This dissertation examines the participation of women and NGOs in a rural development and empowerment project in India. The World Bank initiated Rural Women’s Development and Empowerment Project was funded with the primary objective of working towards women’s economic and social empowerment through the formation of self-help groups. Within the framework of Gender and Development (GAD), women’s development and participation has to fulfil both practical and strategic gender needs in order for them to gain, share and exercise power. In women’s development, the economic cannot be understood apart from the social and the political. Transformative or genuine participation for women involves a process of partnership where one or more forms of power are attained through social capital and the participants are able to surmount structural barriers. Genuine participation can be achieved only through the processes of partnership and control, that is, through the building of equitable relationships among the primary beneficiaries themselves and between the primary beneficiaries and external agents. The incentives to participate and the pattern of participation are influenced by the material expectations and the social reality of women. (For complete abstract open document)

The political and economic history of New Zealand since the turn of the nineteenth century has been characterised by the colonisation of the indigenous Maori people by settlers mainly from Britain. In 1840 the British Crown and representative Maori Rangatira signed the Maori language version of the Treaty of Waitangi, which guaranteed to Maori continuing ownership of their land and natural resources, and self determination under the protection of the Crown, What Maori did not know in signing the Treaty was that already thousands of new settlers were being recruited in Britain on the promise of a paradise, where vacant land could be purchased cheaply and every man was the equal of his master. While the Maori population was in decline following the introduction of disease and the musket, the immigrant European population exploded. It established a Westminster styled Government which in its early years included no Maori, and passed laws which over the next 50 years alienated Maori from 95% of their land, prevented Maori from accumulating capital and participating in the most rewarding industries, and imposed alien social institutions on a previously well organised and successful people. For many Maori in the twenty-first century, the legacy of colonisation has been either marginalisation in rural communities on land frozen by legal structures which run counter to traditional values and procedures, or migration to towns and cities where employment opportunities are mainly in less skilled work and subject to variation in the economy. This thesis examines the extent of the displacement of the institutions of Maori society and its impact on the development of Maori land and other assets. It proposes an approach which could assist shareholders in Maori land to reassert traditional values and tikanga and promote collective decision making, while gaining understanding of the concepts and language of business and organisations and a skill base for greater participation in the organisations which own and manage their assets. The research results are promising, with participants in a research project accepting an approach to governance and organisation which bridges tikanga and modem business structures. There is evidence from an extended case study that the approach engenders a confidence which has positive social and cultural outcomes while encouraging the development of Maori land

The political and economic history of New Zealand since the turn of the nineteenth century has been characterised by the colonisation of the indigenous Maori people by settlers mainly from Britain. In 1840 the British Crown and representative Maori Rangatira signed the Maori language version of the Treaty of Waitangi, which guaranteed to Maori continuing ownership of their land and natural resources, and self determination under the protection of the Crown, What Maori did not know in signing the Treaty was that already thousands of new settlers were being recruited in Britain on the promise of a paradise, where vacant land could be purchased cheaply and every man was the equal of his master. While the Maori population was in decline following the introduction of disease and the musket, the immigrant European population exploded. It established a Westminster styled Government which in its early years included no Maori, and passed laws which over the next 50 years alienated Maori from 95% of their land, prevented Maori from accumulating capital and participating in the most rewarding industries, and imposed alien social institutions on a previously well organised and successful people. For many Maori in the twenty-first century, the legacy of colonisation has been either marginalisation in rural communities on land frozen by legal structures which run counter to traditional values and procedures, or migration to towns and cities where employment opportunities are mainly in less skilled work and subject to variation in the economy. This thesis examines the extent of the displacement of the institutions of Maori society and its impact on the development of Maori land and other assets. It proposes an approach which could assist shareholders in Maori land to reassert traditional values and tikanga and promote collective decision making, while gaining understanding of the concepts and language of business and organisations and a skill base for greater participation in the organisations which own and manage their assets. The research results are promising, with participants in a research project accepting an approach to governance and organisation which bridges tikanga and modem business structures. There is evidence from an extended case study that the approach engenders a confidence which has positive social and cultural outcomes while encouraging the development of Maori land

