Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-10-02 / Avian Necrotic Enteritis (NE) is an acute enterotoxaemia caused by Clostridium perfringens A and C. The control of the disease is based on antibiotics added to animal feed. The ban of this practice by consumer markets, considered the biggest challenge to industrial aviculture, demanded the adoption of other alternatives for its control, among others, immunization with recombinant vaccines. The aim of this work was to produce and evaluate C. perfringens recombinant α toxin (rAT) vaccines adjuvanted with either Al(OH)3 (rAT+Al(OH)3 or recombinant B subunit of the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (rLTB) (rAT+rLTB), and a chimeric protein containing the α toxin fused to rLTB (rLTB-AT). The rAT+Al(OH)3 was innocuous and protected mice against a challenge with native α toxin (sT), and it was immunogenic and did not affect productivity parameters in broilers. The rAT+rLTB showed a dose-protection relationship in mice, while rLTB-AT did not protect mice against sT challenge. The rAT could be an alternative for controlling NE. / A Enterite Necrótica Aviar (ENA) é uma enterotoxemia aguda, causada pelos Clostridium perfringens A e C, cujo controle baseia-se na adição de antibióticos na ração. A restrição dessa prática pelo mercado consumidor, que tornou seu controle o maior desafio para o setor avícola, exigiu a adoção de novas estratégias para o controle, entre elas a imunização. Vacinas recombinantes vêm despertando grande interesse entre pesquisadores e empresas do setor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar vacinas de toxina α recombinante de C. perfringens (rAT) utilizando como adjuvantes Al(OH)3 (rAT+Al(OH)3) e subunidade B recombinante da enterotoxina termolábil de Escherichia coli (rLTB) (rAT+rLTB), e construir e avaliar uma proteína quimérica contendo rAT fusionada a rLTB (rLTB-AT). A rAT+Al(OH)3 foi inócua e protetora contra agressão de toxina α nativa (sT) em camundongos, e imunogênica em frangos de corte, sem afetar a produtividade. A rAT+rLTB demonstrou relação dose-proteção em camundongos, entanto a rLTB-AT não protegeu camundongos contra agressão de sT. A rAT demonstrou ser uma alternativa para controlar a ENA. Palavras-chave: Enterite Necrótica Aviar, Clostridium perfringens A, toxina α recombinante, vacinas.

L’obésité est une maladie associée à des altérations métaboliques et inflammatoires et constitue un facteur de risque important de développer des comorbidités telles qu’un diabète de type 2. De plus, la prévalence de troubles de l’humeur et de la cognition est élevée chez les sujets obèses. Ces troubles neuropsychiatriques compliquent la prise en charge de l’obésité, contribuent à son aggravation et peuvent à terme favoriser le développement des comorbidités associées. Diminuer le développement de ces troubles pourrait donc permettre d’améliorer la santé et la qualité de vie des individus obèses. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse a été de comprendre les mécanismes neurobiologiques sous-tendant l’apparition de ces troubles neuropsychiatriques, dans le but d’identifier de nouvelles cibles potentielles pour le développement de stratégies préventives et/ou thérapeutiques visant à les réduire. Dans ce but, des modèles animaux d’obésité tels que la souris db/db, qui présentent une obésité sévère associée à des altérations caractéristiques du syndrome métabolique, peuvent être particulièrement utiles.[ ]Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré qu’une restriction calorique ou un traitement anti-inflammatoire diminuait les comportements de type anxieux chez la souris db/db. Cette amélioration était associée à une diminution sélective de l’expression génique du TNF-α dans l’hippocampe, ce qui suggère une contribution de cette cytokine pro-inflammatoire dans les comportements de type anxieux associés à l’obésité. Nous avons ensuite confirmé cette hypothèse en montrant que le blocage sélectif du TNF-α cérébral par administration i.c.v. d’étanercept (un récepteur leurre du TNF-α) diminuait les comportements de type anxieux chez les souris db/db. De façon intéressante, des mesures électrophysiologiques ont permis de montrer que cette amélioration des comportements émotionnels par l’étanercept impliquait la modulation de l’activité spontanée des neurones dans l’hippocampe ventral, région connue pour son rôle dans la régulation des émotions. Dans un second temps, nous avons essayé d’identifier de nouvelles stratégies préventives et/ou thérapeutiques pour améliorer l’humeur et la cognition chez les sujets obèses. Nous avons donc évalué l’effet d’un régime enrichi en acides gras polyinsaturés de type n-3 et antioxydants sur les altérations comportementales des souris db/db. En effet, ces nutriments sont connus pour moduler différents paramètres neurobiologiques impliqués dans la régulation du comportement. Nous avons montré que la consommation chronique de ce régime supprimait les déficits de mémoire spatiale dépendante de l’hippocampe chez les souris db/db dans le test de la piscine de Morris et que cette