No description available.

Il est désormais clairement établi que la vélocité de croissance dans les premiers mois de la vie influence le risque d’apparition de maladies métaboliques, telles que l’obésité à l’âge adulte. L’un des mécanismes sous-jacents à cette programmation néonatale pourrait mettre en jeu des perturbations de l’environnement hormonal périnatal pendant des périodes critiques du développement. Cette hypothèse repose sur des travaux réalisés au laboratoire montrant que pendant le développement postnatal, des hormones telles que la ghréline et la leptine peuvent influencer le développement des circuits neuronaux impliqués dans la régulation de la prise alimentaire à l’âge adulte. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif général de ce travail de thèse a été de définir les médiateurs hormonaux par lesquels l’environnement nutritionnel périnatal peut influencer le développement de maladies métaboliques à l’âge adulte. Une attention particulière a été portée à la contribution de la ghréline et de la leptine.Pour induire une surnutrition postnatale, nous avons utilisé un modèle murin de surnutrition postnatale induit par la réduction de la taille de portées. Au troisième jour de vie post-natale, les portées ont été réduites à 3 petits (SL) pour induire une suralimentation et les portées contrôles ont conservé 7 petits. Comparées aux souris NL, les souris SL présentent un gain de poids rapide pendant la lactation, et présentent un surpoids à l'âge adulte même sous régime de nourriture standard. A l’âge adulte, les souris SL ont une adiposité et une glycémie à jeun plus élevée. Sous régime « obésogène » les souris SL présentent également une prise de poids et de graisse plus importante que les souris NL. La première partie de ces travaux a été dédiée à l’étude de la nutrition périnatale sur le développement du système ghrélinergique. Les souris SL présentent des taux réduits de ghréline total et active pedant la troisième semaine de vie post-natale. Ces diminutions des taux de ghréline sont associées à une diminution de l’expression de ghreline dans l'estomac. La normalisation de la ghrélinémie ne parvient pas à restaurer un phénotype métabolique normale chez les souris SL ce qui suggère que les souriceaux SL présenteraient une résistance a la ghréline. En accord avec cette hypothèse, les souriceaux SL présente une atténuation de la réponse centrale suite à l’injection périphérique de ghréline. Les mécanismes sous-jacents à cette résistance à la ghréline semblent mettre en jeu un défaut de transport de l’hormone via les tanycytes de l’éminence médiane. La seconde partie de mon travail de thèse a consisté à étudier l’importance de la leptine dans la programmation nutritionnelle. Etant connu que les souris SL présent des taux anormalement élevés de leptine pendant la deuxième semaine de vie postnatale, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que le blocage partiel de la leptine chez les souris SL pourrait avoir des effets bénéfiques sur le métabolisme de ces souris. Les animaux injectés néonatalement avec l’antagoniste de la leptine ne présentent pas de différences de poids par rapport aux animaux contrôles. En revanche, l’injection de l’antagoniste de la leptine chez les souriceaux SL induit une amélioration de leur masse grasse et une normalisation de leur glycémie. Cette amélioration du phénotype métabolique des souris SL est associée à un rétablissement de la sensibilité centrale à l’hormone leptine.Ainsi, les travaux réalisés au cours de ce doctorat confortent l’importance de l’environnement hormonal périnatal, en particulier de la ghéline et de la leptine, dans la programmation nutritionnelle. / Rapid weight gain after birth is associated with increased risk of metabolic disease in adulthood. This metabolic malprogramming may be mediated by endocrine disturbances during critical periods of development. Several hormones that act on hypothalamic feeding circuits in adulthood to regulate energy homeostasis, such as leptin and ghrelin, are also involved in the postnatal development of these circuits. Previous studies have shown that leptin promotes the growth of axons from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus(ARH), whereas ghrelin inhibits arcuate axon growth. The aim of this thesis was to study whether accelerated growth during early postnatal life is associated with alterations in the ghrelin and leptin systems during postnatal development. Our general objective was also to examine the relative contribution of ghrelin and leptin in the metabolic malprogramming associated with neonatal overnutrition. To manipulate nutrient intake specifically during postnatal (pre-weaning) life, we manipulated litter size on postnatal day 3 by randomly distributing pups among mothers such that small litters (overfed) had 3 pups and normal litters (normal fed) had 7 pups. SL pups gained substantially more weight than NL pups during lactation, and remained overweight throughout adulthood on a standard chow diet. Adult SL mice displayed increased adiposity and and elevated