Thesis (MPhil (Information Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Knowledge assets can be defined as anything that affects a business’s disposition to act on data received from the environment. Knowledge assets are embedded in the objects within an organisation and are the source of an organisation’s competitive advantage, by being closely linked to what the organisation knows and by allowing the organisation to act and to be innovative. Knowledge assets evolve over time as knowledge agents, through a process of sense making, substitute physical resources for informational resources by codifying and abstracting knowledge assets, in the process increasing their value and ability to be diffused to wider audiences. These knowledge assets are internalised in an organisation and impact on the organisation when they are applied to concrete problems. Knowledge assets play an important role in the creation of information assets in an organisation. Information assets are created when a knowledge agent makes use of his or her knowledge to make sense of data received from sources in the environment. The creation of information through the sense making process creates new knowledge which is added to the agent’s knowledge base. Enterprise architecture is the process of designing future states for an organisation and then planning, leading and governing the organisation towards that future state. Enterprise architecture focuses mostly on the organisational process, on information and technology. Enterprise architects make use of enterprise architecture frameworks such as TOGAF or the Zachman framework, which are primarily concerned with the domains of business, information and technology architecture, yet none of these mainstream frameworks used by enterprise architects takes knowledge assets into account, despite the obviously important role that they play in the organisation and especially in the information creation process. This research proposes to show that knowledge assets have an important role to play in enterprise architecture by allowing enterprise architects to • identify or facilitate the creation of knowledge assets pertaining to a specific problem; • understand whether information assets are located in the ordered and complex or the chaotic regimes and what would be the implication of moving them between regimes; • plot knowledge assets movements and relationships to each other on the social learning cycle path, which would enable enterprise architects to balance the types of learning that the organisation employs; • define the level of codification, abstraction and diffusion of knowledge assets, based on the intended audiences and to understand where knowledge assets could be developed to improve quality and when outdated knowledge should be destroyed in favour of new knowledge. Knowledge assets are related to Enterprise Business Architecture (EBA) through the specific knowledge domains that exist within an organisation. Understanding whether knowledge assets exist in the ordered, complex or chaotic regimes will provide a more complete view of the organisation. Architecture of knowledge assets in this space will provide a better understanding of an organisation’s culture: this understanding can compensate for differences in knowledge agents’ spatio-temporal positions, how and when they receive data and their particular cognitive styles. The importance of knowledge assets in the creation of information links it emphatically with Enterprise Information Architecture (EIA). Knowledge asset architecture provides a better understanding of how information is created and flows through an organisation, taking into account the meaning of the information to the organisation, which compensates for that oversight in information theory, which regards the accuracy of data that is communicated as the only concern. Information technology has exponentially increased mankind’s ability to codify, abstract and diffuse knowledge assets. Enterprise Technical Architecture (ETA) is mainly concerned with the technology infrastructure implemented within an organisation. Enterprise architects can apply knowledge asset architecture to decide whether the technology should be used to enhance the codification and abstraction of information, allowing more efficient diffusion of information to a larger audience, or whether more concrete information should be diffused to a more closely-knit audience. This research will argue that the use of knowledge assets as a domain within enterprise architecture will greatly enhance the enterprise architect’s ability to understand and lead the organisation to a more desirable future state. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kennisbates is vasgelê in die konkrete en abstrakte voorwerpe in die organisasie. Hierdie voorwerpe omsluit alle voorwerpe wat ‘n effek het op hoe die organisasie reageer op data wat vanaf die omgewing ontvang word. Kennisbates is ‘n bron vir die kompeterende voordeel wat ‘n organisasie geniet omdat dit verband hou met wat die organisasie weet en dit die organisasie in staat stel om te innoveer. Kennisbates sal aangaande evolueer soos wat kennisdraers, deur die sinmaak proses, fisiese hulpbronne vervang met inligtings hulpbronne gedurende die proses van kodifisering en abstraksie en sodoende die kennisbates se waarde vir die organisasie te verhoog en beskikbaar te stel vir groter gehore. Die kennisbates word dan vasgelê in die organisasie wanneer die kennis toegepas word op konkrete probleme. Kennisbates speel ‘n belangrike rol in die skepping van inligtingsbates in die organisasie. Inligting word slegs geskep wanneer die kennisdraer gebruik maak van sy kennis om sin te maak van data onvang vanuit die omgewing. Die nuwe inligting word dan intern vasgelê in die kennisdraer as nuwe kennis. Ondernemingsargitektuur is ‘n proses waardeur die toekomstige staat van ‘n organisasie ontwerp word deur beplanning, en daar verder leiding gegee word ter uitvoering daarvan. Ondernemingsargitektuur fokus meestal op die organisasie se prosesse, inligting en tegnologie. Ondernemingsargitekte maak gebruik van ondernemingsargitektuurraamwerke soos TOGAF en die Zachmanraamwerk as riglyne vir hulle werk. Hierdie raamwerke fokus primêr op die besigheid, inligting en tegniese domeine van argitektuur. Nie een van die hoofstroom ondernemingsargitektuurraamwerke neem kennisbates in ag nie, ten spyte van die voordiehandliggende belangrike rol wat kennisbates in die organisasie se inligtingskeppingsproses speel. Hierdie navorsing stel voor dat kennisbates deel kan vorm van ondernemingsargitektuur deur ondernemingsargitekte toe te laat om • kennisbates aangaande ‘n spesifieke probleem te identifiseer of die skepping daarvan die fasiliteer, • te bepaal of die kennisbates in die geordende, komplekse of chaotiese regime bestaan en wat die implikasie sou wees om hulle na ‘n ander regime te skuif, en • die kennisbates op die sosiale leersiklus aan te stip, wat die ondernemingsargitek in staat sal stel om die leerbenaderings van die organisasie te balanseer, die vlak van kodifisering, abstraksie en verspreiding te definieer, gebaseer op die voornemende gehoor vir die spesifieke inligting. • beter begrip te hê daarvoor of die kennisbate na ‘n beter kwaliteit ontwikkel moet word of vernietig moet word om plek te maak vir nuwe kennisbates. Daar bestaan ‘n verwantskap tussen OBA (Ondernemingsbesigheidsargitektuur) deur die spesifieke kennisdomein wat reeds in die organisasie bestaan. Deur te verstaan of die kennisbates binne die geordende, komplekse of chaotiese regimes val sal beter begrip bied van die organisasie as geheel. Al hierdie gesigshoeke word in die geordende domein beskryf. Kennisbateargitektuur sal ‘n beter begrip van die organisasie se kultuur bewerkstellig. Die kultuur in ‘n organisasie word gebruik om te vergoed vir die verskille in die kennisdraer se tyd-ruimtelike ligging tydens die ontvangs van data asook hulle kognitiewe styl. Daar bestaan ‘n daadwerklike verwantskap tussen kennisbateargitektuur en Ondernemingsinligtingsargitektuur (OIA). Kennisbateargitektuur sal bydra tot die begrip van hoe inligting geskep word en vloei deur die organisasie. Dit sal die betekenis van inligting in ag neem en daardeur vergoed vir die tekortkoming van inligtingteorie wat slegs die korrektheid van die data wat vervoer word in ag neem. Inligtingstegnologie het die mens se vermoë om inligting te kodifiseer, abstraksie toe te pas en te versprei eksponensieël verbeter. Ondernemingstegnieseargitektuur (OTA) is hoofsaaklik verantwoordelik vir die tegnologiese infrastruktuur wat geïmplimenteer word binne die organisasie. Ondernemingsargitekte kan kennisbates gebruik om te besluit of tegnologie gebruik moet word om beter inligting te skep deur hoër kodifisering en abstraksie toe te pas, om daardeur die vermoë te skep om die inligting vir ‘n wyer gehoor beskikbaar te stel, of om meer konkrete inligting vir ‘n meer intieme gehoor beskikbaar te stel. Hierdie navorsing stel voor dat kennisbates as ‘n domein binne die ondernemingsargitektuur vervat word. Dit sal die ondernemingsargitek in staat stel om die organisasie beter te lei na ‘n wenslike toekomstige staat.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:52:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-05-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present work is about the Orquestra Criança Cidadã (Child Citizen Orchestra), a nongovernmental organisation that assists children and youngsters aged 4 to 20 who live in the Coque neighbourhood in Recife, Pernambuco. The main purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between the music education received and the social inclusion of these children and youngsters. In order to fulfill this aim, case study method was chosen as the means of collecting data. The results revealed the influence of a social music education on the lives of these children and youngsters, especially regarding their personal relationships and their development as citizens. / Este trabalho teve o objetivo de compreender como se tece a relação entre formação musical e inclusão social de crianças e jovens do Projeto Orquestra Criança Cidadã, que atende crianças e jovens de quatro a vinte anos, oriundos da Comunidade do Coque em Recife, Pernambuco. A pesquisa foi realizada à luz dos conhecimentos de pesquisa qualitativa, tendo como método o estudo de caso e utilizando como instrumentos de coleta de dados a observação, entrevistas com alunos do Projeto e fontes documentais. A pesquisa revelou, para além de aspectos pedagógicos e organizacionais do Projeto, a formação musical social proporcionada a essas crianças e jovens, bem como o sentido dessa formação em suas vidas, principalmente em suas relações pessoais e em seu crescimento enquanto cidadãos.

