Real-time water quality monitoring using automated systems with sensors is becoming increasingly common, which enables and demands timely identification of unexpected values. Technical issues create anomalies, which at the rate of incoming data can prevent the manual detection of problematic data. This thesis deals with the problem of anomaly detection for water quality data using machine learning and statistic learning approaches. Anomalies in data can cause serious problems in posterior analysis and lead to poor decisions or incorrect conclusions. Five time series anomaly detection techniques: local outlier factor (machine learning), isolation forest (machine learning), robust random cut forest (machine learning), seasonal hybrid extreme studentized deviate (statistic learning approach), and exponential moving average (statistic learning approach) have been analyzed. Extensive experimental analysis of those techniques have been performed on data sets collected from sensors deployed in a wastewater treatment plant. The results are very promising. In the experiments, three approaches successfully detected anomalies in the ammonia data set. With the temperature data set, the local outlier factor successfully detected all twenty-six outliers whereas the seasonal hybrid extreme studentized deviate only detected one anomaly point. The exponential moving average identified ten time ranges with anomalies. Eight of them cover a total of fourteen anomalies. The reproducible experiments demonstrate that local outlier factor is a feasible approach for detecting anomalies in water quality data. Isolation forest and robust random cut forest also rate high anomaly scores for the anomalies. The result of the primary experiment confirms that local outlier factor is much faster than isolation forest, robust random cut forest, seasonal hybrid extreme studentized deviate and exponential moving average. / Thesis / Master of Computer Science (MCS)

Ce mémoire de thèse porte sur l'étude de la réactivité induite par les électrons de basse énergie (0-20 eV) dans les systèmes condensés. Ces électrons induisent dans ces systèmes la formation de fragments réactifs pouvant ensuite initier des réactions soit avec le substrat : c'est la fonctionnalisation de la surface, soit au sein même du film, ce qui conduit à la synthèse de nouvelles molécules. La première partie traite de la caractérisation et de la fonctionnalisation par des groupements organiques de la surface de diamant hydrogéné polycristallin. Il est en particulier montré que les électrons peuvent induire la chimisorption de groupements (CH2CN) après l'irradiation de deux monocouches d'acétonitrile CH3CN condensées sur le diamant, suivant une réaction, résonante à 2 eV pour laquelle un mécanisme est proposé. Cette étude ouvre ainsi la voie à l'utilisation des électrons de basse énergie comme vecteur de la fonctionnalisation contrôlée des surfaces. La deuxième partie concerne l'étude de la synthèse induite dans les glaces à basse température. Il est montré la formation de CO2 à partir de différents acides carboxyliques, ainsi que la synthèse de molécules plus complexes, comme l'acide aminé glycine à partir du film mixte CH3COOH:NH3 ou l'acide carbamique à partir du mélange CO2:NH3. Dans ces deux cas, un mécanisme de réaction est proposé. Cette étude montre que les électrons de basse énergie, présents en grand nombre en tant qu'électrons secondaires dans tout système condensé sous rayonnement ionisant (glaces interstellaires ou stratosphériques) peuvent jouer un rôle dans la chimie de ces milieux, en particulier dans la chimie prébiotique du milieu interstellaire.

Many researchers argue that there is a demand for a new way of teaching and learning to better equip us for the value pluralistic society we are living in. Research has shown that teachers are reluctant to teach about value pluralistic subjects. This thesis aims to study how rural Mongolian teachers view the human-nature relationship in relation to the current situation in Mongolia, characterized by economic growth and environmental issues. Ethical perspectives are applied on the teachers’ views in order to bring structure to the different ways of viewing the human-nature relationship. The study shows that the teachers’ values change depending on if they look at their personal relationship to nature or put nature in relation to society. The results prove that even though personal values are complex it is possible to bring structure to how we understand them. The result provides an example of how complex value pluralistic issues can be structured in order to enable an understanding of them. Furthermore, the thesis suggests that ethical perspectives can be used in education for sustainable development when striving for a new way of teaching and learning.