fasting glucose levels. Adult SL mice also gained more weight and fat when exposed to an obesogenic diet. During postnatal development, SL pups displayed reduced total and active circulating ghrelin levels compared to NL pups, particularly during the third week postnatal week. This was associated with decreased stomach expression of ghrelin in the third postnatal week. Normalization of hypoghrelinemia in overnourished pups is relatively ineffective in ameliorating metabolic outcomes, suggesting that SL pups may present ghrelin resistance. Consistent with this idea, pups raised in small litters displayed an impaired central response to peripheral ghrelin. The mechanisms underlying this ghrelin resistance include diminished ghrelin transport into the brain.In addition to marked changes in ghrelin levels, neonatally overnourished pups also display a marked increase in circulating leptin levels during early postnatal life. To investigate whether these abnormally high levels in circulating leptin levels might be causally involved in the central leptin resistance and metabolic programming, we used a competitive leptin antagonist to partially block leptin action in SL and NL mice between P6 and 16, i.e. when when endogenous leptin levels are high in SL mice. Neonatal injection of the leptin antagonist had no effect on postnatal growth or adult body weight. However, SL pups treated with the leptin antagonist displayed a marked reduction in adult fat mass and normalized glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Previous studies reported that SL exhibit early central leptin resistance. Remarkably, pretreatment with leptin antagonist significantly increased leptin-induced pSTAT3 levels in the ARH of SL pups, suggesting that neonatal leptin antagonism may normalize metabolic programming in neonatally overnourished mice by enhancing central leptin sensitivity. Together our data show that early postnatal nutrition influence the pattern of secretion of metabolic hormones and their ability to act on hypothalamic regions involved in appetite regulation. These hormonal alterations may contribute to the metabolic defects observed in subject exposed to overnutrition during early life.

Le développement de nouvelles stratégies de prise en charge de la MAP constitue un enjeu important de Santé Publique, la seule stratégie disponible reposant sur l’inhibition des contractions utérines par les tocolytiques. Bien que les mécanismes physiopathologiques de la MAP restent mal élucidés, il a été établi que l’induction du travail s’accompagne d’une transition des cellules myométriales d’une phase proliférative vers une phase contractile. Dans nos travaux, nous nous sommes intéressés aux effets de la leptine sur la prolifération et la différenciation des cellules myométriales. Nous avons mis en évidence que la leptine est capable d’induire une prolifération cellulaire, associée ou non à l’induction d’une signalisation pro-inflammatoire. En effet, nous avons démontré que la leptine à 50 ng/ml est capable d’activer la voie pro-inflammatoire IL-6R/NFkB, jouant un rôle dans la mise en route du travail alors que la leptine à 6.25 ng/ml stimule la voie OB-R/ERK1/2, en faveur de la prolifération. De plus, des résultats préliminaires ont suggéré que la leptine à 6.25 ng/ml est capable de s’opposer à la différenciation des cellules myométriales alors que la leptine à 50 ng/ml induit une réorganisation du cytosquelette, une synthèse des protéines COX2 et Cx43, ainsi qu’une augmentation de l’influx calcique, étapes indispensables à la genèse de contractions. Ce travail apporte un argument supplémentaire en faveur d’un potentiel rôle de la leptine dans la prévention de la MAP, en maintenant les cellules dans un état prolifératif et en s’opposant à leur différenciation. De plus, ce travail fournit de nouvelles informations quant à la compréhension des différents troubles de l’accouchement observés chez les femmes obèses – dépassements de terme ou accouchements prématurés - ayant été mise en évidence. / Maternal obesity is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse pregnancy outcomes leading to higher rates of postdate pregnancies or preterm deliveries. Finding new strategies for the management of the Threat of Preterm Labor (TPL) is an important Public Health issue. Indeed, the only available strategy (tocolytic drugs) inhibiting uterine contractions, does not allow delaying parturition for more than 48 hours. The physio-pathological mechanisms leading to TPL remain poorly understood, but it has been shown that labor onset is associated with a phenotypic switch of myometrial smooth muscle cell from a proliferative to a contractile phenotype. In this work, we investigated the effect of leptin, an adipokine synthesized by the placenta during pregnancy and that has been proposed for the management of preterm labor, as it is able to prevent in vitro uterine contractility, on human myometrial cell proliferation and differentiation. In this work, we demonstrated that leptin induces myometrial proliferation, with or without the