Relationships among Working Experience, Information-Seeking Behaviors and Job Satisfaction ¡Ð taking the MBAs as examples Abstract As the domestic economy develops and international managerial environment becomes more complicate and competitive, managerial and administrative educations in universities grow a lot. Thousands of newly-graduated MBAs take their jobs in various industries. These MBAs are becoming more and more important in Taiwan. Under the impact of the fast growing internet applications and knowledge economy, companies that hire MBA graduates expect them to adjust to their working environment as soon as possible so that they can apply what they have learned to their jobs. Therefore, issues related to organizational socializations are often discussed. However, most researches often explore the influence to the adjustments upon works from the point of view of organizations. However, Studies of organizational socialization based on personal behavior factorial analysis are few. Nevertheless, newcomers¡¦ previous working experience and information-seeking behaviors do affect their working experience and socialization in the company where they stay. And, this point is getting focused. Thus, MBA newcomers in companies are the objects of this study. The study will focus on the personal factors, behaviors, specific contents of socialization levels that affect directly or indirectly the MBAs as newcomers¡¦ working experience before and after they work in the firms. Also, the study hopes the results can bring some help for companies to manage those MBA newcomers of administrative experts. Numerous recently-graduated MBAs who had worked for 3-4 months and 10-12 months in their first jobs were asked to fill in the questionnaires. After analyzing the data , the results are stated as below: ¢¹. Differences of organization socialization due to different working experience. 1.Those who have part-time work more than 25 months can understand practices in an organization more easily then those of 1-12 months. 2.The newcomers who have formal working experience before studying in graduate school can understand professional terms about their current jobs and the meaning behind them better than the ones without formal working experience. 3.If there is partial similarity among current job and previous ones, the results would be: (1) the possibility of maintaining satisfying working relationships with others is higher than the one whose current and previous job have there is no similarity at all. (2) Newcomers could understand the organizational goals and values better than those whose current jobs are totally different from previous ones. ¢º. Differences of job satisfaction due to different working experiences 1.Intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction will be higher if the newcomers don¡¦t have part-time working experience previously. 2.The extrinsic satisfaction that current job is totally different from previous ones is higher than the extrinsic satisfaction that it is only partially similar among current and previous jobs. ІІІ.The influences of working experience, information seeking upon levels of organizational socialization, job satisfaction and influences of organizational socialization upon socialization in organizations. 1.Newcomers could have better comprehension of organizational goals and values when their current jobs are similar with previous ones. 2.Intrinsic satisfaction is higher if current jobs are similar with previous ones. 3.If information-seeking is reached by ¡§ testing¡¨, the possibility to gain successful & satisfying working relationships with members in the organizations decreases and so do the level of understanding organizational goals and values. 4.Asking the third party can help bring more extrinsic satisfaction. Using testing as the method to reach information seeking may decrease levels of general satisfaction. 5.General satisfaction is higher when the newcomers understand the characteristics of organizational practices better. Extrinsic satisfaction will be higher when the newcomers have better comprehension of certain specific terms or languages within the organizations. Those who have better and more correct comprehension of organizational goals and values reach higher intrinsic, extrinsic satisfaction and general satisfaction. ¢¼. The mediating effect of organizational socialization content 1.The similarity among current and previous jobs affects the level of intrinsic satisfaction indirectly through the organizational socialization content. 2.The level of organizational socialization is the mediating effect when discussing the relations between information-seeking behaviors, general satisfaction and extrinsic satisfaction. ¢½. The moderating effect of role stress. Most role stress in the lower-grades groups influences the organizational socialization content and job satisfaction more than higher-grades groups, specially for the intrinsic and general satisfaction. Key words: newcomers, working experience, information-seeking behaviors, role stress, job satisfaction.

