La investigación se centra en conocer la relación entre el área de marketing y recursos humanos. Se enfoca en la estrategia de Social Selling y cómo repercute en la marca empleadora. La metodología propuesta por Rosengren y Bondesson (2015) se emplea a la organización multinacional IBM, Perú. La muestra, tiene 3 pilares: perfil abierto a la diversidad e inclusión, innovación y línea de carrera. Es relevante realizarla dado que el Social Selling es una estrategia que por primera vez se desarrolla dentro del marketing de IBM y de LinkedIn, Asimismo, se considera relevante porque se logra demostrar el posicionamiento de su marca empleadora. La metodología se basa en un enfoque cuantitativo con el apoyo de encuestas, a través de ellas se analiza el efecto de la iniciativa por IBM en el atractivo de la marca en potencial talento y así se analiza la incidencia en el área de recursos humanos. Los objetivos toman 3 factores que permiten medir el Employer Branding: la capacidad de la marca percibida, la percepción de la marca como empleador y el atractivo de la marca como empleador. Cabe mencionar que las técnicas de análisis se dan a través de la modelación de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM).

Mammalian estrogens and estrogen-like compounds known as xeno-estrogens are being found in and excreted into the environment in ever increasing amounts. The xeno-estrogen DDE has been found at high concentrations of 1-5 mg/kg of soil (Aislabie et. al, 1997). These estrogens and xeno-estrogens are having a devastating effect on animal-life, yet little is known or understood on the effects of estrogens on plant-life. Thus it is important to determine what effects (if any) estrogens may have on plants. Other research has shown that estrogen has an effect on plants grown in vitro (Janeczko and Skoczowski, 2005). This research aims to help increase the amount of information on what effects estrogens may have on plants. In this study, the effects of mammalian estrogens (17-β-estradiol, estrone and estriol) on the growth and tuberization of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv 'Iwa') grown in liquid tissue culture medium are presented. It was found that at even 0.1 mg/L of estrogen, root growth of the plants was diminished and at 10 mg/L of estrogen, plant deformity was apparent and callus growth induced. Acid phosphatase activity of the plants was increased with the addition of 0.1 mg/L and 1 mg/L of estrogen but then decreased with the addition of 10 mg/L of estrogen. Tuber production was slightly reduced in plants treated with estrogen compared to the control.

<p>I developed a precision-cut adrenal slice culture procedure to investigate cytochrome P450 (CYP) catalysed irreversible binding and adrenocorticolytic effects in human, rodent, and fish adrenal tissue, <i>ex vivo</i>. Autoradiography and radioluminography of exposed tissue slices showed that the potent adrenal toxicant 3-methylsulphonyl-2,2´-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1´-dichloroethene (MeSO₂-DDE) causes a selective metabolite binding in <i>zona fasciculata</i> (<i>ZF</i>), which is diminished by the CYP11B1 inhibitor metyrapone. MeSO₂-DDE also reduces corticosterone secretion, increases 11-deoxycorticosterone secretion and causes mitochondrial degeneration in <i>ZF</i> cells in cultured mouse adrenal slices. ACTH treatment of mice induces CYP11B1 and increases irreversible MeSO₂-DDE binding and toxicity in <i>ZF</i> cells. Metyrapone-sensitive binding of MeSO₂-DDE is also observed in human <i>zona fasciculata/reticularis</i> (<i>ZF/ZR</i>) and 11-deoxycorti- sol/corticosterone secretion increases in MeSO₂-DDE-exposed cultured human adrenal slices. The adrenocorticolytic drug 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichlorethane (o,p´- DDD, Mitotane^®) is also bound in <i>ZF/ZR </i>but does not to impair hormone secretion in human adrenal slices at equimolar concentration. A targeted, presumably CYP1B1-catalysed irreversible binding of the adrenocorticolytic carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in <i>ZF/ZR </i>occurs in rat adrenal slices, whereas presumably CYP1A1-catalysed irreversible binding in endothelial cells is observed in CYP1-induced rats and mice. The rat-specific adrenocorticolytic activity of DMBA may rely on two independent pathological processes resulting in cell death and haemorrhage in the adrenal cortex. In Atlantic cod, selective binding of o,p´-DDD is observed in interrenal cells in cultured anterior kidney slices.</p><p>In conclusion, precision-cut adrenal slice culture is a simple <i>ex vivo</i> test system with which to investigate CYP-catalysed metabolite binding, alteredsteroid hormone secretion and target cell ultrastructure in human, experimental and wild animal tissue. The results imply that organisms under stress could be at increased risk of MeSO₂-DDE induced adrenal toxicity. MeSO₂-DDE is an expected human adrenal toxicant, which should be evaluated as a possible alternative in the therapy of adrenocortical hypersecretion and tumour growth.</p>