induction of pro-inflammatory signaling. Indeed, we highlight that leptin at 50ng/ml is able to activate IL-6R/NFkB pro-inflammatory pathway described to play a role in the onset of labor while leptin at 6.25 ng/ml stimulates OB-R/ERK1/2 signaling pathway, leading to proliferation. In addition, preliminary results on cell differentiation have suggested that leptin at 6.25ng/ml is able to oppose this transition, whereas leptin at 50ng/ml induces cytoskeletal reorganization, COX2 and Cx43 protein expression and increased calcium influx, leading to effective myometrial contractions. Finally, this work emphasizes the potential value of leptin in the pharmacological management of TPL and it also strengthens the hypothesis that leptin might be a contributory factor in the delivery disorders observed in obese women.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of various metabolic, hormonal and immunological risk factors that cluster together, closely related to poorly understood phenomena such a hyperinsulinaemia (insulin resistance), hyperleptinaemia (leptin resistance), a low grade, systemic and chronic inflammation and, in males, hypogonadism. Infertility is increasing globally, and male factor infertility accounts for a large percentage of couples who are not able to conceive. The relationship between components of MetS and male reproductive health is not clear, and requires further investigation, as does the impact of MetS on male reproductive health in a case controlled study. The impact of hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and inflammatory cytokines on the male reproductive tract also requires investigation. Furthermore, it is hypothesised that these phenomena negatively impact steroidogenesis cascades. In order to investigate this, a case controlled study and TM3 Leydig cell culture experiments were designed.Participants were recruited from public advertisements, and screened for strict exclusion criteria, including acute or chronic inflammation, hormonal treatments, vasectomy and leukocytospermia (> 106/ml). Following clinical diagnostics, 78 males were either placed into a control group (CG) or the MetS group, with numerous parameters compared between them. Serum was assayed for routine risk markers including HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and C-reactive protein (CRP). Saliva was assayed for free testosterone and progesterone. Semen samples underwent semen analysis for ejaculation volume, sperm concentration and motility, vitality, morphology and leukocyte concentration, in addition to mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and DNA fragmentation (DF). Both serum and seminal fluid were further assayed for insulin, leptin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF ) and interleukins 1-beta (IL1 ), 6 (IL6) and 8 (IL8). Glucose was also assayed in seminal fluid. Separately, hCG stimulated TM3 Leydig cells were exposed to varying concentrations of insulin (0.01, 0.1, 1 & 10 pg/ml), TNF , IL1 , IL6 and IL8 (0.1, 1, 10 & 100 pg/ml) for 48 hours at optimal cell culture conditions. TM3 cell viability, protein concentration and testosterone and progesterone concentrations were assessed.XXII Results indicated that males in the MetS group (n=34) had significantly increased body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, glucose, and Creactive protein (CRP) with decreased HDL cholesterol, as compared to the CG. Furthermore, ejaculation volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, progressive and total motility were significantly decreased in the MetS group, and sperm with abnormal MMP and DF were increased in this group. No difference was found for morphology. Serum and seminal insulin, leptin, TNF , IL1 , IL6 and IL8 were all significantly increased in the MetS group. Both testosterone and progesterone were also significantly decreased in the MetS group. Insulin increased testosterone and decreased progesterone in the TM3 cells. TNF , IL1 and IL6 all decreased testosterone and progesterone concentrations and TM3 cell viability. IL8 increased TM3 cell viability and decreased progesterone, will no effect on testosterone. These results suggest MetS is associated with decreased fertility potential in males. Furthermore, a significant increase in seminal insulin, leptin, TNF , IL1 , IL6 and IL8 suggests local reproductive tract inflammation in the absence of leukocytospermia. Strong correlations between serum and seminal insulin, leptin, TNF , IL1 , IL6 and IL8, as well as serum CRP, imply that these systemic phenomenons are related to the reproductive tract changes observed. Therefore, the underlying pathophysiology of MetS negatively affects male reproduction, in addition to general health and wellbeing. A decrease in progesterone and testosterone suggests a collapse in steroidogenesis cascades. Additionally, inflammation, increased leptin and insulin resistance likely contribute to this collapse in steroidogenesis based on TM3 cell culture experiments. These results provide novel avenues for further investigations.