Depuis le début des années 2000, le coût des terrains nécessaires à la production de logements locatifs sociaux neufs a augmenté, au même titre que le coût de leur construction. Dans le même temps, l’État a considérablement réduit les subventions directes qu’il accorde à chaque opération HLM. Malgré cela, le nombre de logements locatifs sociaux livrés chaque année a connu une hausse importante et durable. Alors que 46 000 logements HLM ont été produits en 2000, plus de 100 000 le sont systématiquement à partir de 2006.La thèse explore cet apparent paradoxe, en analysant les évolutions de l’organisation institutionnelle du système de production HLM. Pour ce faire, elle s’appuie sur le traitement de données statistiques ainsi que sur une enquête réalisée auprès d’acteurs locaux de l’habitat au sein des communautés d’agglomération du Val-de-Bièvre, du Boulonnais et de la communauté urbaine de Bordeaux. Un outillage théorique spécifique est proposé, qui croise les apports de la théorie de la régulation et de recherches sur les acteurs de la production urbaine. Cela permet de montrer qu’un ensemble de décisions politiques, d’ajustements locaux et de dispositifs de coordination ont été articulés de façon originale au cours de la décennie. Ils visent notamment à faire que les organismes HLM mobilisent leurs réserves financières dans la production neuve, à distribuer inégalement dans l’espace le surplus de logements produits et à réorganiser les modalités d’accès à la ressource foncière. Le système mis en place est cependant dépendant des opérateurs à but lucratif ainsi que des évolutions des marchés immobiliers ; il participe de plus à redéfinir les bénéficiaires de l’intervention publique en France. / Since the early 2000s, social housing production in France has become increasingly more expensive: both land prices and construction costs have increased. At the same time, the State has considerably reduced the direct subsidies granted to each new development. However, the number of new social dwellings has increased significantly and lastingly. While 46,000 dwellings were produced in 2000, more than 100,000 have been produced each year since 2006. This thesis explores this apparent paradox by analyzing the evolution of the institutional organization of the French social housing production system. To do so, it relies on the processing of statistical data as well as on a survey carried out among local housing decision makers in the urban areas of Bordeaux and Boulogne-sur-Mer, and in the Val-de-Bièvre, a gathering of municipalities located south of Paris. An original theoretical framework is used, which combines regulation theory with the results of research focusing on the actors of urban production. This allows for the underlining of the fact that a set of political decisions, local adjustments and coordination mechanisms were articulated in a novel way throughout the decade. In particular, those seek to ensure that social housing organizations use their financial reserves for the production of new dwellings, that new social dwellings are unevenly distributed in space, and that access to land for social housing is reorganized. However, this system appears to depend on real estate markets and for-profit operators; it also participates in redefining the beneficiaries of public intervention in France.

