Låt oss anta att Nacka kommun, företag och medborgare i samverkan ser den nya tunnelbanesträckningen till Nacka centrum som en möjlighet att skapa de ”trendbrott” i dagens utveckling som behövs för att stödja att centrala Nacka uppfyller sin del av tvågradersmålet till 2050. Studien använder sig av den normativa scenariotekniken backcasting och utgår från ovanstående antagande för att skapa ett scenario för 2030. Scenariot illustrerar en metod för hur planerare, politiker och andra aktörer kan samverka för att bidra till en hållbar stadsutveckling. Scenariot har tagits fram med hjälp av en workshop med deltagare inom olika kunskapsområden från ett konsultbolag i samhällsbyggnadsbranschen och Nacka kommun, där backcastingtekniken tillämpades. Syftet med studien är att illustrera ett alternativ för hur centrala Nacka år 2030 kan se ut om Nacka kommun med andra aktörer i samverkan bestämde sig för att ge ett bidrag till att centrala Nacka ska uppfylla sin del av tvågradersmålet, samt att ge exempel på hur backcasting kan användas i samhällsplaneringen. Studien utgår ifrån att den idag planerade t-banedragningen till Nacka centrum kommer att bli av, och att det i sin tur blir en möjlighet för förändring mot en hållbar utveckling i de centrala delarna av Nacka. Studien har även ett aktörsperspektiv och kartlägger vilka aktörer som idag är med och påverkar utvecklingen i centrala Nacka och vilka som enlig scenariot för 2030 kommer att vara med och påverka utvecklingen. Ett omvärldsscenario för 2030 användes i syfte att få deltagarna att befria tanken och tänka bortom dagens planering. Scenariot för centrala Nacka 2030 förmedlar bilden av centrala Nacka som det skulle kunna se ut om planerare och andra aktörer använder sig av kreativitet och nya idéer för att ge sitt bidrag till uppfyllandet av tvågradersmålet och halvera sina utsläpp till 2050. Vidare visar studien hur backcasting kan användas som en ny metodik i kommunal planering i arbete med exempelvis hållbarhetsprogram för stadsdelar.   NYCKELORD: Backcasting, framtidsstudier, workshop, centrala Nacka, omvärldsscenario, aktörssamverkan, strategisk planering / SitCit - Situation of Opportunity in the Growth and Change of three Stockholm City Districts – everyday life, built environment and transport explored as Energy Usage Systems (EUS) and Governance Networks

This study examines the presence of the pressure to publish while in college as an undergraduate or graduate student, and the impact that pressure has on students’ ability to produce creative work. After interviewing participants, the researcher created an ethnodrama to best represent participants’ emotions and unique experiences with publishing while in school. An examination of the literature reveals that master’s-level students are often overlooked in scholarly research on the subject of publishing. This study uses a qualitative research method to identify key emotional experiences from students at the master’s and undergraduate level in the hopes of providing a platform for these marginalized voices.

The participatory design previously proved to be a useful approach to design a system together with customers. Also, research has shown guidelines on managing distributed teams, which is now, during the Covid-19 pandemic, more relevant than ever. The gap that remains to be explored is the lack of guidelines on how to design a remote workshop in such a way that it enables people to share their work practice and picture their work contexts. In this work, we aim to gain knowledge about participants' abilities to collaborate online as well as accessing their different work processes by conducting a series of workshops involving a wide range of users. The results show that participants' hands-on performance was rather limited, and they tend to use more traditional ways of cooperation. Applying our methods, we were able to access details about the underlying processes of participants' work and their way of thinking that can be used to make the design of the workshop more suitable for participants.

