本研究の目的は、ESDの導入教育として、感性を基礎とした教育方法を明らかにすることである。ESDとは、環境、開発、貧困、平和、人権、ジェンダー、保健・衛生など、現代社会の持続可能な発展のための様々な課題に応えるための教育であり、対象となる範囲が幅広く、分野を横断することが特徴である。そのため、各々の分野に関する方法論は提示されているが、ESDを包括するような方法は確立されていない。本研究では、ESDの中でも環境教育を取り上げ、高等教育を対象に検討を行う。これまで環境教育において感性の重要性は述べられてきたが、その重要性にもかかわらず、教育方法について十分に論じられているとはいえない。そこで本研究では、ESDの導入教育として「感性」を基礎とした教育方法を明らかにするために、理論研究および実証研究を通じて、そのあり方を提示することとした。 / 博士(ソーシャル・イノベーション) / Doctor of Philosophy in Social Innovation / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

No description available.

Electrostatic Discharges (ESD) is a significant hazard to electronic components and systems. Based on a specific process technology, a given circuit application requires a customized ESD consideration that meets all the requirements such as the core circuit's operating condition, maximum accepted leakage current, breakdown conditions for the process and overall device sizes. In every several years, there will be a new process technology becomes mature, and most of those new technology requires custom design of effective ESD protection solution. And usually the design window will shrinks due to the evolving of the technology becomes smaller and smaller. The ESD related failure is a major IC reliability concern and results in a loss of millions dollars each year in the semiconductor industry. To emulate the real word stress condition, several ESD stress models and test methods have been developed. The basic ESD models are Human Body model (HBM), Machine Mode (MM), and Charge Device Model (CDM). For the system-level ESD robustness, it is defined by different standards and specifications than component-level ESD requirements. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61000-4-2 has been used for the product and the Human Metal Model (HMM) has been used for the system at the wafer level. Increasingly stringent design specifications are forcing original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to minimize the number of off-chip components. This is the case in emerging multifunction mobile, industrial, automotive and healthcare applications. It requires a high level of ESD robustness and the integrated circuit (IC) level, while finding ways to streamline the ESD characterization during early development cycle. To enable predicting the ESD performance of IC's pins that are directly exposed to a system-level stress condition, a new the human metal model (HMM) test model has been introduced. In this work, a new testing methodology for product-level HMM characterization is introduced. This testing framework allows for consistently identifying ESD-induced failures in a product, substantially simplifying the testing process, and significantly reducing the product evaluation time during development cycle. It helps eliminates the potential inaccuracy provided by the conventional characterization methodology. For verification purposes, this method has been applied to detect the failures of two different products. Addition to the exploration of new characterization methodology that provides better accuracy, we also have looked into the protection devices itself. ICs for emerging high performance precision data acquisition and transceivers in industrial, automotive and wireless infrastructure applications require effective and ESD protection solutions. These circuits, with relatively high operating voltages at the Input/Output (I/O) pins, are increasingly being designed in low voltage Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technologies to meet the requirements of low cost and large scale integration. A new dual-polarity SCR optimized for high bidirectional blocking voltages, high trigger current and low capacitance is realized in a sub 3-V, 180-nm CMOS process. This ESD device is designed for a specific application where the operating voltage at the I/O is larger than that of the core circuit. For instance, protecting high voltage swing I/Os in CMOS data acquisition system (DAS) applications. In this reference application, an array of thin film resistors voltage divider is directly connected to the interface pin, reducing the maximum voltage that is obtained at the core device input down to ± 1-5 V. Its ESD characteristics, including the trigger voltage and failure current, are compared against those of a typical CMOS-based SCR. Then, we have looked into the ESD protection designs into more advanced technology, the 28-nm CMOS. An ESD protection design builds on the multiple discharge-paths ESD cell concept and focuses the attention on the detailed design, optimization and realization of the in-situ ESD protection cell for IO pins with variable operation voltages. By introducing different device configurations fabricated in a 28-nm CMOS process, a greater flexibility in the design options and design trade-offs can be obtained in the proposed topology, thus achieving a higher integration and smaller cell size definition for multi-voltage compatibility interface ESD protection applications. This device is optimized for low capacitance and synthesized with the circuit IO components for in-situ ESD protection in communication interface applications developed in a 28-nm, high-k, and metal-gate CMOS technology. ESD devices have been used in different types of applications and also at different environment conditions, such as high temperature. At the last section of this research work, we have performed an investigation of several different ESD devices' performance under various temperature conditions. And it has been shown that the variations of the device structure can results different ESD performance, and some devices can be used at the high temperature and some cannot. And this investigation also brings up a potential threat to the current ESD protection devices that they might be very vulnerable to the latch-up issue at the higher temperature range.

