment to both their home role and occupational role, the data indicated that the sample experienced low levels of Work Family conflict.

Temes que relacionen la família amb el treball estan captant cada vegada més l'atenció tant del sector privat com del públic. La Unió Europea promou assumptes com la baixes motivades pels fills, l'atenció als menors, l'equilibri entre la vida personal i el treball, i la flexibilitat horària. Així mateix promou canvis a l'entorn, l'estructura i l'organització del lloc de treball. En una línea similar, una creixent pressió per part de la població ha despertat l'interès de les principals empreses per millorar l'equilibri entre ocupació i vida privada dels seus empleats. Avui dia moltes empreses destaquen les preocupacions per la qualitat de vida com un tema de prioritat social. Però on es troba l'origen d'aquesta major conscienciació dels governs i les empreses i una major voluntat d'invertir en la millora de l'equilibri feina-vida dels ciutadans i els empleats? Les causes d'aquesta major receptivitat són en general les conseqüències de canvis sociodemogràfics. A les darreres dècades les dones s'han sumat a les files dels treballadors a una escala massiva. Motivades pel moviment a favor de les dones, que va aconseguir difondre la seva reclamació per la igualtat d'oportunitats tant a l'educació com a l'ocupació, les dones ara es dediquen a tot tipus d'activitats fora de la llar. Les dones de tota Europa, per terme mitjà, ocupen el 40% de les ocupacions a temps complet i el 32% dels llocs directius. La pressió econòmica, en forma de reducció de salaris per als homes, va fer que un gran nombre de dones sortissin a treballar a temps parcial, i va obligar a homes i dones per igual a augmentar les seves jornades laborals per a poder mantenir el seu nivell de vida. L'aportació de dos sous s'ha convertit en una necessitat econòmica per a un nombre creixent de famílies. A més, cada vegada hi ha més progenitors solters, parelles a les quals ambdós tenen una carrera professional, i homes plenament dedicats a cuidar dels seus fills. Per a aquestes persones, i d'altres interessades a compaginar el treball amb la família, trobar un equilibri entre les dues esferes s'ha convertit en una qüestió primordial de la seva vida. Les empreses adopten estratègies per a superar aquests problemes tot aplicant polítiques i programes dirigits a aportar als treballadors recursos que els ajuden a compaginar la dedicació a la família amb la seva carrera professional. Les típiques pràctiques inclouen horaris flexibles, jornades laborals més breus, un lloc de treball compartit per més d'un treballador, el tele-treball, serveis d'atenció per als fills, i arranjaments especials de permisos de maternitat per poder ajudar als treballadors a satisfer les necessitats familiars i personals. Se sap que aquest tipus de pràctiques eleven el nivell de satisfacció laboral, milloren l'ètica i la motivació en el lloc de treball, redueixen l'absentisme i els índexs d'abandó; augmenten la satisfacció de la compaginació entre treball i família, i disminueixen l'estrès i els conflictes que comporta. No obstant això, diversos estudis també han revelat poca o cap relació entre els beneficis que s'ofereixen als empleats o els que usen i el conflicto família-feina. La disponibilitat formal de pràctiques família-feina per si soles tenien una modesta incidència en els resultats de valor tant en el cas dels individus com per a les organitzacions. Els experts proposen que més aviat són altres factors els quals incideixen més a l'hora de reduir el conflicte o estrès família-feina, com és el cas de rebre suport per part dels companys i dels supervisors; a més que els empleats entenguin que poden utilitzar aquestes polítiques sense témer conseqüències negatives a la seva feina ni a la seva carrera professional. Així que des de la investigació i des de la pràctica s'assenyala la importància d'anar més enllà de la formulació de practiques feina-vida cap a un canvi a la cultura de l'organització. El desenvolupament d'una cultura feina-vida que dóna suport i valora la integració del treball i la vida familiar dels empleats es converteix en una necessitat per a poder reduir la falta de sintonia entre la feina i la família. Les investigacions futures haurien de començar a fixar-se en allò que contribueix a una cultura del suport i allò que restringeix la capacitat d'una organització per a crear una cultura laboralfamiliar per als seus empleats. / Los temas que relacionan la familia con el trabajo están captando cada vez más la atención tanto del sector privado como del público. La Unión Europea promueve asuntos como la bajas motivadas por los hijos, la atención a los menores, el equilibrio entre la vida personal y el trabajo, y flexibilidad horaria. Asimismo promueve cambios en el entorno, la estructura y la organización del lugar de trabajo. En una línea similar, una creciente presión por parte de la población ha despertado el interés de las principales empresas por mejorar el equilibrio entre empleo y vida privada de sus empleados. Hoy en día muchas empresas destacan las preocupaciones por la calidad de vida como un tema de prioridad social.