For over two decades, research has shown that providing instructions and feedback to promote an external focus (i.e., mentally focusing on movement effects or outcome) leads to enhanced motor performance and learning, compared to an internal focus (i.e., mentally focusing on the muscles and joints, or movement kinematics). Notably, while a majority of the research has been on healthy young adults, the external focus benefit has also been found to extend to individuals recovering from musculoskeletal dysfunction. Despite the potential benefit of an external focus for rehabilitation, observational studies have revealed that physiotherapists provide their clients with more internal, than external, focus statements and have little awareness of the focus of attention literature. Consequently, the end goal of this doctoral research was to translate the focus of attention research findings into Canadian physiotherapy practice through the design, delivery and assessment of an educational workshop for practicing physiotherapists. With this in mind, the first step became to determine whether such a workshop was warranted by assessing the self-reported focus of attention provision by Canadian physiotherapists. Thus, in Study 1 a study-specific questionnaire, titled the "Therapists' Perceptions of Motor Learning Principles Questionnaire" (TPMLPQ), was designed and completed by 121 Canadian physiotherapists. Results showed an overall low relative frequency of self-reported external focus promotion (M = 31.3%, SD = 14.9), across six hypothetical rehabilitation scenarios. Markedly, descriptions of a functional reaching (M = 55.5 %, SD = 37.0) and pelvic floor task (M = 65.6%, SD = 32.9) resulted in a greater self-reported promotion of external, than internal, focus of attention. These results suggested that Canadian physiotherapists could benefit from an educational workshop on focus of attention, and that there was a potential task dependency for their focus of attention promotion. Study 2 employed virtual one-on-one interviews with eight Southern Ontario-based physiotherapists, all whom completed the TPMLPQ just prior to the interview. The first few questions gathered participants' perceptions on factors that influence physiotherapists' focus of attention use, as well as barriers to promoting an external focus and potential solutions to them. Coding of the interview data generated four themes related to factors that influenced focus of attention use: (1) physiotherapist experiences and characteristics, (2) client experiences and characteristics, (3) task characteristics and (4) focus of attention statement provision strategies. Moreover, the barriers to external focus promotion were organized into three themes: (1) educational experiences, (2) reinforcement of internal focus encouragement once in practice and (3) research aspects. All interviewed physiotherapists proposed continuing education on focus of attention as a solution to these barriers. Questions in the second half of the interview garnered input on how to get physiotherapists to attend a focus of attention workshop, and what activities to include before, during or after the workshop to promote physiotherapists to use more externally focusing statements in their practice. This information was used to inform the workshop design and delivery. In addition to the physiotherapists' input, I also considered previous research that has emphasized the importance of evidence-based training programs to be based on theoretical frameworks. In this regard, Bandura's social cognitive theory was selected as a theoretical foundation. Further, knowing that the target population for the workshop consisted of adults with higher education, Knowles' adult learning theory was also selected as a complimentary theoretical foundation. Additionally, the Kirkpatrick model for training evaluation was selected to guide the assessment of the workshop, due to its strong overlap with constructs from both theoretical frameworks adopted. A final contribution to the workshop design process was holding a virtual group session with four focus of attention researchers in order to gain input on workshop content. The final workshop product consisted of two parts: seven self-directed asynchronous website modules and a synchronous virtual group session. Ultimately, in Study 3, the workshop was delivered to fifteen Canadian physiotherapists. In addition to completing the two workshop components (asynchronous and synchronous), participants completed assessment packages at three time points: (1) one-week pre-synchronous workshop, (2) immediately post-synchronous workshop, and (3) one-week post-synchronous workshop. Analysis of the data revealed a chain of evidence supporting the merits of the workshop. Explicitly, physiotherapists reported high satisfaction (Mdn = 4.60), perceived relevance (Mdn = 4.83), and engagement in the workshop (Mdn = 4.83). Comparing one-week pre- to immediately post-workshop, analyses revealed significant improvements to physiotherapists' (1) scores on the knowledge assessment (pre M = 51.30%, SD = 22.30; post M = 84.30%, SD = 11.50; p < .001, d = 2.06) with an accompanying decrease in the uncertainty in their responses (pre M = 23.19%, SD = 18.05; post M = 1.16%, SD = 1.99; p < .001, d = 1.28), (2) relative frequency of externally focusing to total focus of attention statements created on the skill assessment (pre M = 18.23%, SD = 13.17; post M = 67.95%, SD = 25.13; p < .001, d = 2.11), (3) self-reported attitudes towards learning and practice of external focus promotion (pre M = 88.25, SD = 11.00; post M = 92.83, SD = 6.59; p = .024, d = 0.56) and self-efficacy (pre M = 59.50, SD = 22.36; post M = 85.72, SD = 7.95, p < .001, r = 0.86). Using descriptive statistics, physiotherapists reported that participating in the workshop allowed them to increase their encouragement of external focus adoption (M = 79.00, SD = 15.14). Thirteen of the physiotherapists reported that they believed that their use of externally focusing statements led to improvements in their clients' rehabilitation outcomes (n = 13; M = 68.08, SD = 22.13), while the other two physiotherapists noticed no difference. Finally, those 13 physiotherapists also reported a high intention to continue to provide external focus statements in their practice (M = 87.31, SD = 15.09). In the context of social cognitive theory, these findings suggest that the workshop was successful in strengthening the physiotherapists' behavioral capabilities, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations, suggesting that the behavior change self-reported by the physiotherapists (i.e., more external focus promotion) could extend beyond the short-term assessment period used here. The whole of this doctoral research acts as a powerful step on the pathway to translate focus of attention research into Canadian physiotherapy, and also provides a useful framework for future studies aiming to translate motor learning research into the field - in Canada or globally.