I developed a precision-cut adrenal slice culture procedure to investigate cytochrome P450 (CYP) catalysed irreversible binding and adrenocorticolytic effects in human, rodent, and fish adrenal tissue, ex vivo. Autoradiography and radioluminography of exposed tissue slices showed that the potent adrenal toxicant 3-methylsulphonyl-2,2´-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1´-dichloroethene (MeSO2-DDE) causes a selective metabolite binding in zona fasciculata (ZF), which is diminished by the CYP11B1 inhibitor metyrapone. MeSO2-DDE also reduces corticosterone secretion, increases 11-deoxycorticosterone secretion and causes mitochondrial degeneration in ZF cells in cultured mouse adrenal slices. ACTH treatment of mice induces CYP11B1 and increases irreversible MeSO2-DDE binding and toxicity in ZF cells. Metyrapone-sensitive binding of MeSO2-DDE is also observed in human zona fasciculata/reticularis (ZF/ZR) and 11-deoxycorti- sol/corticosterone secretion increases in MeSO2-DDE-exposed cultured human adrenal slices. The adrenocorticolytic drug 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichlorethane (o,p´- DDD, Mitotane®) is also bound in ZF/ZR but does not to impair hormone secretion in human adrenal slices at equimolar concentration. A targeted, presumably CYP1B1-catalysed irreversible binding of the adrenocorticolytic carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in ZF/ZR occurs in rat adrenal slices, whereas presumably CYP1A1-catalysed irreversible binding in endothelial cells is observed in CYP1-induced rats and mice. The rat-specific adrenocorticolytic activity of DMBA may rely on two independent pathological processes resulting in cell death and haemorrhage in the adrenal cortex. In Atlantic cod, selective binding of o,p´-DDD is observed in interrenal cells in cultured anterior kidney slices. In conclusion, precision-cut adrenal slice culture is a simple ex vivo test system with which to investigate CYP-catalysed metabolite binding, alteredsteroid hormone secretion and target cell ultrastructure in human, experimental and wild animal tissue. The results imply that organisms under stress could be at increased risk of MeSO2-DDE induced adrenal toxicity. MeSO2-DDE is an expected human adrenal toxicant, which should be evaluated as a possible alternative in the therapy of adrenocortical hypersecretion and tumour growth.

The DDT metabolite 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE (3-MeSO2-DDE) is bioactivated by cytochrome P450 11B1 (CYP11B1) in the adrenal cortex of mice and forms irreversibly bound protein adducts, reduces glucocorticoid secretion, and induces cell death selectively in cortisol-producing adrenocortical cells. 3-MeSO2-DDE has therefore been proposed as a lead compound for an improved adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) therapy. The aims of this thesis were to (1) develop in vitro test systems based on murine and human adrenocortical cell lines and to (2) investigate the mechanisms behind 3-MeSO2-DDE toxicity in adrenocortical cells. The cytotoxic and endocrine-modulating effects of 3-MeSO2-DDE were compared to those of o,p′-DDD (mitotane), the current ACC therapy, and to those of several structurally analogous compounds in both murine and human cell lines. 3-MeSO2-DDE bioactivation and cytotoxicity proceeded in a similar manner in the murine adrenocortical Y-1 cell line as in mice in vivo. The effects were highly structure-specific. Moreover, 3-MeSO2-DDE formed irreversibly bound protein adducts and caused cell death also in the human H295R cell line, and was slightly more cytotoxic than o,p′-DDD. However, 3-MeSO2-DDE toxicity in human cells was not affected by the CYP11B1 inhibitor etomidate, suggesting that bioactivation in human cells is performed by additional/other enzyme(s) than CYP11B1. 3-MeSO2-DDE generated biphasic responses in cortisol and aldosterone secretion and in expression levels of the steroidogenic genes CYP11B1, CYP11B2, and StAR. Such hormesis-like responses were not seen for o,p′-DDD or the precursor DDT metabolite p,p′-DDE. In addition, the two o,p′-DDD enantiomers (R)-(+)-o,p′-DDD and (S)-(-)-o,p′-DDD exhibited slight differences in cytotoxic and endocrine-modulating activity in H295R cells. In conclusion, this thesis  provides  extended  knowledge  on  the  mechanisms  of  action  of 3-MeSO2-DDE and points out important differences in effects between murine and human cells. Lead optimisation studies of 3-MeSO2-DDE using the herein presented in vitro test systems are ongoing.