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD), as a subset of Electrical Overstress (EOS), was reported to be in charge of more than 35% of failure in integrated circuits (ICs). Especially in the manufacturing process, the silicon wafer turns out to be a functional ICs after numerous physical, chemical and mechanical processes, each of which expose the sensitive and fragile ICs to ESD environment. In normal end-user applications, ESD from human and machine handling, surge and spike signals in the power supply, and wrong supplying signals, will probably cause severe damage to the ICs and even the whole systems. Generally, ESD protections are evaluated after wafer and even system fabrication, increasing the development period and cost if the protections cannot meet customer's requirements. Therefore, it is important to design and customize robust and area-efficient ESD protections for the ICs at the early development stage. As the technologies generally scaling down, however, ESD protection clamps remain comparable area consumption in the recent years because they provide the discharging path for the ESD energy which rarely scales down. Diode is the most simple and effective device for ESD protection in ICs, but the usage is significantly limited by its low turn-on voltage. MOS devices can be triggered by a dynamic-triggered RC circuit for IOs operating at low voltage, while the one triggered by a static-triggered network, e.g., zener-resistor circuit or grounded-gate configuration, provides a high trigger voltage for high-voltage applications. However, the relatively low current discharging capability makes MOS devices as the secondary choice. Silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) has become famous due to its high robustness and area efficiency, compared to diode and MOS. In this dissertation, a comprehensive design methodology for SCR based on simulation and measurement are presented for different advanced commercial technologies. Furthermore, an ESD clamp is designed and verified for the first time for the emerging GaN technology. For the SCR, no matter what modification is going to be made, the first concern when drawing the layout is to determine the layout geometrical style, finger width and finger number. This problem for diode and MOS device were studied in detail, so the same method was usually used in SCR. The research in this dissertation provides a closer look into the metal layout effect to the SCR, finding out the optimized robustness and minimized side-effect can be obtained by using specific layout geometry. Another concern about SCR is the relatively low turn-on speed when the IOs under protection is stressed by ESD pulses having very fast rising time, e.g., CDM and IEC 61000-4-2 pulses. On this occasion a large overshoot voltage is generated and cause damage to internal circuit component like gate oxides of MOS devices. The key determination of turn-on speed of SCR is physically investigated, followed by a novel design on SCR by directly connecting the Anode Gate and Cathode Gate to form internal trigger (DCSCR), with improved performance verified experimentally in this dissertation. The overshoot voltage and trigger voltage of the DCSCR will be significantly reduced, in return a better protection for internal circuit component is offered without scarifying neither area or robustness. Even though two SCR's with single direction of ESD current path can be constructed in reverse parallel to form bidirectional protection to pins, stand-alone bidirectional SCR (BSCR) is always desirable for sake of smaller area. The inherent high trigger voltage of BSCR that only fit in high-voltage technologies is overcome by embedding a PMOS transistor as trigger element, making it highly suitable for low-voltage ESD protection applications. More than that, this modification simultaneously introduces benefits including high robustness and low overshoot voltage. For high voltage pins, however, it presents another story for ESD designs. The high operation voltages require that a high trigger voltage and high holding voltage, so as to reduce the false trigger and latch-up risk. For several capacitive pins, the displacement current induced by a large snapback will cause severe damage to internal circuits. A novel design on SCR is proposed to minimize the snapback with adjustable trigger and holding voltage. Thanks to the additional a PIN diode, the similar high robustness and stable thermal leakage performance to SCR is maintained. For academic purpose of ESD design, it is always difficult to obtain the complete process deck in TCAD simulation because those information are highly confidential to the companies. Another challenge of using TCAD is the difficulty of maintaining the accuracy of physics models and predicting the performance of the other structures. In this dissertation a TCAD-aid ESD design methodology is used to evaluate ESD performance before the silicon shuttle. GaN is a promising material for high-voltage high-power RF application compared to the GaAs. However, distinct from GaAs, the leaky problem of the schottky junction and the lack of choice of passive/active components in GaN technology limit the ESD protection design, which will be discussed in this dissertation. However, a promising ESD protection clamp is finally developed based on depletion-mode pHEMT with adjustable trigger voltage, reasonable leakage current and high robustness.

