The migration of humans to the New World took place in the late Pleistocene epoch. There are three prevailing theories that describe how the first Americans entered the continents of the Western Hemisphere. One theory describes a route by foot across the Bering Land Bridge while the other two theories describe a maritime voyage closely following the coast. The maritime entry has gained credibility recently with closer examination of the geological and archaeological evidence. Some of these from coastal locations along both coasts of the Americas. One of these sites is located in an unexpected place, Chile. Archaeological data from Monte Verde in South America indicates a presence of humans at 14,600 B.P. This early date, earlier than most North American sites, fuels a hypothesis that the first people to settle Monte Verde came from the west, across the South Pacific Ocean as a possible fourth scenario of how people arrived in the Americas.

Syftet med denna studie är att analysera attityder till migration bland 15 europeiska länder år 2014/15 och undersöka vilka faktorer som kan förklara dessa skillnader. Detta genom att undersöka om attitydskillnader till migration kan förklaras av faktorer som utbildningsgrad och ekonomisk situation samt om dessa attitydskillnader kan förklaras i relation till välfärdsregimer. Baserad på data från European Social Survey Round 7, analyseras sambandet mellan attityder till migration bland länderna genom att bryta ner begreppet ”migrationsattityder” i tre aspekter; attityder avseende vilken grad människor får komma att bo i landet, attityder avseende kvalifikationer hos människor som kommer att få bo i landet och till sist attityder avseende om människor gynnar landet de tar sig till. Sambandet analyseras genom både linjär- och multipel regressionsanalys. Resultatet visar att länder som tillhör den socialdemokratiska välfärdsregimerna uppvisar mer positiva migrationsattityder i förhållande till resterande välfärdsregimer, vilket skulle kunna förklaras av deras höga grad av socialt stöd och låg social skiktning. Bland de konservativa- och liberala välfärdsregimerna är kvalifikationer hos människor som kommer till dessa länder av vikt, men att de konservativa välfärdsregimerna visar på högre solidaritetsnivåer avseende migrationsattityder. De öst- och centraleuropeiska välfärdsregimerna uppvisar mest negativa migrationsattityder i jämförelse med resterande välfärdsregimer. Vilket skulle kunna förklaras av dess låga solidaritetsnivå för immigranter som länder av den öst- och centraleuropeiska välfärdsregimen innehar. Detta i enlighet med tidigare studier. Avslutningsvis uppvisar studien att fler faktorer bör undersökas för att söka förklaring av attitydskillnader till migration, då resultatet indikerar att dessa skillnader inte ensamt kan förklaras utifrån välfärdsregimer. / The aim of this study is to analyze attitudes towards migration among 15 European countries in the year of 2014/15 and examine which factors that may explain these differences. This by examining whether attitude differences towards migration can be explained by economic and educational factors and additionally, if these differences can be explained in relation to welfare regimes. Based on data conducted by European Social Survey Round 7, this paper analyzes the correlation between attitudes towards migration among the countries by dividing the term “migration attitudes” into three aspects; attitudes concerning to what extent the country should allow people to come and live in the country, attitudes concerning how important qualifications of the people that come to live in the country and finally attitudes concerning if people that come to live in the country benefit the country in some way. The correlation is analyzed by using both linear and multiple regression. The results show that countries belonging to the Social Democratic regime show more positive migration attitudes in relation to the remaining welfare regimes, which tend to be explained by their high degree of social support and low social stratification. Both the Conservative and Liberal welfare regimes indicate that qualifications of the people that come to live in the country are important, although the Conservative welfare regimes tend to show a higher degree of solidarity for immigrants. The East and Central European welfare regimes show the most negative migration attitudes in relation to the remaining welfare regimes, which can be explained by the low degree of solidarity for immigrants in accordance with previous studies. In conclusion the study shows that more factors should be examined to seek explanation of attitude differences towards migration, as the result indicate that these differences can not solely be explained by welfare regimes.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos migracijos įtakos Lietuvos darbo rinkai problemos. Išnagrinėti pagrindiniai darbo rinkos rodikliai, migracijos samprata ir migraciją lemiantys veiksniai. Atlikta migracijos teorijų lyginamoji analizė, remiantis analizės išvadomis atliktas užsienio lietuvių bendruomenių apklausos tyrimas. Trumpai apžvelgiami Lietuvos politikos veiksmai reguliuojant migraciją ir skatinant emigrantų sugrįžimą. Remiantis Lietuvos darbo biržos bei Statistikos departamento duomenimis, baigiamajame darbe pateikiama Lietuvos darbo rinkos ir migracijos analizė. Vertinant darbo rinkos rodiklių ir migracijos veiksnių tarpusavio ryšius, atlikta koreliacinė veiksnių analizė. Išanalizavus teorinius ir praktinius migracijos įtakos Lietuvos darbo rinkai aspektus, pateikiamas migracijos įtakos Lietuvos darbo rinkai tyrimo modelis, baigiamojo darbo išvados ir pasiūlymai. Darbą sudaro penkios dalys: įvadas, teoriniai darbo rinkos ir migracijos klausimai, migracijos teorijų analizė, migracijos įtakos Lietuvos darbo rinkai tyrimo modelis, Lietuvos darbo rinkos ir migracijos analizė, emigracijos įtakos Lietuvos darbo rinkai tyrimas, remiantis užsienio lietuvių bendruomenių apklausa, išvados ir pasiūlymai, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 80 p. teksto be priedų, 40 iliustr., 8 lent., 51 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / It the final master work, the theme of the migration impact on Lithuanian labor market is researched. The main labor market indicators, the concept of migration and factors influencing migration are analyzed. A comparative analysis of migration theories are done, and based on the findings of the analysis, there was accomplished the poll of the foreign Lithuanian communities. Brief overview of Lithuanian political actions in regulating migration and encouraging return of emigrants is presented. According to the data of Lithuanian Labor Exchange and the Department of Statistics, in the final master work the Lithuanian labor market and migration analysis is presented. Evaluating the interrelationship between labor market indicators and migration factors a correlation analysis is done. After analyzing the theoretical and practical aspects of migration‘s impact on Lithuanian labor market, conclusions, recommendations and the research model of migration impact on Lithuanian labor market are presented. The work consists of five parts: introduction, theoretical questions of labor market and migration, analysis of migration theories, migration affect the Lithuanian Labor market research model, analysis of Lithuanian Labor market and migration, analysis of the impact of emigration on Lithuanian labor market, based on the poll of Lithuanian foreign communities, conclusions and suggestions, references. Thesis consists of: 80 p., 40 figures, 7 tables, 51 bibliographical entries... [to full text]