amélioration cognitive était probablement sous-tendue par des changements de plasticité neuronale. Enfin, nous avons évalué si des manipulations du microbiote intestinal pouvaient représenter une stratégie préventive et/ou thérapeutique pour améliorer les altérations neuropsychiatriques associées à l’obésité. Nous avons donc mesuré l’impact d’une manipulation du microbiote intestinal par des prébiotiques sur les altérations métaboliques et comportementales des souris db/db, mais également sur les systèmes biologiques et neurobiologiques auxquels elles sont associées. Nous avons montré que les améliorations métaboliques induites par l’administration de prébiotiques chez la souris db/db étaient accompagnées d’une diminution de l’inflammation périphérique et centrale. [ ] Pour conclure, ces expériences contribuent à montrer que l’inflammation, en particulier le TNF-α, pourrait être une cible importante pour le développement de traitements visant à améliorer les troubles de l’humeur chez les sujets obèses ; alors que des interventions nutritionnelles avec des nutriments d’intérêt pourrait plutôt aider à protéger des altérations métaboliques et/ou cognitives chez ces patients. / Obesity is a metabolic and inflammatory disorder that represents a major risk factor for the development of comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes. Obese patients also often experience mood and cognitive dysfunctions that represent important risk factors for aggravation of obesity and related outcomes. Reducing the development of such alterations may therefore allow improving health and quality of life of obese subjects. In this context, this thesis aimed to decipher the neurobiological mechanisms underlying such neuropsychiatric alterations, in order to identify new targets for the development of potential preventive and/or therapeutic strategies aiming to reduce these alterations. To do so, rodent models of obesity such as the db/db mice, which display severe obesity associated with classical features of metabolic syndrome, can be particularly useful.[ ] Second, we have investigated whether a nutritional intervention with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and antioxidants, which are well-known to display anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, improved obesity-associated neuropsychiatric alterations. In addition, we have measured the consequences of chronic administration of the prebiotic oligofructose on the behavioral alterations displayed by db/db mice since previous studies pointed to the gut microbiota as an important player in the regulation of behavior. Finally, we have investigated the potential underlying mechanisms by measuring the impact of this treatment on the metabolism and systemic inflammation, but also on neurobiological systems known to be involved in the control of food intake and behavior. We first showed that an anti-inflammatory treatment or caloric restriction reduced anxiety-like behaviors, and this was associated with a selective decrease of hippocampal TNF-α mRNA expression, suggesting that this pro-inflammatory cytokine likely contributes to induce anxiety-like behavior associated with obesity. We then nicely confirmed this assumption by showing that selectively blocking brain TNF-α by chronically administrating etanercept i.c.v. (TNF-α decoy receptor) indeed decreased anxiety-like behaviors in obese db/db mice.[ ] Secondly, we tried identifying new preventive and/or therapeutic strategies aiming to improve mood and cognitive alterations associated with obesity. Hence, we measured if an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids/antioxidants enriched diet, well-known to modulate different neurobiological mechanisms potentially involved in behavioral alterations displayed by db/db mice, improved their behavioral alterations. We showed that chronic consumption of this diet reversed hippocampus-dependent spatial memory deficits displayed by db/db mice in a water-maze task and that this effect likely involved modulation of neuronal plasticity. Thirdly, we tested whether manipulating the gut microbiota composition may constitute a preventive and/or therapeutic strategy to improve the neuropsychiatric alterations associated with obesity. Hence, we assessed for the first time the effect of microbiota manipulation with a prebiotic on the metabolic and behavioral alterations displayed by db/db mice, but also on their systemic and neurobiological correlates. We showed that improvement of metabolic alterations following prebiotic administration in db/db mice was associated with selective reduction of peripheral and central inflammation, which is however not accompanied by detectable improvement of anxiety-like behavior or spatial memory deficits. To conclude, these experiments contribute to show that inflammation, and especially TNF-α, could be an important target to develop therapeutic treatments for mood alterations associated with obesity, whereas nutritional interventions with selective nutrients of interest may rather help preventing associated metabolic and/or cognitive alterations.