From the minute a student walks into her first day of kindergarten, she is learning to read and write. Reading and writing are reciprocal in nature, using the same composing processes (Roe, Smith, & Kolodziej, 2019). Interchangeable thinking skills are essential for both reading and writing, such as analyzing, identifying, inferencing, evaluating, and comparing (Roe, Smith, & Koldziej, 2019). Published research over time suggested that instruction focused on teaching students the craft and mechanics of writing significantly contributed to the overall improvement across the spectrum of literacy development (Cutler, 2015;Raphael, 2019; Wright, 2016). However, studies also suggested that teachers of all grade levels tend to vary in their approach to teaching writing (Newmark, B., Speck, D., Amesbury, E., Lough, C., Belgutay, J., Lowe, J., … Hepburn, H, 2018). This study was focused on understanding how two elementary level teachers interpreted writing curriculum and carried out instruction in their respective classrooms. Qualitative methodological procedures were employed through interviewing both educators and observing their writing instruction. The collected data was analyzed through inductive thematic analysis and findings included: 1) both teachers believed that writing instruction matters; 2) both teachers followed the curriculum as they learned in teacher professional development; 3) writing instruction varied according to primary versus elementary contexts.

The Venetian veduta or view, became popular in the Settecento when Venice had turned into a regular stop on the Grand Tour. The foreign market’s interest in vedute, prompted Venetian artists to follow in Canaletto’s path. Francesco Guardi (1712-1793) is today famous for such views, and his paintings hang in museums around the world. One of his vedute, Piazza San Marco, Venice, was bought by the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm in 1964. In 1990, however, the Nationalmuseum changed the attribution of the painting. What prompted such a change? This thesis critically discusses the difficulty of attribution and dating of vedute in the Eighteenth century, specifically of paintings by the artist Francesco Guardi. Moreover, it presents and examines the strengths and weaknesses of the different attributional methods based on documentary, stylistic, topographic and technical approach, and with what success scholars have used them to establish a chronology of Francesco Guardi's oeuvre. Due to its well documented history, the painting, Piazza San Marco, Venice, will serve as a case study for the difficulties of attributing and dating Francesco Guard’s vedute, and the thesis will present evidence to Piazza San Marco, Venice,’s authenticity as a Francesco Guardi autograph.

To re-purpose an abandoned wine cooperative into a set of workshops and studios with a focus on re-interpreting the role of the ‘crafts apprentice’ in a contemporary setting. The project hopes to upsurge society’s interest in the cultural value that such skills and products hold today, as a way of ceasing the decrasing number of dissapearing crafts and craftmen and women. Simultaneously and above all, the main effect that the interventions to this building and the activities taking place is hoping to have, is to add a transcendental societal, communal and sociological value for our community.

I started the project by doing a workshop with aclassmate using a derivative of the german officeBaupiloten’s methods. The goal of the workshop was toextract their actual needs and wishes.Traditionally when asking a client “What do you want?”,they’ll be constricted by their own reality and context.Taking children as an example they would ask for moreslides or a trampoline. By using an seemingly nonconnectedand abstract task the children can expresstheir actuals needs and wishes for their enviroment.We had a group of 8, 5 year old children that we showed 9pictures of natural phenomena while telling the childrenabout the pictures to spark their imagination. Afterwardwe asked each child to pick the pictures they liked. Withthem and other material we then instructed them to“construct worlds” inside A4-boxes. During the wholeprocess speaking to the children to extract their thoughtprocess as thoroughly as possible.On top of this the concept was based on the ongoingdebate regarding the lack of outdoor areas for childrenin Stockholm as well as the pedagogies of Reggio Emiliaand Montessori. From this I derived four key points.Exploration and independence, denuded architecture,free play outside and children’s inherent creativity. / Jag startade projektet genom att göra en workshop med en klasskamrat med hjälp av ett derivat från tyska arkitekturkontoret Baupilotens metoder. Målet med workshoppen var att extrahera deras faktiska behov och önskemål. Traditionellt när man frågar en klient "Vad vill du ha?", kommer de att vara begränsade av sin egen verklighet och kontext. Ta ett barn som exempel. De skulle be om mer rutschkanor eller en studsmatta. Genom att använda en till synes icke-kopplad och abstrakt uppgift barnen kan uttrycka deras faktiska behov och önskemål för deras omgivningar. Vi hade en grupp av åtta stycken, fem år gamla barn som vi visade nio bilder av naturfenomen samtidigt som vi berättade om bilderna för att tända barnens fantasi. Efteråt bad vi varje barn att välja bilderna som de tyckte mest om. Vi instruerade dem sedan till "Konstruera världar" i A4-lådor. Under hela processen talade vi med barnen för att extrahera deras tankeprocess så noggrant som möjligt. Utöver detta var konceptet baserat på den pågående debatten om bristen på utomhusområden för barn i Stockholm samt pedagogiken i Reggio Emilia och Montessori. Från detta härledde jag fyra huvudpunkter. Utforskning och självständighet, redovisande arkitektur, fri lek utomhus och barns inneboende kreativitet.