¿Pero dónde se halla el origen de esta mayor concienciación de los gobiernos y las empresas y una mayor voluntad de invertir en la mejora del equilibrio trabajo-vida de los ciudadanos y los empleados? Las causas de esta mayor receptividad son por lo general las consecuencias de cambios sociodemográficos. En las últimas décadas las mujeres han engrosado las filas de los trabajadores a una escala masiva. Motivadas por el movimiento a favor de las mujeres, que consiguió difundir su reclamación por la igualdad de oportunidades tanto en la educación como en el empleo, las mujeres ahora se dedican a todo tipo de actividades fuera del hogar. Las mujeres de toda Europa, por promedio, ocupan el 40% de los empleos a tiempo completo y el 32% de los puestos directivos. La presión económica, en forma de reducción de salarios para los hombres, hizo que un gran número de mujeres salieran a trabajar a tiempo parcial, y obligó a hombres y mujeres por igual a aumentar sus jornadas laborales para poder mantener su nivel de vida. La aportación de dos sueldos se ha convertido en una necesidad económica para un número creciente de familias. Además, cada vez hay más progenitores solteros, parejas en las que ambos tienen una carrera profesional y hombres plenamente dedicados a cuidar de sus hijos. Para estas personas y otras interesadas encompaginar el trabajo con la familia, encontrar un equilibrio entre las dos esferas se ha convertido en una cuestión primordial de su vida. Estrategias adoptadas por las empresas para superar estos problemas aplican políticas y programas dirigidos a aportar a los trabajadores recursos que les ayudan a compaginar la dedicación a la familia con su carrera profesional. Las típicas prácticas incluyen tiempo flexible, jornadas laborales más breves, un puesto de trabajo compartido por más de un trabajador, tele-trabajo, servicios de cuidados para los hijos y arreglos especiales de permisos de maternidad para ayudar a los trabajadores satisfacer necesidades familiares y personales. Se sabe que este tipo de prácticas elevan el nivel de satisfacción laboral, mejoran la ética y la motivación en el lugar de trabajo, reducen el absentismo y los índices de abandono; aumentan la satisfacción de la compaginación entre trabajo y familia, y disminuyen el estrés y los conflictos que conlleva. Sin embargo, varios estudios también han revelado poca o ninguna relación entre los beneficios que se ofrecen a los empleados o los que usan y el conflicto familia-trabajo. La disponibilidad formal de prácticas familia-laborales por sí solas tenían una modesta incidencia en los resultados de valor tanto enel caso de los individuos como para las organizaciones. Los expertos proponen que más bien son otros factores los que inciden más a la hora de reducir el conflicto o estrés familia-laboral, como es el caso de recibir apoyo por parte de compañeros y supervisores, además de la percepción por parte de los empleados de que puedan utilizar estas políticas sin temer consecuencias negativas en su trabajo ni en su carrera profesional. Así que desde la investigación y la práctica se señala la importancia de ir más allá de la formulación de prácticas trabajo-vida hacia un cambio en la cultura de la organización. El desarrollo de una cultura trabajo-familia que apoya y valora la integración del trabajo y la vida familiar de los empleados se convierte en una necesidad para poder reducir la falta de sintonía entre trabajo y familia. Las investigaciones futuras deberían empezar a centrarse en lo que contribuye a una cultura del apoyo y lo que restringe la capacidad de una organización para crear una cultura trabajo-familiar para sus empleados. / Work-family issues are attracting increasing attention at both the public and the private level. The European Union promotes matters such as parental leave, childcare, work-life balance, flexible working hours, and encourages changes in the environment, structure and organisation of work. Along similar lines, growing public pressure has led to interest from leading companies to improve the work-life balance of their employees. Nowadays, many companies highlight life concerns as a priority social issue. But what initiated this increased awareness of governments and companies to invest in improving the work-life balance of their citizens and employees? The origins of this augmented responsiveness are mainly consequences of socio-demographic changes. In the last decades females have entered the labour force on a massive scale. Motivated by the women's movement, which successfully expanded females' claim to