In recent years, with the economic development in China and the direct flights between Taiwan and China; there are more and more Taiwanese enterprises invest in China industrial market. This business environment change results in the increasing Taiwanese employees travelling between China and Taiwan frequently, or even been dispatched to China for long-term. In the future, the opportunities of work exchange between Taiwan and China will increase rapidly. Taiwan and China has no language barrier, however, the thinking logic, attitude towards work, and corporate management style between two places are fairly divergent. All these differences impact both Taiwanese and Chinese enterprises development. Today, China¡¦s workers strive for their work and almost catch up with Taiwan. Do Taiwan¡¦s workers notice it? The author has been dispatched to China for more than five years, and returned to Taiwan for three years. We can see the way of business management and the working environment between Taiwan and China through the experience of author. This narrative will give an overview and suggestions to those Taiwanese who is willing to work in China, and to those Taiwanese who plan to return to Taiwan market. For the workers who are seeking for opportunities of work exchange, the author suggests they should have abilities such as authorization management, regulate the rhythm of the work, resource integration, and excellent communication skill with local workers. On the other hand, for the workers who return to Taiwan job market, face to the primary depression, adjust mindset, and balance work and family lives are the keys to a successful transfer.

Syfte: Att undersöka hur sjuksköterskor på medicinska vårdavdelningar värderar sina arbetsuppgifter och hur de upplever sin psykosociala arbetsmiljö. Metod: En kvantitativ, komparativ tvärsnittsstudie. Enkäter delades ut till 57 sjuksköterskor på två medicinska vårdavdelningar på Akademiska sjukhuset. Resultat: Trettiofyra sjuksköterskor (60%) besvarade enkäten. Få sjuksköterskor upplevde sitt arbete som lugnt och rofyllt och flera sjuksköterskor uppgav att de sällan eller aldrig hinner med det som ska utföras under ett arbetspass. Sjuksköterskorna uppgav överlag att det är mycket viktigt att känna till sina patienters vitalparametrar. Den arbetsuppgift som påverkades mest av hög arbetsbelastning var dock att känna till sina patienters urinproduktion, vilket endast 17 sjuksköterskor (50%) uppgav att de hinner med. Den arbetsuppgift som flest antal sjuksköterskor (n=28, 82%) uppgav att de hinner med är att känna till sina patienters medvetandegrad, följt av att ronda med läkare (n=27, 79%). Den arbetsuppgift som flest sjuksköterskor uppgav att de inte hinner med var att ge sina patienter munvård (n=20, 59%), följt av att känna till hur mycket de har ätit (n=16, 47%). Sjuksköterskor som hade arbetat kortare än 2,5 år värderade vissa administrativa och patientnära arbetsuppgifter högre än sjuksköterskor som hade arbetat längre än 2,5 år. / Aim: To explore how nurses in medical wards evaluate their work and how they experience their psychosocial work environment. Method: A quantitative, comparative cross-sectional study. Questionnaires were distributed to 57 nurses on two medical wards at Akademiska hospital. Results: Thirtyfour nurses (60%) participated. Few nurses considered their work as calm and peaceful, and several nurses said they rarely or never had time to do the tasks that should be performed during a shift. The nurses generally stated that it’s very important to know patients' vital signs. The task that was most affected by high workload was to know patients' urine output, which only 17 nurses (50%) said they had time to check. The task that most nurses (n=28, 82%) said they had time for is to know patients' level of consciousness, followed by the physicians round  (n=27, 79%). The task that most nurses said that they did not have time for was to give patients oral care (n=20, 59%), followed by knowing how much patients have eaten (n=16, 47%). Nurses who had worked under 2,5 years valued certain administrative and patient-related duties higher than nurses who had worked over 2,5 years.