Student outcomes of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is reported to be weak and empirical studies investigating the underlying causes have been called for. School organization is pointed out as essential, which highlights the role of school leaders in realizing ESD. This study aims to identify characteristic features of ESD active school organizations, by investigating how school leaders maintain high quality in their organizations. ESD is thus studied from an internal organizational perspective. Fourteen school leaders at ten upper secondary schools, active in ESD implementation, were interviewed and qualitative data quantified. A special focus was on school leaders’ transformative statements, in response to earlier criticism that ESD implementation has been too structural. Results consist of 26 identified quality criteria. By means of cluster analysis, the quality criteria were merged into four principal quality criteria: collaborative interaction and school development, student-centred education, cooperation with local society and proactive leadership and continuity. The school leaders’ quality strategies were identified through correlation analysis of their principal quality criteria. The quality strategies reveal a difference in the schools’ internal or external focus. An analysis of the school leaders’ quality statements in relation to their quality strategy implementation indicates that ESD to a large degree is introduced from a transformative perspective. One school in the study stands out as highly transformation-oriented, and has a quality strategy combining an internal and external focus, thus making it a possible benchmark for successful ESD-implementation. The study contributes a suggestion on how a progression of ESD implementation can take place and as well as possible obstacles. / Studier om implementering av Lärande för hållbar utveckling (LHU) visar att påverkan på elevers förståelse, attityder och agerande i frågan är liten. Det finns ett behov av att empiriskt undersöka hur skolans organisation kan underlätta en mer framgångsrik LHU implementering. Rektorernas roll pekas ut som central i det arbetet, men få studier har tidigare undersökt hur rektorer arbetar med skolorganisationen. I studien undersöks generella uttryck för kvalitet som rektorer anser viktiga i skolorganisationen för att åstadkomma en utbildning med hög kvalitet. Resultaten tolkas i ljuset av skolor som aktivt implementerar LHU. Studien söker svar på vad som utmärker de skolorganisationer som aktivt arbetar med LHU. 14 rektorer på 10 LHU-skolor har intervjuats. Kvalitativ data har kvantifierats i syfte att upptäcka mönster och sammanhang. Ett speciellt fokus har ägnats åt transforamtiva uttryck, som ett svar på tidigare kritik mot att LHU implementerats allt för strukturellt inom skolan. Resultaten redovisar kvalitetskriterier som rektorerna framhåller som viktiga samt specifika fokusområden för kvalitetsarbete. Skolor i studien med hög medvetenhet om transformativa uttryck inom skolans organisation utgör grund för en diskussion om hur strategier för LHU implementering kan utformas.

With the ever-advancing technology, there is an incessant need for reliable electrochemical energy storage (EES) components that can provide desired energy and power. At the forefront of EES systems are electrochemical capacitors (ECs), also known as supercapacitors that typically have higher power and superior cycle longevity but lower energy densities than their battery counterparts. One of the routes to achieve higher energy density for ECs is using the hybrid EC configuration, which typically utilizes a redox electrode coupled with a counter double-layer type electrode. In this dissertation, both scale-up (coin-cell type) as well as scale-down (on-chip miniaturized) hybrid ECs were designed, constructed and evaluated. The first part of the dissertation comprised material identification, syntheses, and electrochemical analyses. Lithium titanate-anatase titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12-TiO2) composites were synthesized via electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) and characterized in both half-cell and full-cell assembly against lithium and nanostructured carbon based counter electrodes, respectively. The second redox type material studied for hybrid electrochemical capacitors was ESD derived manganese oxide (MnOx). The MnOx electrodes exhibited a high gravimetric capacitance of 225F g-1 in aqueous media. Further improvement in the rate handling of the MnOx electrodes was achieved by using CNT additives. The MnOx-CNT composites were tested in full-cell assembly against activated carbon counter electrodes and tested for different anode and cathode mass ratios in order to achieve the best energy-power tradeoff, which was the second major goal of the dissertation. The optimized hybrid capacitor was able to deliver a high specific energy density of 30.3 Wh kg-1 and a maximal power density of 4kW kg-1. The last part of the dissertation focused on a scale-down miniaturized hybrid microsupercapacitor; an interdigitated electrode design was adopted in order to shorten the ion-transport pathway, and MnOx and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were chosen as the redox and double layer components, respectively. The hybrid microsupercapacitor was able to deliver a high stack energy density of 1.02 mWh cm-3 and a maximal stack power density of 3.44 W cm-3, both of which are comparable with thin-film batteries and commercial supercapacitor in terms of volumetric energy and power densities.