No description available.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) is an inborn error of metabolism (EIM) characterized biochemically by accumulation of glutaric acid (GA). The clinical manifestations are mainly neurological and develop during childhood. Among these changes, there are the seizures and cognitive deficits, which may be precipitated by infectious processes. Although growing evidence supports that inflammation and oxidative damage are both involved in learning impairment, it is not known whether inflammatory and oxidative stress markers facilitate GA-induced memory impairment. From this, the main objective of this study was to investigate the performance of rat pups chronically injected with GA and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in spatial memory test on Barnes maze. To evaluate antioxidant defenses, cytokines levels, Na+, K+-ATPase activity, and hippocampal volume. Furthermore, we also evaluated wheter N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could improve these behavioral, biochemical or structural changes induced by GA and LPS administration. For this, the rat pups were injected with GA (5umol g of body weight-1, subcutaneously; twice per day; from 5th to 28th day of life), and were supplemented with NAC (150 mg/kg/day; intragastric gavage; for the same period). In order to mimic a severe infection state, LPS (2 mg/kg; E.coli 055 B5) or vehicle (saline 0.9%) was injected intraperitoneally, once per day, from 25th to 28th day of life.Oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant activity and hippocampal volume were assessed. In this study, GA caused spatial learning deficit in the Barnes maze, and that LPS potentiated the memory impairment induced by GA in rat pups. In addition, GA and LPS increased proinflammatory cytokine levels (TNF- and IL-1), and the co-administration of these compounds potentiated the increase of IL-1 levels but not TNF- levels in the hippocampus of this animals. Although GA and LPS administration increased TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance) content, reduced antioxidant defenses and inhibited Na+,K+-ATPase activity (total and subunit α1), GA and LPS co-administration did not have additive effect on oxidative stress markers and Na+, K+ pump. The hippocampal volume did not change after GA or LPS administration. N-acetylcysteine protected against impairment of spatial learning and increase of cytokines levels induced by GA and LPS. The NAC also protected against deleterious effects induced by GA and LPS, as characterized by inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase activity (total and subunit α1)and increase of TBARS content, as well as the reduction of antioxidant defenses(non protein thiols and glutathione content, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities).These results suggest that inflammatory and oxidative markers may underlie at least in part of the neuropathology of GA-I in this model. Pharmacological protection with NAC during encephalopatic crises could be considered as an adjuvant therapy to prevent hippocampal dysfunction and the progression of disease in children with GA-I. / A acidemia glutrárica do tipo I (AG-I) é um erro inato do metabolismo (EIM) caracterizada bioquimicamente pelo pelo acúmulo de ácido glutárico (AG). As manifestações clínicas são predominantemente neurológicas, e desenvolvem-se principalmente na infância. Entre essas alterações, as quais são precipitadas por processos infecciosos, pode-se citar o déficit cognitivo. Embora estudos recentes sugerem que a inflamação e o estresse oxidativo estão envolvidos no déficit cognitivo, não se sabe se os marcadores inflamatórios e oxidativos facilitam o prejuízo de memória após a administração de AG. A partir disso, o objetivo desta dissertação foi investigar o desempenho de ratos jovens injetados cronicamente com AG e lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) no teste de memória espacial no labirinto de Barnes. Além disso, foi avaliado os níveis das defesas antioxidantes, níveis de citocinas, atividade da enzima Na+, K+-ATPase e volume hipocampal. Como a N-acetilcisteína (NAC) possui propriedades antioxidantes e antiinflamatórias, foi testado se esse composto poderia melhorar as alterações comportamentais, bioquímicas e estruturais induzidas pela administração de AG e LPS. Para isso, os ratos jovens foram injetados com AG (5 μmol/g do peso corporal-1; subcutaneamente; duas vezes por dia; do 5º ao 28º dia de vida), e foram suplementados com NAC (150 mg/kg/dia; por