During the civil wars between the conquistadores, Peru was a field of experimentation for the new military tactics developed in Europe following the introduction of portable infantry firearms. This article suggests that, however, the techniques introduced by Francisco de Carvajal, Gonzalo Pizarro’s fieldmaster, predated those used in Europe by several decades, especially regarding the rate of fire in combat. In the battle of Huarina (1547), Carvajal used his own method to ensure his infantry’s ability to deliver heavy fire. The technique relied on adequate training and on the number of weapons each soldier carriedin battle, rather than on the number of men. / Las nuevas tácticas militares desarrolladas en combate en Europa a raíz de la introducción de las armas de fuego portátiles en la infantería también se experimentaron en el Perú en el transcurso de las guerras civiles entre los conquistadores. En el presente artículo, postulo que Francisco de Carvajal, maestre de campo de Gonzalo Pizarro, se adelantó en varios decenios a las tácticas empleadas en Europa a la hora de sostener la cadencia de fuego en batalla. Así, en la batalla de Huarina (1547), Carvajal consiguió desarrollar su propio método para asegurar un nutrido fuego de su infantería, el que dependía, más que del número de hombres, del entrenamiento de los mismos y de la cantidad de armas que cada uno portaba en batalla.

Organization and equipment of the army in 15th century: parallel development in France, Burgundy and in the Central Europe The form of the military organization, providing of food supply, technical possibilities and conditions of transport and, of course, a character of armament had share in qualities of the army during the late Middle Ages as well as in the other eras. In this context were important contemporary technical possibilities of the weapon production, commerce of weapons and last but not least also the attitude to the progressively developed group of weapons - firearms. Purpose of this thesis is comparison of aforementioned themes context between the middle Europe with the emphasis on Bohemian lands and francophone west Europe, presented by the kingdom of France both with the duchy of Burgundy. Final aim of this effort is searching of different specifics in the studied regions together with the detection of identical trends and influences. Keywords: military organization - food supply - weapons production and armament - firearms - transport

Nas últimas três décadas, o Brasil produziu mais de um milhão de mortos por homicídios, alcançando assim a triste posição de 18 país com maior taxa de mortes violentas no mundo (GENEVADECLARATIONON ARMED VIOLENCE AND DEVELOPMENT, 2011). Para solucionar tal problema, diversos esforços privados e públicos foram feitos, tendo sido o Estatuto de Desarmamento um dos esforços de maior destaque. No entanto, apesar de decorridos mais de dez anos após a promulgação desta legislação, a literatura econômica sobre o crime ainda não é unânime acerca dos efeitos das armas de fogo sobre os crimes violentos. Com a intenção de analisar estes efeitos, esta dissertação investiga as diferentes abordagens da Teoria Econômica do Crime e elabora um modelo teórico capaz de respaldar a análise empírica. Esta análise, por sua vez, avalia as relações entre armas de fogo e homicídios por perfuração de arma de fogo no Brasil e no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, por meio de Vetores Auto Regressivos em painel. Dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que os efeitos entre armas e homicídios variam de acordo com as heterogeneidades locais, não sendo possível extrapolar os mesmos. / Over the last three decades, Brazil produced over one million deaths by homicide.This puts Brazil in a sad position of the 18thcountry with the highest rates of violent deaths in the world (GENEVA DECLARATION ON ARMED VIOLENCE AND DEVELOPMENT, 2011). To solve this problem, many private and public efforts had been made. One effort with major prominence is the Disarmament Statute. Since the promulgation of this legislation over ten years ago,the economic literature about crimeis still not unanimous about the effectsof firearms on violent crimes. To analyze these effects, this dissertationinvestigates thedifferent approachesof the Economic Theory of Crimeand elaborateson a theoretical modelable to supportthe empirical analysis. This analysisevaluatesthe relations between firearms and homicides byfirearm perforationin Brazilandin the Rio Grande do Sul state, usingpanel Vector Autoregressives. It is concluded thatthe effectsbetweenfirearms and homicides varyaccording tolocal heterogeneities, being impossible to extrapolate this results.