This study tested the performance of classification, regression, and ordination techniques to evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of threats to big sagebrush ecological sites. The research was focused on invasion by annual exotic grasses and encroachment by woodlands. We sought to identify those areas that have had a persistent coverage of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) in big sagebrush ecological sites. We took advantage of the contrast in greenness between multi-temporal (within one year) remotely sensed vegetation indices captured in the spring and summer to find a distinct phenological signature that allowed mapping cheatgrass. We utilized support vector machines (SVM) to classify three temporal scenarios for which field data sets were available. SVM performed very well with accuracies of 70% (producer's) and 95% (user's) for the class of interest (presence of cheatgrass). This was the focus of chapter 2. In chapter 3 we report the development of vegetation continuous fields (VCF) for three years of interest 1996, 2001, and 2007 in order to detect active woodland encroachment. We prepared VCF for shrubs, trees, herbaceous vegetation, and bare ground using a suite of remotely sensed spectral reflectance, vegetation indices, and transformations. We compared the performance of multivariate regression trees (MRT) and random forests (RF) to develop the VCF multi-temporal series. RF outperformed MRT in both accuracy and ability to appropriately map the continuum of percent cover across large landscapes. We estimate that 17,570 hectares of big sagebrush lands showed encroachment by woodlands. Our goal in chapter 4 was to develop a similarity index for large rangeland landscapes. Trend assessments field sites and a long-term annual series (1984 - 2008) of remotely sensed imagery were used in conjunction with multidimensional scaling (MDS) to measure ecological distance to undesired states such as invasion by exotic annuals and encroachment by woodlands. In this chapter our units of analysis were soil-mapping units, which were predominantly composed of one ecological site (>60%). Our MDS results show that different ecological sites can be identified in the reduced MDS statistical space. The observed transitions and trajectories of mountain, Wyoming, and basin big sagebrush sites correlated well with the ecological expectation in semiarid lands. We anticipate that managers can use our protocols to update ecological site descriptions and state and transition models from a remotely sensed perspective.

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire visent à améliorer la méthodologie de conception et les performances des stratégies de protection contre les décharges électrostatiques (ESD) dans les circuits intégrés. Pour cela, l'approche choisie est basée sur une analyse approfondie de la physique des composants soumis aux ESD et plus particulièrement, les effets des très fortes densités de courant. L'étude, focalisée sur les transistors bipolaires autopolarisés, s'appuie sur la simulation physique 2D et l'utilisation des outils de localisation de défaillance basés sur les techniques de stimulation laser. L'analyse physique en résultant a permis d'une part, de définir des règles de dessin universelles pour l'obtention d'une robustesse ESD élevée et d'autre part, de proposer des macro-modèles de type SPICE originaux pour prendre en compte les effets des fortes densités de courant. Enfin, après avoir mis en évidence plusieurs phénomènes limitant les performances des réseaux de protection, nous avons défini une méthodologie de conception améliorée permettant de les prendre en compte et de garantir la performance des solutions de protections fournies aux concepteurs de circuits.

No description available.