gavagem; pelo mesmo período). A fim de mimetizar um estado infeccioso, LPS (2 mg/Kg: E. coli 055 B5) ou veículo (salina 0.9%) foi injetado intraperitonealmente uma vez por dia, do 25º ao 28º dia de vida. Nesse estudo, AG causou déficit de aprenizagem espacial no labirinto de Barnes, e o LPS potencializou esse prejuízo de memória induzido pelo AG nos ratos jovens. Em adição, a administração de AG e LPS aumentou os níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias (TNF- and IL-1), e a associação desses compostos potencializou o aumento dos níveis de IL-1, mas não de TNF-α no hipocampo dos animais. Embora a associação de AG e LPS tenha causado o aumento o conteúdo TBARS (espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico), a redução das defesas antioxidantes e inibição da atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase (total e subunidade α1), a associação de AG e LPS não teve efeito aditivo nos marcadores de estresse oxidativo e na atividade da bomba de Na+ e K+. O volume hipocampal não foi alterado após a administração do AG e LPS. A N-acetilcisteína protegeu contra o prejuízo de aprendizagem espacial e aumento de citocinas inflamatórias induzido pelo AG e LPS. A NAC também protegeu contra os efeitos deletérios induzidos pelo AG e LPS, caracterizado pela inibição da atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase (total e subunidade α1) e aumento do conteúdo de TBARS, bem como a redução das defesas antioxidantes (tiós não-proteicos, conteúdo de glutationa, avitidade da superóxido dismutase e catalase). Esses resultados sugerem que marcadores inflamatórios e oxidativos podem estar envolvidos, em parte, na neuropatologia da AG-I neste modelo. Dessa forma, a proteção farmacológica com a NAC durante crises encefalopáticas pode ser considerada como uma terapia adjuvante para prevenir a disfunção hipocampal e a progressão da doença em crianças com AG-I.

Une étude détaillée a été effectuée sur des composés organométalliques de carbènes N-hétérocycliques (NHC) de nickel(II), et plus particulièrement sur des complexes demi-sandwich nickel(II)−NHC. Ces complexes ont montré des activités sans précédent en catalyse homogène, notamment en α-arylation de cétones acycliques, où des charges en pré-catalyseur de seulement 1 mol% ont pu être utilisées. L' étude mécanistique de cette réaction tend à montrer l'implication d'intermédiaires radicalaires. De plus, ces complexes demi-sandwich se sont révélés être des pré-catalyseurs performants en hydrosilylation de dérivés carbonylés et d'imines. Les méthodologies qui en découlent fournissent de façon efficace et sélective les produits de réduction correspondants, dans des conditions réactionnelles douces. Un intermédiaire réactionnel demi-sandwich de type nickel−hydrure, agissant probablement comme le véritable précurseur catalytique, a en outre pu être isolé. D'autre part, la synthèse de nouveaux complexes Ni−NHC a remarquablement mené à une nouvelle méthodologie de substitution du ligand cyclopentadienyl dans des dérivés demi-sandwich alkyl,NHC−Ni. Enfin, l'utilisation de NHCs moins classiques, comme les NHCs possédant un squelette malonate, ou encore les carbènes (alkyl)(amine) cycliques, a mené à l'isolement de nouveaux complexes carbéniques de nickel(II), dont les premiers résultats catalytiques sont encourageants. / A detailed study has been conducted on organometallic compounds of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) of nickel(II), in particular on half-sandwich nickel(II)−NHC complexes. These complexes showed unprecedented catalytic activity in homogeneous catalysis, especially in the α-arylation of acyclic ketones, where catalyst loadings as low as 1 mol% could be used. Mechanistic experiments suggest that radicals are implied. Furthermore, these half-sandwich complexes proved to be efficient pre-catalysts in the hydrosilylation of carbonyl compounds and imines, allowing the reduction processes to proceed under mild reaction conditions. During the course of these studies, a half-sandwich nickel−hydride intermediate that probably acts as the true pre-catalyst was isolated. Remarkably, the synthesis of new Ni−NHC complexes led to a methodology for cyclopentadienyl ligand substitution in stable 18-electron alkyl,NHC−Ni derivatives. Finally, the use of less common NHC ligands, such as NHCs possessing a malonate backbone, or else, the use of cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbenes, led to the isolation of new nickel−carbene complexes, which gave encouraging preliminary catalytic results.