Nas últimas três décadas, o Brasil produziu mais de um milhão de mortos por homicídios, alcançando assim a triste posição de 18 país com maior taxa de mortes violentas no mundo (GENEVADECLARATIONON ARMED VIOLENCE AND DEVELOPMENT, 2011). Para solucionar tal problema, diversos esforços privados e públicos foram feitos, tendo sido o Estatuto de Desarmamento um dos esforços de maior destaque. No entanto, apesar de decorridos mais de dez anos após a promulgação desta legislação, a literatura econômica sobre o crime ainda não é unânime acerca dos efeitos das armas de fogo sobre os crimes violentos. Com a intenção de analisar estes efeitos, esta dissertação investiga as diferentes abordagens da Teoria Econômica do Crime e elabora um modelo teórico capaz de respaldar a análise empírica. Esta análise, por sua vez, avalia as relações entre armas de fogo e homicídios por perfuração de arma de fogo no Brasil e no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, por meio de Vetores Auto Regressivos em painel. Dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que os efeitos entre armas e homicídios variam de acordo com as heterogeneidades locais, não sendo possível extrapolar os mesmos. / Over the last three decades, Brazil produced over one million deaths by homicide.This puts Brazil in a sad position of the 18thcountry with the highest rates of violent deaths in the world (GENEVA DECLARATION ON ARMED VIOLENCE AND DEVELOPMENT, 2011). To solve this problem, many private and public efforts had been made. One effort with major prominence is the Disarmament Statute. Since the promulgation of this legislation over ten years ago,the economic literature about crimeis still not unanimous about the effectsof firearms on violent crimes. To analyze these effects, this dissertationinvestigates thedifferent approachesof the Economic Theory of Crimeand elaborateson a theoretical modelable to supportthe empirical analysis. This analysisevaluatesthe relations between firearms and homicides byfirearm perforationin Brazilandin the Rio Grande do Sul state, usingpanel Vector Autoregressives. It is concluded thatthe effectsbetweenfirearms and homicides varyaccording tolocal heterogeneities, being impossible to extrapolate this results.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:11:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diss Ana Claudia 05 outubro 2010.pdf: 503837 bytes, checksum: bc95cda61972451cc312c5afb10bb63b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-19 / Interpersonal violence by firearm projectile reaches young people around the world and this event may trigger physical and psychological trauma that can change in a negative way the quality of life in this population. This exploratory descriptive study aimed at evaluating the quality of life of victims of interpersonal violence by firearm projectile aged 18 to 39 years and interned at Hospital of Goiânia (HUGO) and identify the presence of symptoms for screening Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress (PTSD). We interviewed 95 victims of gun violence in HUGO interned with the aid of the WHOQOL-Bref and the PCL-PC. Data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis with p <0.005. The majority (94.7%) were male, mean age 24.6 + / - 5.5 years, 58.9% are black or brown, 66.3% have no steady partner and 73.7% in income between one to two minimum wages. 89.5% of the violent events occurred between 20:07 hours, 52.6% on weekends and holidays, 48.4% of victims had drunk alcohol or drugs before the event and 78.9% had witnessed or were victims of violence before. 74.7% of them said that the violence caused physical and emotional changes (57.9%). the average value assigned in the self-assessment of quality of life was 3.03 and 2.72 for satisfaction with health. The dimensions obtained higher mean scores were the domain of social relationships (52.84) and psychological (50.98). The physical domain and the environment had an average 48.26 and 44.71 respectively. In the physical domain, the facets with an average of less than 3.0 were related to work (2.75), satisfaction with sleep (2.81), difficulties with mobility (2.86), pain (2.89) and dependence on medical treatment (2.94). The environmental domain had scores below 3.0 on the facets related to the feeling of safety (2.27), money (2.76), satisfaction with transportation (2.61), leisure opportunities (2.85) satisfaction with living quarters (2.87). It was observed that the perceptions of individuals frenteaos aspects analyzed in each dimension of WHOQOL-bref, is fairly homogeneous. 