La nutrition au cours de la période postnatale précoce programme l’activité de l’axe somatotrope à l’âge adulte (GH/IGF-1). Une altération de la nutrition chez les souriceaux au cours de la lactation altère la croissance staturo-pondérale de façon permanente et augmente leurs susceptibilités à développer des pathologies cardio-métaboliques à l’âge adulte. La restriction au cours de la lactation induit une diminution des taux plasmatiques en IGF-1 et en leptine. Ceci est associé à une diminution transitoire de l’innervation de l’éminence médiane par les neurones GHRH, ce qui induit une hypoplasie hypophysaire permanente en cellules somatotropes. Durant ma thèse, j’ai étudié l’impact de la nutrition périnatale sur la mise en place de l’axe somatotrope, notamment les mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation du développement des neurones GHRH. Les cultures d’explants de noyaux arqués issus de souriceaux normalement nourris indiquent que l’IGF-1 stimule de façon préférentielle la croissance axonale des neurones GHRH par l'intermédiaire des voies PI3K/AKT et MAPK. La leptine présenterait quant à elle un effet plus global sur les neurones du noyau arqué, stimulant la croissance axonale des neurones GHRH et des neurones orexigène à NPY/AgRP. Les neurones GHRH issus de souris restreintes sont quant à eux résistants à la stimulation de la croissance axonale par l’IGF-1 ou la leptine. Concernant l’IGF-I, cette résistance est associée à une altération des capacités de phosphorylation de la voie PI3K/AKT, tandis que celles de l’IGF-1R et de la voie MAPK ne sont pas altérées. / Nutrition during lactation programs the activity of the somatotropic axis (GH/IGF-1). Alteration of nutrition during the early postnatal period in mice induces increased susceptibility to develop cardiovascular and metabolic pathologies later in life. Nutritional restriction during lactation permanently alters growth of mice. Ten days old restricted pups present decreased plasmatic level of IGF-1 and Leptin. They also present a transient alteration of median eminence innervation by GHRH neurons, which induce a permanent somatotroph cells (GH) hypoplasia in pituitary. The aim of my thesis was to study the impact of nutrition during the perinatal period on the programming of the somatotropic axis, notably the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of GHRH neuronal development. In vitro cultures of arcuate nucleus explants of hypothalamus from normally fed pups indicate that IGF-1 preferentially stimulates axonal growth of GHRH neurons by its signaling pathways PI3K/AKT and MAPK. Leptin present a more global effect and is able to stimulate axonal growth of arcuate nucleus neurons, including GHRH and AgRP neurons. GHRH neurons from restricted pups are resistant to the stimulation of axonal growth by IGF-1 or leptin. Regarding IGF-1, this resistance is associated with an alteration of phosphorylation capacities of the PI3K/AKT pathway, whereas those from IGF-1R and MAPK are not altered.