Les champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires (CMA) appartiennent au phylum Glomeromycota. Ces champignons forment une association symbiotique (obligatoire pour les champignons) avec plus de 80 % des espèces de plantes vasculaires, incluant la plupart des plantes cultivées. Cette symbiose mycorhizienne arbusculaire, très répandue dans la nature, a été retrouvée dans presque tous les écosystèmes terrestres aussi bien dans des déserts chauds et froids que dans des forêts tropicales ou tempérées. L’emploi d’outils de biologie moléculaire et des fossiles ont permis d’estimer la date de l’origine de la symbiose mycorhizienne arbusculaire à environ 450 millions d’années avant notre ère. Cette date coïncide avec l’apparition des premières plantes terrestres primitives. Il existe plusieurs types de mycorhizes impliquant différents champignons et différentes plantes hôtes. Ces différents faits suggèrent que les plantes vasculaires et les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules ont co-évolué, et que les Glomeromycota ont influencé la capacité des plantes à coloniser le milieu terrestre. Plusieurs études ont montré que les contaminants organiques peuvent influer négativement cette relation mutuellement bénéfique qu'entretiennent la plante et le champignon conduisant à une diminution de la croissance du CMA mais aussi à une modification des interactions au sein de la communauté de CMA elle-même. Ainsi, mon projet de maîtrise vise à quantifier la diversité mycorhizienne arbusculaire de deux espèces de plante Eleocharis obtusa et Panicum capillare qui poussent dans un bassin hautement contaminé par des hydrocarbures pétroliers de façon très hétérogène et étudier les structures des communautés des CMA dans des échantillons de sol rhizosphérique et de racines de celles-ci. L'un des résultats important de mon étude est la découverte d’une très grande diversité des CMA associés à E. obtusa et P. capillare dans ce milieu contaminé. En effet, pas moins de 26 unités taxonomiques opérationnelles (OTU) de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules ont été recensés. La quasi-totalité des familles de Glomeroycota sont représentées à l'exception de Ambisporaceae, Geosiphonaceae et Pacisporaceae. Ainsi, le genre Diversispora domine la communauté des CMA par son abondance relative, cependant le genre Claroideoglomus est le plus abondant des genres des CMA. Ensuite, mon projet a déterminé l'influence de la plante hôte sur la composition de la communauté de CMA. D'après l'analyse de la diversité alpha, les plantes présentent une structure de diversité différente. Les valeurs de Local Contributions to beta Diveristy (LCBD) élevées étaient souvent liées à un site avec un grand nombre de taxons de CMA. En utilisant une analyse en composante principale (ACP), j’ai constaté que les échantillons récoltés en 2011 auraient sensiblement la même composition en OTU. J’ai pu observer également une variation de la communauté des OTU de CMA d'une année à l'autre pour les plantes. La rhizosphère des plantes récoltées la même année avait une communauté d'OTU similaire globalement, pourtant au niveau racinaire, j’ai observé une spécificité chez des certains OTU. Cette étude fournit une vue d’ensemble de la diversité des CMA associés à des végétaux localisés dans les sédiments très polluées. Elle suggère aussi que les CMA peuvent être des candidats microbiens potentiellement importants dans la restauration des sols contaminés par le pétrole. / The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) belong to phylum Glomeromycota, a group of early divergent fungal lineage. These fungi form a mutualistic symbiotic association with more than 80% of vascular plant species, including most important crops. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is widespread and has been found in almost all terestrial ecosystems on earth such as hot and cold deserts, as well as tropical and temperate forests. The use of molecular biology tools and fossil records dated back the origin of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to 460 million years ago, which coincides with the emergence of terrestrial plants. There are several types of mycorrhizas depending on fungal groups and host plants. It has been suggested that vascular plants and AMF have co-evolved and that Glomeromycota helped plant ancestors to colonize the land. It has been reported that organic contaminants can negatively impact this mutually beneficial symbiosis between plant and fungi reducing the growth of the AMF and changing the structure of AMF communities. The objective of my master project was to determine the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with two plant species, Eleocharis obtusa and Panicum capillare, which spontaneously growing a highly petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated basin with an heterogeneous pattern of contamination, and to describe the structures of their communities in their rhizosphere soils and roots. My results revealed an unexpected high diversity of AMF OTUs associated with two plant species. Indeed, we identified 26 OTUs of AMF. This diversity covered the most important families of Glomeroycota except Ambisporaceae, Geosiphonaceae and Pacisporaceae. Genus Diversispora dominated the AMF community by its relative abundance, however the genus Claroideoglomus was the most represented in the samples. My study determined the influence of the host plant on the composition of the AMF community. Based on the analysis of the α diversity, we found that the rhizospheric soil and root samples showed different community structures between the two plants species. β diversity analysis showed that high Local Contributions to β Diveristy (LCBD) values (high uniqueness of species composition) were often linked to the sample with a large number of AMF taxa. Using a principal component analysis (PCA), we found that the samples collected in 2011 have approximately the same composition of OTUs. It is likely that a turnover of AMF OTU and 4 plants may occur from one year to another. This study provides an overview of the diversity of AMF associated with plants located in heavily polluted sediments. It also suggests that AMF may be potentially important microbial candidates in the remediation of oil-contaminated soils.

In order to improve the production of acarbose, the fermentation medium of acarbose-producing strain Actinoplanes sp. KCTC 9161 – L14 mutant was optimized in this internship. Fractional factorial design was employ to investigate the influences of glucose, maltose and corn power on acarbose production (by a-glucosidase inhibitory ability). Two significant factors: glucose and maltose have significant and positive effects on acarbose amount. In addition, a model was obtained from the regression results of fractional factorial experiment. Other success, we demonstrated that chromatography by active charcoal column can used to purify acarbose from fermentation broth. Acarbose amount in purification solution was 191.5 g/L and an acarbose - purification process was inducted. / Nhằm mục đích nâng cao khả năng sinh tổng hợp hoạt chất acarbose từ chủng đột biến Actinoplanes sp. KCTC 9161-L14, môi trường lên men của chủng dùng để sản xuất acarbose đã được tối ưu hóa. Một phần mềm thiết kế đã được thiết lập để khảo sát ảnh hưởng của glucose, maltose và bột ngô đến khả năng sản xuất acarbose (thông qua hoạt tính ức chế a-glucosidase). Kết quả đã cho thấy, hai yếu tố glucose và maltose có ý nghĩa quan trọng và ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến khả năng sinh tổng hợp acarbose. Một phương trình đã được hình thành từ kết quả tối ưu. Bên cạnh đó, chúng tôi đã chứng minh được cột sắc ký sử dụng than hoạt tính có thể tinh sạch acarbose từ dịch lên men. Hàm lượng acarbose trong dung dịch tinh sạch đạt 191,5 g/l và một quy trình tinh sạch acarbose được đề xuất.