60% of the victims showed symptoms and screening for vulnerability to PTSD. It is concluded that the victim of armed violence undergoes changes in their quality of life evidenced by the low values &#8203;&#8203;assigned to all dimensions, especially those related to the physical realm and environment that can guide the professional actions and policies for this population. The vulnerability for developing PTSD may have influenced the assessment of quality of life and indicates the need of immediate professional intervention in order to help victims return to their daily activities. / A violência interpessoal por projétil de arma de fogo atinge jovens em todo mundo e tal evento pode desencadear traumas físicos e psicológicos que podem alterar de maneira negativa a qualidade de vida desta população. Este estudo descritivo exploratório teve por objetivo geral avaliar a qualidade de vida das vítimas de violência interpessoal por projétil de arma de fogo com idade entre 18 a 39 anos e internadas no Hospital de Urgências de Goiânia (HUGO) e identificar presença de sintomas para rastreamento de Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT). Foram entrevistadas 95 vítimas de violência por arma de fogo internadas no HUGO com auxílio do WHOQOL-Bref e do PCL-PC. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva com p<0,005. A maioria (94,7%) é do sexo masculino, com idade média de 24,6 +/- 5,5 anos, 58,9% são negros ou pardos, 66,3% não tem companheiro fixo e 73,7% em renda entre 1 a 2 salários mínimos. 89,5% dos eventos violentos ocorreram entre 20 e 7 horas, 52,6% nos finais de semana e feriados, 48,4% das vítimas ingeriram álcool ou drogas antes do evento e 78,9% já tinham presenciado ou foram vítimas de violência anteriormente. 74,7% delas declararam que a violência causou alterações físicas e emocionais (57,9%). o valor médio atribuido na auto-avaliação da qualidade de vida foi 3,03 e 2,72 para a satisfação com a saúde. As dimensões que obtiveram maiores médias nos escores foram o domínio relações sociais (52,84) e psicológico (50,98). Os domínio físico e meio ambiente obtiveram média 48,26 e 44,71 respectivamente. No domínio físico, as facetas com média inferior a 3,0 foram as relacionadas ao trabalho (2,75), satisfação com o sono (2,81), dificuldades com locomoção (2,86), dor (2,89) e dependência de tratamento médico (2,94). O domínio meio ambiente obteve escores inferiores a 3,0 nas facetas relacionadas à sensação de segurança (2,27), dinheiro (2,76), satisfação com o transporte (2,61), oportunidade de lazer (2,85), satisfação com o local onde mora (2,87). Observou-se que a percepção dos indivíduos frenteaos aspectos analisados em cada dimensão do WHOQOL-bref, é bastante homogênea. 60% das vítimas apresentaram sintomas para rastreamento e vulnerabilidade ao TEPT. Conclui-se que a vítima de violência armada sofre alterações na qualidade de suas vidas evidenciadas pelos baixos valores atribuídos a todas as dimensões, principalmente as relacionadas ao domínio físico e meio ambiente , que podem nortear as ações profissionais e políticas públicas para esta população. A vulnerabilidade para desenvolvimento do TEPT pode ter influenciado na avaliação de qualidade de vida e indica a necessidade de imediata intervenção profissional de maneira a auxiliar as vítimas a retornarem às suas atividades cotidianas.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estabelecer indicadores do Método de Rorschach, avaliado segundo a proposta de Aníbal Silveira (1964/1985), para a avaliação psicológica exigida na lei para a concessão do porte de arma de fogo. A amostra foi composta por 150 sujeitos do sexo masculino, de 19 a 51 anos, divididos em três grupos: um grupo controle (GC) extraído da pesquisa de Coelho (2000), um grupo normativo. O segundo grupo (GPA) constituiu-se de 50 candidatos ao porte de arma de fogo para o exercício da função na Guarda Civil de um município de São Paulo e o terceiro, por 50 presidiários (GPR) com histórico de violência e crimes praticados com o uso de arma de fogo e que fizeram parte da pesquisa de Morana (2003). Os protocolos de Rorschach destes três grupos foram comparados quanto aos índices: Impulsividade (IMP), Adaptação à Realidade (RMI), Índice Conativo (Con), Resposta de Movimento (RM) e Resposta de Cor (RC). Para IMP o grupo controle apresentou valores próximos ao esperado, enquanto que GPA e GPR apresentaram esse índice diferente e acima do GC. O RMI não apresentou diferenças significantes entre os três grupos, mas sim nos índices que o compõem (%F+, %V e %A), tanto no total das respostas quanto para as respostas às pranchas monocromáticas e coloridas. O Índice Conativo não diferenciou nenhum dos três grupos, seja no total como nos conjuntos mono e color. Para a RM não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre GPA e GRP porém houve diferença entre o grupo controle e os outros dois grupos. Quanto a RC, não houve diferenças entre o GC e o GPA, sendo que ambos apresentaram diferenças significantes com o GPR. Concluiu-se que tais indicadores, exceto o índice Conativo, podem discriminar sujeitos mais violentos os quais, por questões emocionais, poderiam ser contra-indicados para a concessão do porte de arma de fogo, contribuindo assim para a avaliação psicológica exigida daqueles que buscam o porte de arma. / The purpose of this work is to establish Rorschach Method\'s indicators, evaluated as proposed by Anibal Silveira (1964/1985), for psychological evaluation, a law requirement to a handgun license. The sample was composed by 150 men, aged between 19 and 51 years old, divided in three groups: one control group (GC) extracted from Coelho (2000) research with normal men. The second group (GPA) was composed by 50 candidates to a handgun license as Civil Guards of a town in São Paulo State and the third (GPR), composed by 50 prisoners who committed armed crimes studied in Morana\'s (2003) research. The Rorschach protocols of these three groups were compared regarding the following indexes: Impulsivity (IMP), Adaptation to Reality (RMI), Conative Index (Con), Movement responses (RM) and Color responses (RC). The control group presented expected values for the IMP, while GPA and GPR\'s were higher. There were no significant differences between the three groups regarding RMI index, but they were found in the indexes that compose it (% F, % V and % A), either in total responses, as in responses to monochromatic and colored cards. There were no differences between the three groups in the conative index, in total and in mono and color sets. To RM, no significant differences were obtained between GPA and GPR, but a difference was found between the Control Group and the two other groups. There were no differences between GC and GPA in the RC, but both presented significant differences related to GPR. We concluded that these indicators, except for the conative index, can discriminate violent individuals, who should not be approved to obtain a handgun license for emotional reasons. We conclude also that these indicators can contribute to psychological evaluation of handgun license candidates.

Abstract Finnish youth suicide mortality is exceptionally high in international comparisons. This study investigated the epidemiology of child and adolescent (&#60; 18 years) suicides in Finland, with a special focus on gender differences. Two data sets were employed. Data from the national Finnish Cause of Death Register was used to examine trends in the rates and methods of child and adolescent suicides in Finland in 1969–2012. The characteristics of 58 child and adolescent suicides, which occurred in the province of Oulu in Northern Finland between 1988 and 2012, were explored based on individual-level data extracted from documents pertaining to establishment of the cause of death in medicolegal autopsy investigations. The primary source of data was death certificates. Other sources included documents such as police investigation reports and the results of toxicological investigations. In addition, the suicide data was linked with the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. After 1990, suicide rates generally decreased for males, but increased for females. Among females, hanging exceeded poisoning as the most common suicide method after 1990, whereas firearms were the most common method among males, until traffic suicides took the leading position for both genders during 2008–2012. Violent suicide methods of all types increased among females after 1990. Male firearm suicide rates were nearly three times higher in Northern Finland than in Southern Finland, while there was no regional difference in rates of suicide by other methods. 