Mammalian estrogens and estrogen-like compounds known as xeno-estrogens are being found in and excreted into the environment in ever increasing amounts. The xeno-estrogen DDE has been found at high concentrations of 1-5 mg/kg of soil (Aislabie et. al, 1997). These estrogens and xeno-estrogens are having a devastating effect on animal-life, yet little is known or understood on the effects of estrogens on plant-life. Thus it is important to determine what effects (if any) estrogens may have on plants. Other research has shown that estrogen has an effect on plants grown in vitro (Janeczko and Skoczowski, 2005). This research aims to help increase the amount of information on what effects estrogens may have on plants. In this study, the effects of mammalian estrogens (17-β-estradiol, estrone and estriol) on the growth and tuberization of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv 'Iwa') grown in liquid tissue culture medium are presented. It was found that at even 0.1 mg/L of estrogen, root growth of the plants was diminished and at 10 mg/L of estrogen, plant deformity was apparent and callus growth induced. Acid phosphatase activity of the plants was increased with the addition of 0.1 mg/L and 1 mg/L of estrogen but then decreased with the addition of 10 mg/L of estrogen. Tuber production was slightly reduced in plants treated with estrogen compared to the control.

Mestre -- Escola Nacional de Saude Publica, Rio de Janeiro, 1999.

La presente investigación desarrolla una propuesta de promoción que permita el aumento del consumo de la carne de cuy en Lima Metropolitana, mediante el desarrollo de productos que generen un aumento de la demanda y permita la difusión de los beneficios de consumo de la carne de cuy. El estudio se enmarca en la recolección y revisión de datos de una gran variedad de fuentes bibliográficas, que proporcionan un marco teórico y los conocimientos principales para poder empezar el estudio. Estos fueron complementados con la realización de una encuesta realizada a 200 personas de los NSE A y B. obteniendo información relevante para el desarrollo de la estrategia de marketing. Se identificaron limitantes como que existe un gran número de personas que nunca ha probado carne de cuy, asimismo, consideran que la presentación no le atrae a la vista, lo cual genera resistencia ante el posible comprador y/o consumidor. Además, el consumidor suele desconocer la manera de preparar y la versatilidad de esta carne para ser incluida en diversos platillos. Por último, existe desconocimiento acerca de donde adquirir carne de cuy de calidad y el precio promedio al que se ofrece. Se concluye que mediante una estrategia de diferenciación enfocado en el desarrollo de productos con características únicas tales como la de añadir una salsa para su fácil preparación y el etiquetado con información relevante como valor nutricional y las opciones de preparación. Se puede incrementar que más personas conozcan y consuman carne de cuy. / The present work aims to develop a promotion proposal that allows the increase of the consumption of guinea pig meat in Lima Metropolitana, by means of the development of products that generate an increase of the demand and allows the diffusion of the benefits of consumption of the guinea pig meat. The study is based on the collection and revision of data from a great variety of bibliographical sources, which provided a theoretical framework and the main knowledge to begin our study. These were complemented by a survey, which was done to 200 people from A and B socioeconomic level, in which it was possible to obtain relevant information for the development of the marketing strategy. Many limitations were identified in order to develop the market for guinea pig meat, the principal limitation that was found is that there is a large number of people who have never or hardly ever tried guinea pig meat, and also consider that the presentation is not friendly to the eye, Which creates resistance to the potential buyer and / or consumer. In addition, the consumer often does not know how to prepare and the versatility of this meat to be included in various dishes. Finally, there is a lack of knowledge about where to buy quality guinea pig meat and the average price at which it is offered. In this way, it was possible to conclude that through a strategy of differentiation focused on the development of products with unique characteristics such as adding a sauce for easy preparation and labeling with relevant information such as nutritional value and preparation options, it is possible to increase the market and make that more people know and consume guinea pig meat.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los factores que influyen en la intención de uso de una aplicación móvil para solicitar la Clasificación Socioeconómica (CSE) por parte de los ciudadanos peruanos antes de ejecutar su implementación. La CSE es un requisito exigido para acceder a algunos programas sociales y subsidios del Estado Peruano1 . La aplicación móvil para solicitar la CSE formaría parte del marco del gobierno electrónico del Perú, que, si bien no está muy desarrollado en el Perú, tiene un conjunto de aplicaciones para realizar trámites en entidades del Estado Peruano (SUNAT, Pagalo.pe, RENIEC, etc.). Para la investigación se definió una extensión del Modelo de aceptación tecnológica (TAM) (Davis, 1989), añadiendo 3 factores: (a) movilidad percibida, (b) tiempo y (c) conocimiento tecnológico; su enfoque es cuantitativo, su diseño no experimental, del tipo transversal, y de alcance correlacional y explicativo. Para las pruebas de aceptación se usó un video como medio para presentar el prototipo de la aplicación móvil a los participantes de la investigación, y una encuesta como instrumento de medición. Para el análisis e interpretación de los datos se usó el enfoque de mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS) del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). El tamaño de la muestra fue de 395 encuestados, peruanos mayores de edad que cuentan con al menos un teléfono móvil con acceso a internet. Los resultados de la investigación concluyeron que el factor conocimiento tecnológico fue el que tiene más influencia en la intención de uso de la aplicación móvil y que el factor movilidad percibida fue rechazado a pesar de tratarse de una aplicación móvil. La presente investigación contribuye a conocer los factores que influyen en la intención de uso de aplicaciones móviles para el Gobierno electrónico en el Perú por parte de los ciudadanos y de esta manera, contribuir a incrementar los servicios electrónicos de instituciones gubernamentales que se brindan a través de este medio en el Perú. / This research aims to analyse the factors that influence the intention to use a mobile application to request the Socioeconomic Classification (CSE, from the Spanish term Clasificación Socioeconómica) by Peruvian citizens before executing a rollout. The CSE is a requirement to access some social aid programs and subsidies from the Peruvian Government. The mobile application to request the CSE would be part of the e-Government of Peru’s framework, which, despite been not well developed in Peru, has a set of applications to carry out procedures in entities of the Peruvian State (SUNAT, pagalo.pe, RENIEC, etc.). For this research, an extension of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989) has been defined by adding three factors: (a) perceived mobility, (b) time, and (c) technological knowledge; its approach is quantitative, its design is non-experimental, its type is cross-sectional, and its scope is correlational and explanatory. For the acceptance tests, a video was used to present the mobile app prototype to the research participants, and a survey as a measurement instrument. For data analysis and interpretation, the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method was used to approach of the structural equation model (SEM). The sample size was 395 Peruvian respondents above the legal age, who have at least one mobile phone with internet service. The research results concluded that the technological knowledge factor was the main influencer on the intention to use a mobile application, and the perceived mobility factor was rejected as an influencer even though this research is based on a mobile application. This research contributes to knowing the factors that influence the intention to use mobile applications for e-government in Peru for citizens and thus contribute to increasing the electronic services of government institutions offered through this medium in Peru.