Idag ska ungdomarna i högstadieskolan både hitta sig själva som individer och en sexualitet de känner sig trygga med, i ett samhälle där många och ofta motsägelsefulla bilder om sexualitet flödar. I dagens skola finns begrepp som kan kopplas till sex och samlevnad inskrivna i flera ämnes- och kursplaner och dessa ska finnas med under hela grundskolan. Flera studier visar att många elever upplever att sex och samlevnadsundervisningen är dålig, trots att skolan har en viktig roll som informatör. Syftet med min studie var att se om det finns några skillnader mellan lärare som arbetat olika länge som lärare med avseende på hur de upplever sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen. Frågeställningarna i studien var hur sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen planeras och genomförs, när den sker och hur styrdokumenten tolkas som är kopplade till skolans sex- och samlevnadsundervisning? Fyra kvinnliga pedagoger som är utbildade och undervisar i biologi har intervjuats. Två av dem har arbetat i mindre än tre år och två har arbetat i mer än fem år. Resultatet visar att det inte finns någon erfarenhetsbaserad skillnad på hur pedagogerna planerar undervisningen, innehållet i undervisningen eller när det kommer till tolkningar av läroplanen. När det gäller läroplanen finns istället en individbaserad skillnad där den pedagog som arbetat längst, har störst insikt i vad som står i läroplanen. Den största skillnaden mellan grupperna i studien visas när det kommer till pedagogernas egen utbildning i sex och samlevnad samt pedagogernas upplevelser av att utvecklaa. De pedagoger som arbetat kortast tid upplever att de fått väldigt lite utbildning inom området tillskillnad från de mer erfarna pedagogerna som upplever att de fått mer utbildning inom området. Samtidigt vill de mer erfarna pedagogerna utveckla sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen genom bättre materiel medan de mindre erfarna vill utveckla den genom att området bör synas mer under lärarutbildningen. / Today´s young people in upper elementary school today are supposed to both find themselves as individuals and find a sexuality they feel safe with, in a society where there are many and often contradictory images of sexuality. In today's school there are concepts linked to sex and relationships which are found in the curricula of several subjects and which should be discussed throughout elementary school. Several studies show that many students feel that sex education is poor, despite the fact that the school has an important role in communicating knowledge. The purpose of my study was to see if there are any differences between teachers with different levels of working experience with respect to how they experience teaching sex education. . The research questions in my study were how teaching of sex education is planned and implemented, when this teaching occurs and how the school´s policy documents related to sex education are interpreted? Four female teachers who are certified teachers and who teach biology, were interviewed. Two of them had worked less than three years as teachers and two had been working more than five years. The results show that there was no difference in how teachers plan teaching, teaching content and when it comes to interpretations of the curriculum related to the teachers´ working experience. In terms of curriculum, however, one individual-based distinction was detected, i.e. the teacher with the longest working experience as a teacher had the greatest knowledge of what is in the curriculum. The main difference between the two groups with different amounts of work experience had to do with the teachers 'own education in sex education and they felt about their own experiences in developing teaching. The educators who worked the shortest time felt that they had very little education in the field as opposed to the more experienced teachers who felt that they had more education in the area. At the same time, the more experienced teachers wanted to develop sex education through the use of better teachers’ materials while the less experienced teachers thought they needed a better education at the university.

<p> <p>Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka vilka yrkes- och studiebakgrunder yrkesverksamma datalärare har och om olika bakgrund leder till skillnad i uppfattningar om deras yrke och utbildning. Dessutom syftar arbetet till att undersöka hur datalärare håller sina ämneskunskaper ajour och om det finns skillnader i fortbildning beroende på utbildning och yrkesbakgrund. För att besvara arbetets frågeställningar används en kartläggande kvantitativ enkätundersökning som besvaras av yrkesverksamma datalärare från hela landet. För att få fram resultaten görs vissa sambandsanalyser och dessutom presenteras deskriptiv statistik. Undersökningen visar att majoriteten av datalärarna saknar lärarbehörighet samt att ungefär hälften tidigare har arbetat utanför skola och har professionella tillämpningar inom sitt ämne. Det visar sig även att det finns vissa skillnader i datalärarnas uppfattningar i vissa frågor beroende på yrkesbakgrund och utbildning.