This is a project on the topic of living and working and it consists of two parts. The first is a research thesis analyzing the development of the atelier typology from the 1860s until today. The second part is a proposal for a new architectural typology, that combines spaces for dwelling with those of production and labor. The project is set in Stockholm. My study shows a gradual loss of the concept of the atelier as a combined/multifaceted typology. Throughout the years studied, the place to produce has gradually separated itself from both the space of dwelling and the place of consumption. My interest lies in speculating on bringing them together again, in my proposal for a new architectural typology; the ’super villa garage’. To briefly conclude, I here identify the atelier as a place of convergence between cultural production and domestic life. A space that blurs the line between the two spheres and challenges the division of dwelling and labor. As a typology that shifts the boundaries between the private, the communal, and the public I believe that it has the potential to generate new ways of living and working, as well as give new possibilities for interaction and integration with local contexts.

Agile is on the rise. The popular software development practice is making its way over to hardware development and companies are adopting it to reap the benefits. This phenomenon has been investigated to some degree and many companies are still trying to figure out if it is a useful way of working for them or not. At the Swedish MedTech company, Elekta, mechanical designers and engineers believe that hardware prototyping could be done better and faster than today. Elekta made an agile transformation to SAFe, which stands for Scaled Agile Framework, a few years ago and the hardware development struggle to match the speed of the development of software. Not much literature is aimed at agile hardware prototyping in particular. In the pursuit of adapting agile hardware development literature particularly to the prototyping process and investigating the actual process at the company, the case study presented in this report was formed. First, to explore the topic, a pre-study of orienting interviews was conducted and was complemented by a literature review. These then made up the basis for a qualitative interview study that consisted of semi-structured interviews with 12 employees at Elekta, as well as 5 employees at 5 other companies for benchmarking. The goals of this thesis project were to make recommendations to Elekta on how to adapt their prototyping process to better fit agile, as well as contribute to the relatively unexplored field of agile hardware prototyping. The case study resulted in a number of identified obstacles and enablers a company might have when implementing agile frameworks for hardware prototyping. Some of the obstacles identified were the difficulty of planning and dividing hardware in smaller tasks, not having in-house production and the difficulty to adapt to an agile mindset and focusing too much on the process of SAFe. Some of the enablers found were modularity, 3D-printing and having in-house capabilities for manufacturing prototypes. A prototyping workshop enables shorter feedback loops, which in turn enables a more agile process. The study also resulted in suggestions to Elekta, mainly concerning setting up a new prototyping workshop solution for the company, to adapt the prototyping process to better fit agile. / Agila arbetssätt blir alltmer populära. Metoderna som härstammar från mjukvaruutveckling spiller nu över till hårdvaruutveckling när företag försöker ta nästa steg mot mer moderna arbetssätt. Agil hårdvaruutveckling har studerats tidigare och många företag försöker fortfarande ta reda på om det är något för dem. På det svenska MedTech-bolaget Elekta tror konstruktörer och andra ingenjörer att hårdvaruprototypande kan gå att göra bättre och snabbare. Elekta införde SAFe, som står för Scaled Agile Framework, för några år sedan men har svårt att utveckla hårdvara lika snabbt som mjukvara. Det finns inte mycket litteratur som specifikt rör agilt hårdvaruprototypande. För att utforska ämnet genomfördes en fallstudie på Elekta. Studien inleddes med orienterande intervjuer som kompletterades av en litteraturstudie om agil hårdvaruutveckling. Dessa lade sedan grunden för den kvalitativa undersökningen som bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer med 12 personer på Elekta samt 5 personer på andra företag som också hanterar hårdvaruprototypande. Målen med detta examensarbete var att ge Elekta rekommendationer om hur de ska anpassa sin prototypprocess för att bättre passa agila arbetssätt och att kunna bidra till det relativt outforskade ämnet, agilt hårdvaruprototypande. Fallstudien resulterade i identifiering av ett antal hinder och möjligheter som ett företag kan uppleva när de implementerar agila arbetssätt för hårdvaruprototypande. Några exempel på hinder var svårigheter med att planera och dela upp hårdvara i mindre uppgifter, att inte ha produktion in-house och svårigheten med att anamma ett agilt tankesätt istället för att fokusera för mycket på en metod eller struktur. Exempel på möjliggörare var modularitet, 3D-printning och möjligheter till prototyptillverkning in-house. En prototypverkstad tillåter kortare feedback-loopar vilket i sin tur möjliggör en mer agil process. Undersökningen resulterade också i förslag till Elekta, främst i att bygga en ny verkstadslösning för prototyptillverkning för att bättre kunna anpassa prototypandet till agilitet.