equality in educational and employment opportunities, females are now engaged in all kinds of activities outside the home. On average, females across Europe hold 40% of full-time jobs and 32% of management positions. Economic pressure, in the form of wage reductions for males, required a large number of females to enter the workplace on a part-time basis, and forced both males and females to increase their overall working hours in order to maintain their living standards. Dual-earning has become an economic necessity for an increasing number of families. In addition, there are a growing number of single parents, dualcareer couples, and fathers heavily involved in parenting. For these individuals and for others interested in both work and family, balancing the two arenas has become a major life issue. Strategies adopted by companies to overcome these problems enact policies and programs aimed at providing employees with resources to help them manage their work-family lives. Typical practices include flexitime, shorter working hours, jobsharing, tele-working, childcare services and special maternity leave arrangements to help workers meet family and personal needs. Practices have been found to raise employee satisfaction; work ethics and motivation; reduce absenteeism and staff turnover rates; elevate satisfaction with the balance between work and family; and diminish related stress and work-family conflict. However, several studies also found either nonexistent or weak relationships between benefits offered or used by employees and work-family conflict. The formal availability of work-family practices alone had modest relationships with outcomes of value to both individuals and organisations. Scholars rather propose that other factors are more important for reducing work-family conflict or stress, such as having supportive colleagues and supervisors, as well as the perception that employees can use these policies without fearing negative job or career consequences. Therefore researchers and practitioners point out the importance of moving beyond the formulation of work-life practices to a change in organisational culture. The development of a work-family culture which supports and values the integration of employees' work and family lives becomes a necessity for reducing work-family mismatch. Future research should begin focussing on what contributes to a supportive culture and what constrains an organisation's ability to create a workfamily culture for its employees.

Changes in the workforce have led to in an increase in work-family conflict for many employed individuals. Fortunately, many organizations have recognized and responded to employees’ work-family issues through the implementation of family-friendly benefits, such as flexible work arrangements (FWA). While offering family-friendly benefits is an important step in easing work-family conflicts, the mere availability of such initiatives may not be enough, as research shows that availability of benefits and utilization are only moderately correlated. These statistics highlight the presence of intermediating factors in the relationship between availability and utilization of family-friendly benefits. With this in mind, some researchers have examined the role of organizational factors in inhibiting benefit use. Although these organizational variables are essential in understanding the relationship between availability and use of flexible benefits, they neglect an important factor – the role that the individual may play in deciding whether to take advantage of these policies. With the exception of general demographic information, only one known study (Butler et al., 2004) has investigated the influence of an individual difference psychological factor in predicting benefit use. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by testing the influence of individual differences on FWA utilization. The study focuses on individual differences in four need-based motivational factors, need for affiliation at work, need for structure in the workplace, need for segmentation of work from other life roles, and need for occupational achievement, on flextime and flexplace usage. Furthermore, because FWA policies involve altering physical presence at work, a situational variable that involves the same dynamics, value of "face-time" within an organization, was examined as a moderator in each these relationships. Participants were 238 faculty members at a large research university. Results showed that the need for segmentation and the need for structure were negatively related to flextime and flexplace use, and the need for achievement and need for affiliation were not significantly related to either FWA. Face-time orientation did not significantly moderate any of these relationships. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as future directions, are discussed.