<p>Research shows that more than 60 percent of South African born professionals, who graduated from South African universities, are leaving the country to work abroad in search of better working environments and financial rewards. This research assessed the intention to migrate and a number of factors that are likely to influence intentions to migrate such as age, professinal group, education, gender, and population group. The research also examined the countries to which people intend to migrate.</p>

In dem vorliegenden Beitrag geht es um die theoretische Modellierung und empirische Untersuchung von Kettenmigrationsprozessen. Im Mittelpunkt steht die These, dass bei der Entscheidung zur Migration neben ökonomischen Überlegungen soziale Beziehungen der Migranten von zentraler Bedeutung sind. Auf der Basis der Theorie rationaler Entscheidungen wird ein allgemeines Erklärungsmodell für die Entstehung von Kettenmigrationsprozessen vorgestellt. Soziales Kapital fungiert dabei als eine Art "missing link" zwischen individuellen Migrationsentscheidungen und resultierenden Migrationsprozessen. Anhand der empirischen Auswertung verschiedener Datenquellen konnte die Rolle von Verwandtschaftsnetzwerken bei der Immigrations- und Rückkehrentscheidung am Beispiel der italienischen Migranten in Deutschland bestätigt werden. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Analyse werden dargelegt, darunter aufbereitete Daten der amtlichen Statistik zum Verlauf der Immigration aus Italien seit 1950 sowie eine Auswertung von Interviews mit italienischen Befragten im Rahmen des Sozioökonomischen Panels und aus einer Gemeindestudie. Insbesondere erwies sich die Rückkehr von Haushaltsmitgliedern nach Italien als die wichtigste Determinante für Remigrationsentscheidungen. Damit wird deutlich, daß bei der Untersuchung von Migrationsprozessen die soziale Einbettung der Migranten nicht ausgeblendet werden darf. / The paper contributes to the theoretical modelling and empirical testing of chain migration processes. Besides economic aspects the impact of social relations of migrants on migration decisions is emphasized. The aim was to test several hypotheses concerning the concept of social capital which have been derived from the framework of Rational Choice Theory. Social Capital is seen as a kind of "missing link" between the migration decisons of indiviuals and resulting migration processes. The impact of family networks on the migration process has been investigated applying the theory to the case of the Italian immigrants living in Germany since the 1950\'s. The results of the analysis of several kinds of data sets are presented, namely seleceted national statistics on migration and survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and also from a small town study. The empirical data analysis shows effects of households and family neworks on immigration and return migration as well as some evidence of chain migration. Particularly for subsequent migrants social relations play a considerable role in their migration decisions. Due to this the social embeddedness of migrants is an important factor in explaining migration processes.