La leptine est une hormone peptidique ayant une action sur de nombreux tissus. Une dérégulation de la sécrétion de cette hormone est observée au cours de l’obésité. L’obésité est fréquemment associée à des troubles de santé dont les principaux sont le diabète de type II, l’hypertension artérielle et les maladies cardiovasculaires. Elle est également un facteur de risque du cancer du sein, particulièrement en post-ménopause favorisant la récidive et augmentant la mortalité. Ces perturbations, associées à un état de stress oxydant défini par un excès de production des espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ERO) par rapport aux systèmes de défense antioxydants, pourraient avoir un impact majeur dans le risque de carcinogenèse chez le sujet obèse. Il est clairement établi aujourd’hui que le statut oxydatif des cellules est directement corrélé aux capacités de prolifération mais aussi de survie des cellules dans leur environnement. A ce jour, très peu de données existent concernant le rôle de la leptine dans la modulation du statut oxydatif des cellules épithéliales mammaires saines et tumorales. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier d'abord les mécanismes d’action et les effets de la leptine sur le statut oxydatif et inflammatoire des cellules épithéliales mammaires saines et néoplasiques ; puis dans un deuxième temps, une étude expérimentale a été conduite pour caractériser in vivo l’impact de l’obésité associée ou non à l’activité physique sur la croissance tumorale et le statut oxydatif et inflammatoire des tumeurs. Le projet avait également pour but de mettre en œuvre une nouvelle technique d’analyse basée sur la détection de fluorescence native induite par excitation laser à 224 nm afin d’évaluer la production de composés bio-actifs de la famille des éicosanoïdes, dont les isoprostanes, impliqués dans le processus inflammatoire. Nous avons exploré in vitro l’impact de la leptine sur le statut oxydatif des cellules épithéliales mammaires. Cette étude nous a permis d’établir que la réponse au signal leptinique varie en fonction du statut néoplasique de la lignée considérée, en fonction du temps de contact et non de la dose testée. Ensuite, nous avons étudié l’impact de l’obésité associée ou non à l’activité physique sur la croissance tumorale et sur le statut oxydatif et inflammatoire des tumeurs à l’aide d’un modèle de souris âgées C57BL/6 nourries avec un régime hyper-lipidique (HL) pendant 14 semaines, et hébergées soit dans un environnement enrichi (EE) pour favoriser l’activité physique et les interactions sociales, soit dans un environnement standard pendant 8 semaines, après quoi des cellules syngéniques de tumeur mammaire EO771 ont été implantées dans les quatrièmes coussinets adipeux mammaires. In vitro, la leptine a stimulé la production de ROS de façon indépendante de la dose et cette augmentation était dépendante de la production d'O2 cytosolique. Les résultats montrent une augmentation significative du poids dans les groupes recevant le régime HL à prise alimentaire journalière identique. La composition corporelle à 8 semaines montre une prise de masse grasse significative sous régime HL, majorée par l’ovariectomie et partiellement limitée par l’activité physique. Après implantation des tumeurs, le régime HL favorise la croissance tumorale et la perte de l’activité locomotrice. Par contre, l’EE prévient la perte d’activité physique des animaux. L’ensemble de ces travaux montre que la leptine contribue à l’apparition d’un stress oxydant en lien avec le statut tumoral des cellules épithéliales mammaires. Ceci peut expliquer en partie l’augmentation du risque de cancer mammaire associée à l’obésité en post-ménopause. Ces résultats permettront d'objectiver le bénéfice d'une intervention nutritionnelle ciblée afin de moduler la réponse des cellules aux stimulations des adipokines. A terme, cette étude doit contribuer à mieux comprendre l’intégration des signaux issus de l’environnement cellulaire. / Obesity is now considered, as a risk factor for developing breast cancer in postmenopausal women and for mortality in response to this pathology. Obesity, which is frequently associated with hyperleptinemia, induces cellular signalling pathways, some of which involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) as intracellular messengers. High levels of ROS contribute to oxidative stress, cellular damages and pathogenesis. Therefore, ROS production associated to obesity could be a major risk factor for mammary carcinogenesis. Furthermore, increased oxidative stress and inflammation characterised by infiltration of immune cells into adipocytes are described. This is associated with a lipid peroxidation and the production of bio-active compounds including isoprostanes.The aim of this study was to determine the impact of leptin in modulating the oxidative and inflammatory status of epithelial mammary cells and in tumor mammary tissue. Moreover, the purpose of this work was to develop a new analysis technique based on native fluorescence detection induced by laser excitation at 224 nm to evaluate the production of bio-active compounds from the family of eicosanoids, involved in the inflammatory process, including isoprostanes.Initially we identified in vitro the leptin effects on ROS production in 3 human epithelial mammary cell models which present different neoplastic status (healthy primary (HMEC) cells, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) in presence of two leptin concentrations (10 ng/ml close to physiological values, 100 ng/ml as obesity level). To better understand the potential involvement of adipocyte tumor microenvironment in mammary carcinogenesis, we secondly explored in vivo the impact of high fat diet (HFD) and of enriched environment (EE) on mammary tumor development. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed with a HFD versus a normo-caloric diet (NC) for 14 weeks. After 8 weeks mammary tumor syngeneic cells EO771 were implanted into the fourth mammary fat pads. Before injection, mice were housed in EE or in standard environment (ES) for 8 weeks. In vitro, leptin stimulated ROS production in dose-independent manner and this increase was dependent of cytosolic O2•- production. This ROS production contributed to a different antioxidative response depending of the neoplastic cell status. Leptin induced the antioxidative enzymes expression and activities such as heme-oxygenase or glutathione peroxidase only in HMEC cells. In neoplastic cells, these enzyme activities did not change whatever the leptin concentration used.Thus, high fat diet promoted mammary tumor development associated with a decrease in body fat and an increase in volume and weight of tumors that was not limited by physical activity. This diet induced a decrease of adiponectin and an increase of leptin plasma level compared to NC diet however, leptinemia was not influenced by EE.The native fluorescence isoprostanes determination method, turned out not to be quite sensitive. Therefore, the native fluorescence of these compounds is too low to allow their detection in biological media used. In contrast, the native fluorescence appears to be a potential cellular exploration tool.Through this work, we have shown that leptin contributes to the onset of oxidative stress linked to the status of mammary epithelial tumor cells. This may partly explained the increase of risk of breast cancer recurrence observed in situations of obesity. The results obtained in vivo eventually will support the benefit of a nutrition intervention to modulate cell response to adipokines stimulation. Ultimately, this study contributes to better understand the integration of signals from the cell environment.