Dans l’industrie, les traitements mécaniques de surface métalliques permettent d’améliorer les conditions de service des pièces mécaniques. Les effets de contact de ces types de procédés engendrent une forte déformation plastique du matériau et par conséquent une transformation microstructurale en sous-surface. Cette transformation se manifeste dans le raffinement progressif de la microstructure dans une couche de quelques dizaines de micromètres. Celle-ci est souvent dénommé "surface tribologiquement transformée" (en anglais : Tribologically Transformed Surface - TTS). Une telle transformation microstructurale conduit à une augmentation des propriétés mécaniques en extrême surface et rend le matériau plus résistant aux conditions de frottement, usure et fatigue.Dans le cadre de cette étude, deux procédures de transformation microstructurale ont été employées sur un matériau modèle : le fer-α. Pour la première technique (grenaillage), la surface est impactée de façon répétitive avec des billes métalliques projetées à grande vitesse. Concernant la deuxième méthode (micro-percussion), la surface est impactée répétitivement à un endroit précis avec un indenteur conique rigide.L’objet de ce projet se centre sur trois aspects principaux : (i) déterminer les gradients mécaniques et microstructuraux induits sur les deux types de surfaces transformées (grenaillage et micro-percussion), (ii) établir un lien quantitatif entre les mesures faites par deux types d’essais micromécaniques (nano-indentation et micro-compression de piliers) et (iii) mettre en évidence les effets microstructuraux impliqués (taille de grain, densité de dislocations, etc...) dans l’augmentation des propriétés mécaniques par hyper-déformation de surfaces. / The mechanical surface treatments confer better local mechanical properties against wear or fatigue service conditions. In the case of impact-based treatments, the material is exposed to repeated mechanical loadings, producing a severe plastic deformation in the near-surface. It leads to a local and progressive refinement of the microstructure into the affected zone, commonly known as Tribologically Transformed Surface (TTS). For this project, two mechanical surface treatments are used in a model material (pure α-iron): (i) shot-peening and (ii) micro-percussion.The resulting surfaces are characterized by a mechanical property gradient in-depth as a consequence of the microstructural transformation over a few tens of microns. Nowadays, it is well-known that this rise of local mechanical properties could improve the service lifetime of materials. However, a simple micro-hardness test is not quite enough to quantify precisely the engendered variation of mechanical properties and understand the influence of several microstructural effects. For this purpose, two micro-mechanical tests are considered: (i) nano-indentation and (ii) in situ micro-pillar compression.The main issue of this work is to characterize the mechanically-induced transformed surfaces and correlate the mechanical properties gradients with the local microstructural evolutions. Indeed, three main goals are considered: (i) quantify the mechanical and microstructural gradients induced by the surface treatments (shot-peening and micro-percussion), (ii) correlate the results obtained by the means of both mechanical tests (nano-indentation and micro-pillar compression) and finally (iii) investigate the influence of several microstructural effects related with the graded strengthening of hyper-deformed surfaces.

Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 1 (cIAP1) de la famille des IAP (Inhibitor of ApoptosisProtein) est un oncogène à activité E3-ubiquitine ligase. Notre équipe s’intéresse aux processus de différenciation des cellules hématopoïétique. cIAP1 est localisée dans le noyau des précurseurs hématopoïétiques exprimant le marqueur CD34. Lors de leur différenciationnotamment en macrophages ou en cellules dendritiques, cIAP1 est exclue du noyau. L’objectif de ma thèse a été de caractériser de nouvelles fonctions nucléaires et cytoplasmiques de cIAP1. Mes résultats ont contribués à mettre en évidence une fonction nucléaire de cIAP1 dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire via le contrôle du facteur de transcription E2F1. Dans le cytoplasme, cIAP1 est un régulateur de l’activation de la signalisation NF-kB et TNF-α. cIAP1 est un déterminant de la réponse des cellules au TNF-a, favorisant l’activation de NF-kB aux dépens de la