The DDT metabolite 3-methylsulphonyl-DDE (3-MeSO2-DDE) induces cell death specifically in the adrenal cortex of mice after a cytochrome P45011B1 (CYP11B1)-catalysed bioactivation. This substance is not only an environmental pollutant, but also a suggested lead compound for an improved chemotherapy of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). The aim of the thesis was to further investigate this compound in terms of kinetics, cell death mechanisms and species differences. The pharmacokinetics of 3-MeSO2-DDE and the current drug for ACC, o,p’-DDD, was studied during 6 months following a single dose in minipigs. The elimination was slower for 3-MeSO2-DDE than for o,p’-DDD, indicated by a lower clearance and longer t½ in plasma and subcutaneous fat. Both substances remained in fat tissue during the whole study period. Unlike o,p’-DDD, 3-MeSO2-DDE was retained also in liver. The adequacy of the murine adrenocortical cell line Y-1 was evaluated for studies of adrenotoxic compounds. The Y-1 cells proved to be an appropriate test system for future mechanism studies, since CYP-catalysed irreversible binding, inhibited corticosterone production induced by 3-MeSO2-DDE and o,p’-DDD were successfully demonstrated. Cell death of 3-MeSO2-DDE in the mouse adrenal cortex was implied to be necrotic. Early apoptotic signalling (i.e. up-regulation of caspase-9) was observed, although it seemed to be interrupted by ATP-depletion and anti-apoptotic actions by heat shock protein 70, resulting in lack of activation of caspase-3. Using cultured adrenal tissue slices, two not previously studied species were examined ex vivo regarding adrenal binding of 3-MeSO2-[14C]DDE. Binding was found in the hamster adrenal cortex and in assumed cortical cells in the medulla, while the guinea pig adrenal was devoid of binding. This emphasises the species specificity in bioactivation of 3-MeSO2-DDE. The thesis forms a basis for further investigations in the human adrenocortical cell line H295R and provides new knowledge of importance for toxicological risk assessment of 3-MeSO2-DDE.