Being able to effectively match energy intake to energy expenditure (EE) is an important aspect in preventing weight re-gain in the post-obese. Although it is generally agreed upon that resting EE decreases concomitantly with weight loss, there is no set standard comparing the deviations with differing weight loss protocols and additionally, controversy remains as to whether this decrease is greater than can predicted. In order to address these issues 2977 subjects were analyzed using a systematic review and the differences of both the protocol and length of various interventions in addition to sex were compared. Next, data was selected from this systematic review and 815 subjects were analyzed for weight loss-induced changes in resting EE, FM and FFM. Another subgroup of studies (n = 1450) was analyzed and compared against the Harris-Benedict prediction equation to determine whether the changes in resting EE were greater than what was expected. Finally, in order to determine which factors may be involved in regulating changes in resting EE during weight loss, a secondary analysis was performed on 28 post-menopausal women (age= 50.4 ± 2.0 yrs; BMI= 32.4 ± 5.2 kg/m²) who were submitted to a 6-month caloric restriction. Body composition (DXA), resting EE (indirect calorimetry), physical activity EE (PAEE) and total EE (TEE) (doubly-labelled water) were measured before and after the 6 month weight loss. Blood samples were collected before and after to measure leptin and peptide YY. The results indicate that there was indeed a depression in resting EE during weight loss regardless of the type of intervention utilized. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the changes could not fully be explained by changes of FM and FFM alone and that leptin may be an important contributor to the changes of resting EE during weight loss.

Orientador: Eduardo Rochete Ropelle / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T08:41:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_VagnerRamonRodrigues_M.pdf: 4649552 bytes, checksum: 7f2da3d7826eb50aa18465d79242f6d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A ingestão alimentar e o gasto energético são minuciosamente regulados por neurônios específicos localizados no hipotálamo. Durante as duas últimas décadas, a localização dos receptores da leptina em núcleos hipotalâmicos, bem como a descrição da via de transmissão intracelular disparado por este hormônio em neurônios hipotalâmicos, foi determinante para o entendimento do controle da ingestão alimentar e do gasto energético. Cada vez mais os distúrbios alimentares associados a doenças como obesidade são relacionados à disfunções na transmissão do sinal da leptina no hipotálamo. O processo inflamatório subclínica frequentemente observado em modelos experimentais de obesidade estão diretamente associados à distintos mecanismos de resistência à leptina no hipotálamo e resultam em aumento da ingestão alimentar e ganho de peso corporal. Por outro lado, estudos demonstram que o exercício físico é capaz de aumentar a sensibilidade da leptina no hipotálamo de animas obesos através de citocinas anti-imflamatórias, contudo, esses mecanismos permanecem apenas parcialmente conhecidos. Recentemente, a proteína S1PR1 (sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1) foi descrita como uma molécula com alta capacidade de exercer potentes efeitos sinérgicos sobre a via de sinalização da leptina, sustentando a ativação da via Jak2/STAT3 em algumas linhagens celulares. Assim, o presente estudo tem por objetivo investigar o os efeitos do exercício físico sobre a atividade da SIPR1 e a sensibilidade à leptina em hipotálamo de roedores obesos. Acreditamos que a realização do presente estudo contribuirá para caracterizar a participação da S1PR1 na sinalização da leptina no hipotálamo, bem como determinar os efeitos do exercício físico sobre a atividade da S1PR1 neuronal / Abstract: The food intake and energy expenditure are closely regulated by specific neurons in the hypothalamus. During the last two decades, the location of the leptin receptor in hypothalamic nuclei as well as the description of the route of transmission Intracellular triggered by this hormone in hypothalamic neurons, were crucial to the understanding of the control of food intake and energy