Due to global warming, all industries must do everything they can to prevent temperature increases. In this bachelor thesis, the reader will get a description of how the marine industry is tackling the environmental problem and more precisely what a vessel can be equipped with to reduce fuel consumption.   The thesis deals with how different energy saving devices (ESD) affect the propulsion efficiency of a chemtanker sailing on the sea. The thesis will address the following three different concept: Pre-swirl stator, Pre-swirl duct, Pre-duct. The work will step-by-step describe the different optimization parameters that need to be adjusted and what impact these parameters have on the wake field of the propeller plane.  The work addresses some different devices that will reduce the fuel consumption of ships and that these devices not only reduce fuel consumption, but also have a positive impact on cavitation. The result of this thesis was that ESD will reduce the power needed to reach the desired speed of the vessel and after post-processing was made, the best result, which was Pre-swirl stator, showed an energy saving percentage of as much as 3.15% and the risk of cavity occurring at the propeller tip was also reduced.

Arbetet är skrivet i syfte att undersöka hur lärare undervisar i hållbar utveckling i lågstadiet med fokus på miljöfrågor. Undersökningen utgår från frågor om vilket undervisningsinnehåll lärare väljer för att undervisa i området för hållbar utveckling i lågstadiet och vilken undervisning lärare upplever sig ha förmåga att bedriva inom hållbar utveckling i lågstadiet. Arbetet söker ett generellt perspektiv på lärares beprövade erfarenhet av hållbar utveckling i svenska skolor. Studien hade ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt via en enkätundersökning och för att analysera datan användes SPSS ett analysprogram samt ett pragmatiskt vetenskaplig perspektiv. Resultaten i undersökningen visar att lärare de flesta lärare som undervisar om hållbar utveckling använder ämnesinnehåll utifrån den ekologiska dimensionen. Därtill visade resultatet att lärare upplever sig ha mer kunskap i den ekologiska dimensionen än resterande dimensioner och deras syn på sin ämneskunskap var beroende av deras arbetserfarenhet. Till exempel upplevde lärare med längre arbetserfarenhet att de hade mer kunskap för att undervisa om hållbar utveckling i lågstadiet än de lärare med kortare erfarenhet. Ett annat resultat visade att lärare känner sig säkra i vilka pedagogiska metoder de kan använda i undervisningen och att undervisningsinnehållet som lärare beskrev skedde både genom praktiska och teoretiska metoder. Ytterligare ett resultat visade att lärare upplever sin undervisning bidra till att eleverna utför aktiva handlingar i skolans kontext.

Over the last few decades, the susceptibility of integrated circuits to electrostatic discharge (ESD) induced damages has justified the use of dedicated on-chip protection circuits. Design of robust protection circuits remains a challenging task because ESD failure mechanisms have become more acute as device dimensions continue to shrink. A lack of understanding of the ESD phenomena coupled with the increased sensitivity of smaller devices and time-to-market demands has led to a trial-and-error approach to ESD-protected circuit design. Improved analysis capabilities and a systematic design approach are essential to accomplish the challenging task of providing adequate protection to core circuit(s). The design of ESD protection circuitry for RFIC's has been relatively slow to evolve, compared to their digital counterparts, and is now emerging as a new design challenge in RF and high-speed mixed-signal IC development. Sub-circuits which are not embedded in a single System-on-Chip (SOC), such as RF Power amplifiers (PAs), are of particular concern as they are more susceptible to the various ESD events. This thesis presents the development of integrated ESD protection circuitry for two RFIC Power Amplifier designs. A prototype PA for 2.4 GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications was redesigned to provide protection to the RF input and the PA Control pins. A relatively new technique known as the L-C tank approach was used to protect the RFinput while a standard diode ring approach was used to protect the control line. The protection techniques studied were subsequently extended to a completely protected three-stage PA targeting 1.9 GHz Digitally Enhanced Cordless Telephone (DECT) applications. An on-chip shunt-L-series-C input matching network was used to provide ESD protection to the input pin of the DECT PA. A much more area efficient (as compared to the diode ring technique) Zener diode approach was used to protect the control and signal lines. The PA's RF performance was virtually unaffected by the addition of the protection circuits. Both PAs were designed in a commercially available 0.5 ìm SiGe-HBT process. The partially protected WLAN PA was fabricated and packaged in a 3mm x 3mm Fine Pitch Quad Flat Package FQFP-N 12 Lead package and had a measured ESD protection rating of ± 1kV standard Human Body Model (HBM) ESD test. The simulated DECT PA demonstrated +1.5kV/-4kV HBM performance. / Master of Science