The remittances or money transfers sent by migrants to the country of origin are considered to be one of the welfare channels with potential to influence macroeconomics indicators. The aim of this thesis is to analyse migration and remittance behaviour of Ukrainian migrants in the context of the EU. Study is based on the questionnaire survey inspired by the similar projects in the Latin America and Mexico. Contribution of the thesis lies in the detailed analysis of the topic that separates different forms of remittances. The econometric model consists of statistical summary of the data and three hypotheses tests focusing on the probability and amount remitted; consumption behaviour and probability of getting skilled position. According to findings, probability and amount remitted is determined by demographic factors and direction of effects differs in the case of regularly and one- time payments. Altruism and business financing are primary motives to remit. Remittances appear to be transferred by informal channels into the productive forms of consumption. A procurement of skilled position is positively influenced by human capital factors but also reflects labour market situation in the destination country. JEL Classification C31,C35,C51,C52, C83, E21, E27, F24, F22, J15, J24, J61, Y10 Keywords...

The significance of flows of temporary, skilled labour migrants under conditions of globalization is widely acknowledged. Using a case study of elite cricket professionals moving from the UK to Australia for a maximum duration of 6 months, out and return migration flows and processes are examined. In doing so, this thesis exposes migration motives, notably in relation to career progression and personal development, and the processes and regulations that control temporary sojourns. Furthermore, the discussion reveals important social, cultural, economic and familial impacts of undertaking temporary, skilled, international migration. Using this case study of a sport-led migration, a largely under-researched occupational sector in migration studies, a number of theoretical, conceptual and empirical contributions are provided, which advance knowledge of skilled, international migration. First, utilising Bourdieu's (1986) notions of capital as an analytical framework, the comparative importance of migration motives are emphasised. Second, it is shown that migration can be viewed as a normalised aspect of a skilled worker's career trajectory, and that desired outcomes can be achieved during increasingly temporary stays overseas. Third, a three phase model of the migration flow is adopted to enable the development of professionalization and migration within cricket to be examined. It is asserted that cricket, as a professional sport, has changed under conditions of globalization, alongside smaller scale developments initiated by both employers and intermediaries, and the migrant cricketers. It is concluded that these connections will have salience for the other skilled occupations identified in Salt's (1997) typology of highly-skilled migrants.

Die starke Bevölkerungsvermehrung in vielen Ländern der Erde entwickelt sich zu einer Apokalypse. In Syrien hat sich die Bevölkerung seit 1950 fast versiebenfacht, im Kongo versechsfacht, in Afghanistan, Nigeria, Liberia, Libyen u.v.a. vervierfacht. In allen muslimischen Ländern zusammen ist die Bevölkerung vom Anfang zum Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts von 150 Mill. auf 1.200 Mill. angestiegen – eine Verachtfachung. Bevölkerungsvermehrung kann zu dramatischen, existenzbedrohenden, fürchterlichen Konsequenzen für ein Land führen. In dem folgenden Bericht werden die Wege erläutert, auf denen sich existenzbedrohende Bevölkerungsvermehrungen wieder bereinigen. Es wird deutlich, dass viele Länder sehr unguten Zeiten entgegengehen, die große Angst machen können.

Today, mainframes contain a considerable portion of business applications worldwide. It is estimated that the current inventory of production COBOL running on mainframes is 150 to 200 billion lines of code. Despite the efforts to change within the mainframe environment, these mainframes, nowadays, face major problems for host organizations due to a combined set of financial, business related, technical and organizational problems. Moreover, the factors like diminishing resources (COBOL programmers), lack of documentation, inability to integrate with other systems, increasing maintenance costs, etc. have caused the organizations search for migration solutions. To overcome this problem within the context of modernization, over the years several main migration approaches that ranges from simple screen scraping methods to complete re-write of applications or re-hosting of platforms have been developed. To contribute to the solution of this overall problem, this thesis proposes a methodology framework specifically for the COBOL/CICS based mainframes. The research studies in this topic within this field are mainly focused on the technical aspects whereas our concentration is covering not only that but the other essential aspects of the problem domain. These are organizational view, project management view and process view. Within the thesis study, a special interest is given to the modernization strategy selection among migration, rewrite, packaged and do-nothing alternatives. Experimental results are also provided within the thesis to prove the usability of the approach for this selection.

This study examines the patterns of family-forming migration from Turkey to Germany as one of the categories of marriage migration by taking into account the effects of migration policies, societal factors in both home and host countries as well as gender differences. The main objective of this study is to investigate how and for what purpose transnational marriages are used as strategies by migrants. This study assumes that restrictive migration policies of Germany paves the way for transnational marriages even if the focus is not on the marriage, itself. In this respect, considering the last changes in German Residence Act, within the research for this study, in-depth interviews were held with 10 men and 11 women who are in the process of family-forming migration. German language courses in Ankara were selected as research site in order to reach family-forming migration candidates who were learning German as a necessity of German Language Legislation. The significance of the study comes from its focus on the perceptions of family-forming migration in several issues in the pre-migration process which is different than the migration researches focusing on experiences after migration. Study examines the role of transnational ties existing both in Turkey and Germany, family values and economic factors in Turkey on patterns of family-forming migration which is changed by gender differences.