expenditure.Increasingly, eating disorders, diseases associated with obesity are related to signal transmission malfunction of leptin in the hypothalamus. The subclinical inflammatory process frequently observed in experimental models of obesity are directly associated with distinct mechanisms of leptin resistance in the hypothalamus and result in increased food intake and body weight gain. Furthermore, studies have shown that physical exercise can increase the sensitivity of leptin in the hypothalamus of obese animals, through of antiinflammatory cytokines, however, these mechanisms remain only partially understood. Recently, the protein S1PR1 (sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1) was described as a molecule with high ability to exert potent synergistic effects on the signaling pathway of leptin, supporting the activation of Jak2/STAT3 in some cell lines. Thus, this project aims to investigate the effects of exercise on the activity of SIPR1 and leptin sensitivity in hypothalamus of obese rodents. We believe that the completion of this project will contribute to characterize the involvement of S1PR1 in leptin signaling in the hypothalamus, and to determine the effects of exercise on the activity of neuronal S1PR1 / Mestrado / Metabolismo e Biologia Molecular / Mestre em Ciências da Nutrição e do Esporte e Metabolismo

Atualmente, a obesidade pode ser classificada como uma pandemia. Com a clonagem do gene ob e do seu receptor, foi descoberta a leptina. Secretada principalmente pelo tecido adiposo, está diretamente correlacionada à quantidade de gordura corporal. Entretanto, diversos fatores influenciam sua expressão e síntese, tais como jejum, atividade simpática, exercício físico e alterações no balanço energético. Os efeitos do treinamento aeróbio sobre este hormônio são ainda contraditórios. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo a verificação dos efeitos do treinamento aeróbio nas concentrações plasmáticas de leptina. Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em dois grupos: treinado (T) e controle (C). Não houve diferença na ingestão energética e no gasto energético de repouso. Ratos treinados apresentaram menor peso corporal final, conteúdo de gordura corporal, insulinemia e melhora na resposta glicêmica. Houve maior expressão do mRNA da leptina no tecido adiposo visceral do que no subcutâneo nos dois grupos. Não houve, entretanto, diferença na expressão da leptina entre os grupos em ambos os depósitos. A menor concentração de leptina plasmática nos animais treinados ocorreu, principalmente, devido ao menor conteúdo de gordura corporal deste grupo. No entanto, após a correção da concentração de xiii leptina pelo conteúdo de gordura corporal, ainda foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos, sugerindo que exista(m) outro(s) fator(es) de modulação das concentrações de leptina após o treinamento aeróbio, sendo a principal candidata a tal regulação a insulina / Obesity currently qualifies as a worldwide health epidemic. With the cloning of mouse ob gene and its receptor leptin was discovered. Leptin is expressed and secreted primarily by adipose tissue and is highly correlated to body fat mass. Nevertheless many factors can regulate leptin synthesis and expression, such as fasting, sympathetic activity, insulin, exercise and changes in energy balance. Endurance training effects on leptin are still contradictory. Therefore the aim of the present study was to verify the effects of endurance training on leptin levels. Male Wistar rats were separated in two groups: trained (T) and sedentary control (C). Energy intake and basal energy expenditure were not different between groups. Trained rats had lower final body weight, body fat mass, insulin levels and improved glycemic response. Leptin mRNA expression was higher in visceral than in subcutaneous adipose tissue in both groups. However, no difference in leptin expression between groups in either fat depot was found. Lower leptin levels in trained rats were due primarily to their lower body fat mass. Nonetheless, after correction for body fat mass leptin levels were still lower in exercised rats, suggesting that there might be other regulators of leptin levels in response to endurance training, being insulin the main candidate for such role

No description available.