15% of male and 17% of female suicide victims in the province of Oulu had a history of previous psychiatric hospitalization. The discharge diagnoses were heterogeneous. Previous suicidality and self-cutting were more common among females than males. Half of all adolescents were under the influence of alcohol at the time of their death. The majority of the intoxicated adolescents committed suicide at night, during descending blood alcohol concentrations. A notable fall peak was observed in male firearm suicides. The increase in violent, i.e. more lethal, suicide methods among females is alarming, as females are known to have high rates of attempted suicide. The special characteristics of male firearm suicides in Northern Finland suggest the need for region-specific preventive measures. The high frequency of acute alcohol use in child and adolescent suicides warrants attention. / Tiivistelmä Suomalaisnuorten itsemurhakuolleisuus on kansainvälisessä vertailussa korkea. Tässä epidemiologisessa tutkimuksessa selvitettiin alle 18-vuotiaiden suomalaislasten ja -nuorten itsemurhien erityispiirteitä. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin kahta aineistoa. Kansallisen kuolemansyyrekisterin avulla selvitettiin alaikäisten itsemurhakuolleisuutta ja itsemurhien tekotapojen muutoksia Suomessa vuosina 1969–2012. Empiirisen aineiston asiakirjat koskivat entisen Oulun läänin alueella vuosina 1988–2012 itsemurhan tehneiden 58 alaikäisen oikeuslääketieteellistä kuolemansyyn selvittämistä. Aineiston perustiedot koottiin kuolintodistuksista. Lisäksi tietoja poimittiin muista kuolemansyyn selvittämisasiakirjoista, kuten poliisin tutkintapöytäkirjoista ja oikeuskemiallisista tutkimustuloksista. Aineistoon liitettiin myös hoitoilmoitusrekisteritietoja. 1990-luvun alusta lähtien poikien itsemurhat ovat vähentyneet ja tyttöjen lisääntyneet. Tytöillä hirttäytyminen ohitti myrkyttäytymisen yleisimpänä itsemurhan tekotapana vuoden 1990 jälkeen. Pojilla ampuminen oli yleisin itsemurhamenetelmä koko tutkimusjakson ajan, kunnes liikenneitsemurhat nousivat yleisimmäksi tekotavaksi molemmilla sukupuolilla vuosina 2008–2012. Väkivaltaisten itsemurhan tekotapojen käyttö on lisääntynyt tytöillä vuodesta 1990 lähtien. Poikien ampumisitsemurhakuolleisuus oli Pohjois-Suomessa lähes kolminkertainen muuhun Suomeen verrattuna. Vastaavaa alueellista eroa ei ollut muissa tekotavoissa. Oulun läänin alueella itsemurhan tehneistä pojista 15 % ja tytöistä 17 % oli ollut psykiatrisessa osastohoidossa ennen itsemurhaa. Diagnoosit olivat heterogeenisiä. Aiempi itsetuhoisuus ja viiltely oli yleisempää tytöillä kuin pojilla. Puolet alaikäisistä oli ollut humalassa itsemurhahetkellä. Suurin osa päihtyneenä tehdyistä itsemurhista tapahtui laskuhumalassa yöaikaan. Poikien ampumisitsemurhat olivat yleisempiä syksyllä kuin muina vuodenaikoina. Väkivaltaisten eli tappavampien itsemurhamenetelmien lisääntyminen tytöillä on huolestuttavaa, koska tyttöjen itsemurhayritysten tiedetään olevan yleisiä. Itsemurhien ehkäisyssä tulisi huomioida alueelliset erityispiirteet, joita tässä tutkimuksessa havaittiin poikien ampumisitsemurhissa Pohjois-Suomessa. Päihtyneenä tehtyjen itsemurhien suuri osuus alaikäisillä korostaa nuorten alkoholinkäytön vähentämisen merkitystä.

Inter-tribal clashes have emerged to be one of the biggest contributors to rampant insecurity witnessed in South Sudan and in Jonglei state the clashes revolve around cattle rustling. Efforts to quell the violence from government, the international community, religious movements, and other South Sudan national organizations have not yielded significant fruit yet. This qualitative case study research explores the underlying manifestation of the conflicts among three communities Nuer, Murle and Dinka, who live in Jonglei. The main objective was to explore the changing context of cattle rustling and understand the effects of conflicts related to cattle raiding in Jonglei. The approach of the dissertation is unique in that it examines both historical and current trends in cattle rustling to create a better understanding of the conflict situation. The dissertation focuses on Jonglei state because it has produced the highest number of conflicts related to cattle raiding.

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No description available.