År 2003 utnämnde UNESCO årtiondet 2005-2014 till decenniet för utbildning i hållbar utveckling och även andra internationella och nationella beslut togs för att föra in utbildning för hållbar utveckling (Education for Sustainable Development) i skolans alla ämnen. ESD syftar till att eleven ska utveckla sin förmåga att kritiskt granska olika såväl ekologiska, sociala och ekonomiska perspektiv samt kunna ta ställning till dessa genom ett aktivt deltagande i olika demokratiska processer för att stödja hållbar utveckling. Forskning på området har dock visat att integreringen i skolans alla ämnen inte har fungerat på det sätt det har varit avsett. Denna uppsats syftar till att ta reda på om ESD förekommer inom engelskaundervisningen på gymnasienivå (inom Skaraborgs län). Den försöker också att identifiera vilka hinder och möjligheter det kan finnas för att arbeta med ESD i engelska A/B. Detta har gjorts utifrån en teoretisk litteraturstudie och en semistrukturerad enkätundersökning. Frågeformulär skickades ut till alla engelskalärare på tre gymnasieskolor i länet. De viktigaste resultaten som framkom var att ett av de största hindren för att arbeta med ESD i engelska var bristande kännedom om både skolans uppdrag gällande ESD, men också om vad begreppet innebär innehållsmässigt och didaktiskt. Även litteraturen speglar fortfarande uppfattningen att ESD till största del handlar om miljöfrågor och det finns mycket få praktiska råd vad gäller ESD i språkundervisningen. Det framkom dock framförallt att det verkar finnas stora möjligheter för att föra in ESD i engelskaämnet, eftersom det finns både intresse och motivation för detta bland majoriteten av de tillfrågade lärarna. / In 2003 UNESCO proclaimed the years 2005-2014 as a global decade of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Likewise other resolutions stated that ESD should be integrated in all school subjects. ESD focuses on developing the students’ ability to critically examine different ecological, social and economical perspectives and to participate actively in democratic processes in order to support sustainable development. Nevertheless, research has shown that the integration of ESD into all subjects has not been accomplished successfully. This degree project aims at examining if ESD occurs in English language lessons at three Swedish upper secondary schools. It also attempts to identify which impediments and possibilities there might exist for working with ESD in English lessons. This has been done by a literary review and a semi-structured questionnaire. An inquiry form was sent to all English teachers at the schools mentioned above. The most important results derived from this study were: Firstly, one of the biggest obstacles for working with ESD in English lessons was insufficient knowledge about UNESCO’s and the Swedish Education System’s commission as well as insufficient knowledge about what the concept ESD implies, both on a content level and on a didactical level. Secondly, literature reflected the common misconception that ESD is primarily concerned with environmental issues and modern research did not provide much information about how to teach ESD within language lessons. Above all, though, the results showed that one very important condition for integrating ESD into English lessons is fulfilled, since the majority of the teachers involved in this study seemed to be motivated to do so.

Die experimentelle Charakterisierung von Phasengleichgewichten (Flüssigkeit-Dampf und Flüssigkeit-Flüssigkeit) erfolgte in binären und ternären Systemen aus aromatischen bzw. aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, Phenolen und Wasser. Die Trübungstitration diente der Bestimmung von Flüssigkeit-Flüssigkeit-Gleichgewichten, auftretende koexistierende flüssige Phasen wurden analytisch charakterisiert. Mit Hilfe der dynamischen Methode erfolgte die Bestimmung der Flüssigkeit-Dampf-Gleichgewichte. Die Modellierung der binären Systeme und die Vorausberechnung der ternären Systeme erfolgten mit den Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodellen NRTL und UNIQUAC. Weiterhin wurden die Berechnungen mit der von Elliott, Suresh und Donohue entwickelten Zustandsgleichung (ESD) durchgeführt, welche einen die assoziierenden Wechselwirkungen berücksichtigenden Term beinhaltet. Ferner wurden mit der Gruppenbeitragsmethode UNIFAC die untersuchten binären und ternären Systeme vorausberechnet. Beide Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodelle können bei der simultanen Modellierung der verfügbaren Phasengleichgewichtsdaten für nahezu alle betrachteten binären Systeme mit sehr guten Ergebnissen überzeugen. Bei der Modellierung mit der Zustandsgleichung ESD müssen deutlich höhere Abweichungen akzeptiert werden. Die Ergebnisse der Modellierung der binären Systeme lassen sich nicht adäquat auf die Vorausberechnung der ternären Systeme übertragen. UNIQUAC Modell und Zustandsgleichung ESD zeigen im Mittel die geringsten Unterschiede zwischen vorausberechneten und experimentellen Phasengleichgewichten. Deutlich höhere Abweichungen treten im Mittel bei Verwendung des NRTL Modells bzw. der Gruppenbeitragsmethode UNIFAC auf. Die Annahme, mit Hilfe der expliziten Berücksichtigung der Assoziation mit Zustandsgleichung ESD eine deutliche Verbesserung bei der Vorausberechnung entsprechender Phasengleichgewichten zu erzielen, konnte lediglich für Flüssigkeit-Flüssigkeit-Gleichgewichte in Systemen mit aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen bestätigt werden. / The experimental characterizations of phase equilibria (vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid) were determined in binary and ternary systems containing aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols and water. Liquid-liquid equilibria were measured by turbidity titration. The compositions of coexisting phases were determined with analytic methods. The vapor-liquid equilibria were determined by the dynamic method. The correlation of the binary systems and the prediction of the ternary systems were performed with the activity coefficient models NRTL and UNIQUAC. Furthermore the calculations were realized with an equation of state (ESD) developed by Elliott, Suresh and Donohue, which contain a term for association. Additional predictions of investigated binary and ternary systems were performed with the group contribution method UNIFAC. Both activity coefficient models convinced with satisfactory results by the simultaneously correlation of the available equilibria data for almost all investigated binary systems. The correlations with the ESD equation of state were performed with higher deviations. A transfer of the results of the binary correlations into the ternary predictions is not possible. The UNIQUAC model and the ESD equation of state performed on average with minor deviations between predicted and experimental phase equilibria. Higher deviations were calculated using the NRTL model respectively the group contribution method UNIFAC. Only liquid-liquid equilibria in systems contain aliphatic hydrocarbons indicates improved prediction results based on the consideration of the association.