Depuis quelques années, le réchauffement climatique est un thème qui fait l’objet de plusieurs débats houleux. Mais à l’heure actuelle, il est difficile d’affirmer avec certitude que le réchauffement climatique et les catastrophes qui se multiplient, ces derniers temps, en sont les conséquences évidentes. Toutefois, il ne fait l’ombre d’aucun doute que ces catastrophes naturelles ou celles d’origine anthropique ont des incidences avérées sur l’environnement et le milieu de vie humain. C’est le cas dans le Pacifique avec les îles du Tuvalu exposées à la montée du niveau de la mer, à l’érosion et même à la disparition. C’est aussi le cas dans le Sahel avec le lac Tchad qui, en raison d’une baisse de la pluviométrie, de la sécheresse et d’une mauvaise gestion de ses eaux, connait un rétrécissement inquiétant, obligeant ainsi, des milliers de personnes à migrer dans l’espace du bassin conventionnel du lac Tchad partagé entre le Nigéria, le Niger, le Cameroun et le Tchad. Ces mouvements internes et transfrontaliers mal encadrés sont sources de tensions et d’insécurité. Cette situation semble peu préoccuper les pays touchés, moins encore les pays riches et la communauté internationale, qui en l’absence de tout cadre juridico-humanitaire et d’un statut protecteur international, montrent peu de signe d’empressement pour trouver des solutions afin d’assister les réfugiés et déplacés climatiques et environnementaux qui risquent d’être lésés dans leur droit à la vie et à une vie décente. En raison du vide juridique au niveau international, il serait souhaitable de faire un état des lieux des possibilités actuelles de protection juridique universelle et régionale avant de revenir vers des pistes de solutions adaptées aux besoins spécifiques de l’Afrique par le biais de l’Union Africaine. Une option audacieuse mais qui vaut la peine en raison du contexte actuel qui impose une recherche de solutions scientifiques et juridiques pouvant aider à l’action des décideurs politiques. / In recent years, global warming has been the subject of several heated debates. But, it is currently difficult to affirm with certainty that global warming and the increase in natural disasters in recent times are the obvious consequences. However, there is no doubt that these natural disasters or those caused by human activities have a proven impact on the environment and the living environment. This is the case in the Pacific with the Tuvalu islands which have been exposed to rising sea levels, erosion and even extinction. This is also the case in the Sahel region where due to a decline in rainfall, drought and poor management of its waters, the Lake Chad is experiencing a disturbing contraction, forcing thousands of people whose life depends on it to migrate in the space of the conventional basin of Lake Chad shared between Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon and Chad. These poorly managed internal and cross-border movements are sources of tension and insecurity. This situation does not appear to be of sufficient concern to the countries affected by these changes, and even less to the developed countries and the international community, which in the absence of any legal and humanitarian framework and international protective status, show no signs of eagerness to find temporary or permanent solutions to assist climate and environmental refugees and environmentally displaced persons whomay be harmed in their right to life and decent life. Due to the current legal vacuum at the international level, it would be desirable to take stock of the current possibilities of universal and regional legal protection before returning to possible solutions adapted to the specific needs of Africa, through the African Union. This is a bold but worthwhile option because of the current context that requires a search for scientific and legal solutions that can help policy makers.

Les marchés financiers sont traditionnellement considérés comme le lieu où se confrontent une demande et une capacité de financement. Le développement des intermédiaires financiers a toutefois contribué à complexifier les transactions et les nœuds de relations sur les places. L’objet de cette thèse est d’examiner le marché des euro-obligations non plus comme le lieu de rencontre d’une offre et d’une demande dans l’exercice d’un jeu concurrentiel, mais comme une organisation dans laquelle des membres adoptent des rationalités et des modes d’action diversifiés et évolutifs. La méthodologie utilisée articule une étude historique événementielle et une analyse des pratiques inscrite dans la longue durée. Les observations tirées de cette double appréhension sont confrontées, dans le cadre d’une démarche abductive, à des cadres conceptuels constitutifs de la théorie des organisations. Cette confrontation s’opère en trois étapes. Tout d’abord, l’évolution et les pratiques sont étudiées pour montrer en quoi le marché euro-obligataire se comporte comme une organisation, et pas seulement comme un lieu de transaction. Ensuite, les formes prises par cette dernière au cours de son histoire sont identifiées. Enfin, le modèle firme semblant le plus approprié pour caractériser la morphologie ultime du marché étudié, la question du mode de coordination mis en œuvre est envisagée. Au final, il est établi que le marché euro-obligataire s’apparente à une bureaucratie professionnelle. De ce fait, les risques dominants sur ce dernier ne sont plus des « risques de marché » à proprement parler. Ils émanent au contraire de problématiques typiquement organisationnelles : la maîtrise du comportement des membres et la gestion du changement.Ces résultats de recherche doivent