</p></p> / <p> <p>The main purpose of this rapport is to investigate which different backgrounds concerning working experience and education working computer science teachers have and if different backgrounds lead to a difference in opinion concerning their profession and education. Furthermore the rapport aims to examine how computer science teachers keep their knowledge of the subject up to date and if there are differences depending on education and earlier working experiences. A quantitative survey using a questionnaire answered by working computer science teachers from across Sweden is used to answer the questions which this rapport is based upon. The results are presented as descriptive statistics and some relations analysis has also been made. The research shows that the majority of computer science teachers lack teacher certification and approximately half of them have previously worked outside school with something within the area in which they are teaching. In addition some differences in opinion among computer science teachers depending on working experience and education are found concerning certain issues.</p></p>

Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka vilka yrkes- och studiebakgrunder yrkesverksamma datalärare har och om olika bakgrund leder till skillnad i uppfattningar om deras yrke och utbildning. Dessutom syftar arbetet till att undersöka hur datalärare håller sina ämneskunskaper ajour och om det finns skillnader i fortbildning beroende på utbildning och yrkesbakgrund. För att besvara arbetets frågeställningar används en kartläggande kvantitativ enkätundersökning som besvaras av yrkesverksamma datalärare från hela landet. För att få fram resultaten görs vissa sambandsanalyser och dessutom presenteras deskriptiv statistik. Undersökningen visar att majoriteten av datalärarna saknar lärarbehörighet samt att ungefär hälften tidigare har arbetat utanför skola och har professionella tillämpningar inom sitt ämne. Det visar sig även att det finns vissa skillnader i datalärarnas uppfattningar i vissa frågor beroende på yrkesbakgrund och utbildning. / The main purpose of this rapport is to investigate which different backgrounds concerning working experience and education working computer science teachers have and if different backgrounds lead to a difference in opinion concerning their profession and education. Furthermore the rapport aims to examine how computer science teachers keep their knowledge of the subject up to date and if there are differences depending on education and earlier working experiences. A quantitative survey using a questionnaire answered by working computer science teachers from across Sweden is used to answer the questions which this rapport is based upon. The results are presented as descriptive statistics and some relations analysis has also been made. The research shows that the majority of computer science teachers lack teacher certification and approximately half of them have previously worked outside school with something within the area in which they are teaching. In addition some differences in opinion among computer science teachers depending on working experience and education are found concerning certain issues.

Objet de la vie quotidienne, la typographie est un produit socioculturel et un outil de délégation que l’homme place entre lui et le monde. Comment organise-t-il cette médiation ? Tel est l’enjeu principal de notre sujet.Située à la croisée de son faire et de son agir, elle est le résultat d’un processus cognitif dont les modalités de production et de circulation se fondent sur un principe de mise en relation communicationnelle d’ordre anthropogénique. En examinant l’étude de sa matérialité technique au regard de sa réalité culturelle, la typographie est autant envisagée comme un « appareil d’incarnation » – on parle de corps aussi bien pour la lettre que pour un texte – que comme creuset d’une pratique. À la fois instrument de perception et moyen d’action, elle permet, à l’échelle du caractère, l’invention typographique tout en donnant lieu à un double régime d’interprétations d’ordre technique et sémiotique. Si le parcours se déploie au cœur des pratiques de métiers liées à la conception de caractères et s’intéresse aux différents contextes d’énonciation typographique, il débouche sur une réflexion en réception, à propos des usages de la typographie, en tant que manipulation culturelle ouverte à tout un chacun, pour une ressaisie du monde. / As a daily life object, typography is a sociocultural product and transfer tool that people put between them and the world. How do they organize this mediation ? That is the main issue of our subject.At the crossroads of the doing and acting concepts, typography is the result of a cognitive process, which production and circulation’s methods are based on communication’s principles from the Henri Van Lier’s Anthropogeny. Studying its technical materiality according to its cultural reality, typography is considered as an “embodiment system” – in French, we call “body” the typeface as well as the text – and also as the crucible of this practice. As a sensitive agent and practical method, typography makes typeface invention possible while creating a double regime of interpretations based on its technology and semiotics. Whereas our words are related to trade practices which are then connected to type face design and various contexts of typographical enunciation resulting in a thought about reception. The fact is that uses linked to typography exist as cultural experiments accessible to all who desire it to challenge the world.