Emerging "bandwidth hungry" applications such as high definition video distribution and ultra fast multimedia side-loading have extended the need for multi-gigabit wireless solutions beyond the reach of conventional WLAN technology or even more recently emerging UWB and MIMO systems. The availability of 7GHz of unlicensed bandwidth in the 60GHz spectrum, represents a unique opportunity to address such data-throughput requirements. The 60GHz Integrated CMOS digital radio chipset comprises of PHY and MAC layers, RF transceiver, High-Speed Digital Interface and an underlying Serial Communication Fabric. To have a complete communication solution compliant with the latest ECMA-369, ISO/DIS 13156 and IEEE 802.15.3c standards, we build a million gate digital implementation of MAC and PHY. The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) serves as the bridge between the higher layers in the communication stack (PAL-MAC) and the lower layers like PHY-RF Front End. The MAC module can setup the communication link on the fly by tuning parameters such as operating channel, channel bonding and bandwidth, data rates, error correction mechanisms, handshaking mechanisms, etc, by using the SPI to communicate with internal components. The SPI interface plays a crucial rule in not only this, but also during the testing and debug phase. Operation of each of the RF modules is monitored through the serial interface using local SPI slaves which are hooked up to the 4-wire serial bus running all through the chip. The SPI host controller emulates an embedded protocol analyzer. For calibration and fine tuning purposes, digital settings can also be loaded onto these modules through the SPI interface. R-2R DACs are used to convert these commands into analog voltages which then provide a tunable bias to the RF and mixed-signal modules. Other key functions of this serial communication and control interface are: Initialization of all of the RF and mixed signal modules, DC calibration of data converter, PLL and other mixed-signal modules, data acquisition, parametric tuning for digital modules such as linear equalizer, Gain Control loops (AGC, VGA), etc. Ultra high speed digital Input-Output buffers are used to provide an external data interface to the radio chipset. These high speed I/Os are also used in the gbps (gigabit-per-second) link for data transfer between the RF transceiver chip and the PHY-MAC baseband chip. The IOs are expected to comply with different signaling standards such as LVDS, SLVS200, SLVS400, etc. A robust system involves a meticulous pad ring design with proper power domains and power cuts. Full-chip integration of the digital PHY, MAC, peripheral logic and IO ring is done in a semi-custom fashion.

Les futures architectures des systèmes de communication présenteront une forte complexité due à des besoins de reconfiguration à la fois en termes de fréquence, de puissance émise et/ou reçue, de puissance consommée et de fiabilité. Une solution consiste à utiliser les MEMS RF pour obtenir ces fonctionnalités augmentées. Ces composants seront soumis à des agressions à la fois électrostatiques et/ou électromagnétiques dont il est important d'analyser et de comprendre leur impact. D'autre part la tenue en puissance de ces composants est un paramètre qualitatif de leur robustesse. Étant donné qu'ils présentent également des intérêts pour les applications spatiales, il est important de comprendre leur sensibilité face au rayonnement. Le sujet de thèse vise à analyser l'impact de ces agressions sur les paramètres fonctionnels (tensions d'actionnements, vitesse de fonctionnement, pertes d'insertion et isolation) à partir du développement d'une plateforme appropriée ainsi qu'une analyse fine des mécanismes de dégradation apparaissant suite aux stress appliqués ; tension continu, décharges électrostatiques (de type HBM ou TLP), puissance RF et rayonnement. Ces stress seront appliqués sur des composants aux architectures différentes (types de diélectrique différentes, épaisseur membrane, géométrie des dispositifs, topologie des zones d'actionnement) afin de déterminer si certaines architectures et ou filières technologiques sont plus résistantes que d'autres. Enfin, afin de valider ces travaux, il sera conçu un design plus complexe présentant des résistances aux ESD/EMI améliorées et un circuit de vieillissement de ces composants sera également proposé. Ce projet de thèse rentre dans le cadre d'un réseau d'excellence AMICOM sur les microsystèmes RF où la fiabilité a été identifiée comme étant un des enjeux majeurs pour leur intégration et commercialisation.