<p>År 2003 utnämnde UNESCO årtiondet 2005-2014 till decenniet för utbildning i hållbar utveckling och även andra internationella och nationella beslut togs för att föra in utbildning för hållbar utveckling (Education for Sustainable Development) i skolans alla ämnen. ESD syftar till att eleven ska utveckla sin förmåga att kritiskt granska olika såväl ekologiska, sociala och ekonomiska perspektiv samt kunna ta ställning till dessa genom ett aktivt deltagande i olika demokratiska processer för att stödja hållbar utveckling. Forskning på området har dock visat att integreringen i skolans alla ämnen inte har fungerat på det sätt det har varit avsett. Denna uppsats syftar till att ta reda på om ESD förekommer inom engelskaundervisningen på gymnasienivå (inom Skaraborgs län). Den försöker också att identifiera vilka hinder och möjligheter det kan finnas för att arbeta med ESD i engelska A/B. Detta har gjorts utifrån en teoretisk litteraturstudie och en semistrukturerad enkätundersökning. Frågeformulär skickades ut till alla engelskalärare på tre gymnasieskolor i länet. De viktigaste resultaten som framkom var att ett av de största hindren för att arbeta med ESD i engelska var bristande kännedom om både skolans uppdrag gällande ESD, men också om vad begreppet innebär innehållsmässigt och didaktiskt. Även litteraturen speglar fortfarande uppfattningen att ESD till största del handlar om miljöfrågor och det finns mycket få praktiska råd vad gäller ESD i språkundervisningen. Det framkom dock framförallt att det verkar finnas stora möjligheter för att föra in ESD i engelskaämnet, eftersom det finns både intresse och motivation för detta bland majoriteten av de tillfrågade lärarna.</p> / <p>In 2003 UNESCO proclaimed the years 2005-2014 as a global decade of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Likewise other resolutions stated that ESD should be integrated in all school subjects. ESD focuses on developing the students’ ability to critically examine different ecological, social and economical perspectives and to participate actively in democratic processes in order to support sustainable development. Nevertheless, research has shown that the integration of ESD into all subjects has not been accomplished successfully. This degree project aims at examining if ESD occurs in English language lessons at three Swedish upper secondary schools. It also attempts to identify which impediments and possibilities there might exist for working with ESD in English lessons. This has been done by a literary review and a semi-structured questionnaire. An inquiry form was sent to all English teachers at the schools mentioned above. The most important results derived from this study were: Firstly, one of the biggest obstacles for working with ESD in English lessons was insufficient knowledge about UNESCO’s and the Swedish Education System’s commission as well as insufficient knowledge about what the concept ESD implies, both on a content level and on a didactical level. Secondly, literature reflected the common misconception that ESD is primarily concerned with environmental issues and modern research did not provide much information about how to teach ESD within language lessons. Above all, though, the results showed that one very important condition for integrating ESD into English lessons is fulfilled, since the majority of the teachers involved in this study seemed to be motivated to do so.</p>