mort cellulaire. Le TNF-α est aussi capable de moduler le cytosquelette d’actine et les propriétés morphologiques et migratoires des cellules. Dans les fibroblastes, il induit la formation de fines protrusions membranaires riches en actine appelées filipodes. Mes travaux ont montrés que cIAP1, associée à son partenaire historique TRAF2, régule la formation de ces filipodes. Elle est capable d’interagirdirectement avec la RhoGTPase Cdc42 et de contrôler son activation après un traitement par le TNF- α, mais aussi EGF. De plus, cIAP1 régule aussi la polarisation de l’appareil de Golgi, une fonction spécifiquement attribuée à Cdc42. Cette nouvelle fonction de cIAP1 dans le contrôle de Cdc42 pourrait contribuer aux propriétés oncogéniques de cIAP1 / Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 1 (cIAP1), a IAP family member (Inhibitor of ApoptosisProtein) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase which displays oncogenic properties. The research project of our team is focused on hematopoietic differentiation. cIAP1 is localized in the nucleus of hematopoietic precursors CD34+, and is excluded to the cytoplasm along macrophage and dendritic cell differentiation. The aim of my thesis was to characterize new nuclear and cytoplasmic fonctions of cIAP1. I have contributed to identify a nuclear function of cIAP1 in the regulation of cell cycle through a control of E2F1 transcription factor. In the cytoplasm, cIAP1 is a well-known modulator of NF-kB and TNF-α signaling pathway. It can determine the response of cells to TNF-α, through stimuling the canonical activation of NF-kB and inhibiting cell death. TNF-α can also promote cytoskeleton remodeling which determine morphogenetic properties including morphology or motility. My results suggest a role for cIAP1, when associated its partner TRAF2, in the control of actin rich protrusions called filipodia upon TNF-α stimulation. cIAP1 can interact and control Cdc42 activation, a member of Rho GTPases protein family. cIAP1/TRAF2 appears to control other process controlled by Cdc42 including, filipodia formation in response to EGF, or Golgi polarization. This function of cIAP1 in the control of Cdc42 could contribute to cIAP1 oncogenic properties

BACKGROUND: DNA damage occurs as a consequence of both direct and indirect effects of ionizing radiation. The severity of DNA damage depends on the physical characteristics of the radiation quality, e.g., the linear energy transfer (LET). There are still contrary findings regarding direct or indirect interactions of high-LET emitters with DNA. Our aim is to determine DNA damage and the effect on cellular survival induced by (223)Ra compared to (188)Re and (99m)Tc modulated by the radical scavenger dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). METHODS: Radioactive solutions of (223)Ra, (188)Re, or (99m)Tc were added to either plasmid DNA or to PC Cl3 cells in the absence or presence of DMSO. Following irradiation, single strand breaks (SSB) and double strand breaks (DSB) in plasmid DNA were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. To determine the radiosensitivity of the rat thyroid cell line (PC Cl3), survival curves were performed using the colony formation assay. RESULTS: Exposure to 120 Gy of (223)Ra, (188)Re, or (99m)Tc leads to maximal yields of SSB (80 %) in plasmid DNA. Irradiation with 540 Gy (223)Ra and 500 Gy (188)Re or (99m)Tc induced 40, 28, and 64 % linear plasmid conformations, respectively. DMSO prevented the SSB and DSB in a similar way for all radionuclides. However, with the α-emitter (223)Ra, a low level of DSB could not be prevented by DMSO. Irradiation of PC Cl3 cells with (223)Ra, (188)Re, and (99m)Tc pre-incubated with DMSO revealed enhanced survival fractions (SF) in comparison to treatment without DMSO. Protection factors (PF) were calculated using the fitted survival curves. These factors are 1.23 ± 0.04, 1.20 ± 0.19, and 1.34 ± 0.05 for (223)Ra, (188)Re, and (99m)Tc, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: For (223)Ra, as well as for (188)Re and (99m)Tc, dose-dependent radiation effects were found applicable for plasmid DNA and PC Cl3 cells. The radioprotection by DMSO was in the same range for high- and low-LET emitter. Overall, the results indicate the contribution of mainly indirect radiation effects for each of the radionuclides regarding DNA damage and cell survival. In summary, our findings may contribute to fundamental knowledge about the α-particle induced DNA damage.