contribuer à renouveler le regard porté sur des marchés financiers qui, du fait de la dérégulation, tendent à s’aligner sur ce qui faisait jusqu’à aujourd’hui la singularité euro-obligataire. Ces regards sont avant tout ceux des régulateurs, dont la capacité de contrôle sur les intermédiaires financiers demeure désormais limitée. Ils sont aussi ceux des emprunteurs qui, de facto, s’adressent plus à un fournisseur de fonds qu’ils n’en lèvent auprès d’un marché. / Financial markets are traditionally seen as places where demand for financing meets capacity. However, financial intermediaries have contributed to the growing complexity of transactions and to an emerging relational network within markets. The purpose of this PhD dissertation is to consider the Eurobond market as an organization in which members adopt rationalities along with diversified and evolving courses of action. We used a methodology based on historical events and on a long-run analysis of practices. Following an abductive approach, observations set out of this double perspective are confronted with conceptual frames based on organizational theories. This confrontation is led within three steps. First of all, the evolution and the practices are studied to show why and how the Eurobond market behaves as an organization and not only as a place devoted to transactions. Then, the organizational shapes that it adopts all along its history are identified. To finish with, as the “firm” seems to be its most recent morphology, it is necessary to examine its main coordination pattern. Actually, the Eurobond market appears to be a professional bureaucracy. As a matter of fact, predominating risks onto this place are not “market risks” any more. They mostly derive from typical organizational stakes: the behavioral control of members and management of changes.These research results should contribute to renew points of view on financial markets, since they tend to line up with what used to make the Eurobond market so unique. They may be a source of interest for the regulators who, from now one, face a limited ability to control financial intermediaries. These conclusions may also help borrowers to understand that, de facto, they presently deal more with a fund supplier than they finance onto a market.

La thèse vise à étudier la stratégie des clubs sportifs à travers leur évolution dans la hiérarchie compétitive. Elle s’appuie dans une première partie sur la discussion des apports de la théorie des parties prenantes, du leadership et de la théorie des conventions pour proposer un modèle d’analyse de la dynamique stratégique d’un club, ainsi qu’une typologie de configurations stratégiques. Dans une deuxième partie, la thèse confronte ce modèle à une étude longitudinale de trois clubs de basket-ball sur une quarantaine d’années. Les trois cas permettent d’analyser quatre types de configurations stratégiques : de croissance, de consolidation, de redéploiement, de sauvegarde.Les résultats de la thèse mettent en évidence quatre types de trajectoire correspondant à la succession de différentes configurations stratégiques. Les points d’inflexion apparaissent lorsque la stratégie n’atteint pas les effets attendus. La trajectoire stratégique, basée sur le résultat sportif, caractérise de la dynamique stratégique d’un club par l’enchaînement dans le temps des configurations. / The thesis aims at studying the strategy of sports clubs through their evolution in the competitive hierarchy. It is based in part on discussion of the contributions of the stakeholder theory, leadership and theory of conventions to propose an analytical model of the strategic dynamics of a club and a typology of strategic configurations. In second part, the thesis confronts this model to a longitudinal study of three basketball clubs on forty years. The three cases allow to analyze four types of strategic configurations : growth, consolidation, redeployment, safeguard.The results of the thesis reveal four types of trajectory corresponding to the succession of different strategic configurations. The inflection points occur when strategy does not achieve the desired effects. The strategic trajectory, sports result oriented, characterizes the strategic dynamics of a club by the sequence of configurations over time.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil (Religion and Theology) / South African debates on food security address a wide range of issues related to the production, the distribution and the consumption of food in the context of deep concerns over the impact of poverty, unemployment and inequality. One aspect of such debates is on the need for nutritious food amidst hunger, malnutrition, obesity and the prevalence of diabetes. This study will investigate the Islamic theological injunctions and guidelines that govern the production, the different facets of distribution and the consumption of food in Muslim communities. There are numerous theological injunctions from the Quran and prophetic traditions (?ad?th) guiding the Muslim community in relation to food security. These include injunctions around the need to provide nutritious food. The study will assess the programmes of five Muslim faith-based organisations in the Cape Town Metropolitan Area, working in the field of food security and more specifically, feeding schemes. The food programmes of these organisations will be described, analysed and assessed in order to establish whether, and to what extent, the Islamic injunctions on nutrition are implemented, given various constraints. This will require attention to the policies, the strategies and the practices associated with such feeding schemes.