MA, Forced Migration Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011. / Rationale: Urbanization is rapidly taking place in Africa: fifty percent of the continent‘s population is expected to be living in urban areas by 2030 (Kok and Collinson in Vearey 2010b). Both internal1 and cross-border migrants2 are moving into South Africa’s urban centers at a faster rate than her neighboring countries; approximately 60 percent of the population is estimated to be urban (ibid). The worldwide increase in urbanization requires that research recognize the trajectories of people moving into these urban spaces, as well as the experiences that people encounter as they navigate urban centers (Kihato, 2010, Landau 2006a, 2006b, Vearey 2010a, 2010b, Venables, 2010). Many migrants in inner-city Johannesburg engage in unconventional survival strategies, including sex work (e.g. Richter 2010). Although sex work is considered an informal livelihood strategy, it is currently illegal in South Africa (UNAIDS, 2009). Research on sex work in South Africa is limited; however, there is significant evidence that sex workers in inner-city Johannesburg experience unsafe, unhealthy- often times violent- working and living conditions (e.g. Nyangairi, 2010, Richeter, 2010). This research is primarily interested in exploring the ways in which “marginalized” urban migrant groups choose to represent themselves versus the incomplete (re) presentation that is often relegated to them. A focus on representation will provide an opportunity for policy makers, programmers and academics to gain insight and better comprehend the experiences of migrant urban populations. In this case, the researcher is looking specifically at migrant women who sell sex as an entry point into the larger issues of (re) presentation among individuals and communities who are often described as “vulnerable” and/or “marginal”. Aim: The aim of this research project is to explore how migrant women who sell sex in Hillbrow, Johannesburg (re) present themselves, and how (or not) urban space affects these self- (re) presentations. Methods: The epistemological framework for the methodologies used in this study was Participatory Action Research (PAR), and the primary data collection methodology used consisted of an eleven-day participatory photo project where the research participants were given digital cameras and asked to photograph the “story” that they would like to share. Upon completion of the participatory photo workshop, five research participants were randomly selected to participate in 2-3 sessions of in-depth, semi-structured narrative interviews where the researcher explored the choice of photos taken, as well as the reasons why the photos were selected to (re) present themselves. Conclusion: This study has shown that use of Participatory Action Research as an epistemological framework is both conducive and appropriate when researching ‘hard to reach’ groups of people residing in complex urban areas. Furthermore, this research signals the need for greater inclusion of participants in studies aimed at understanding individual/group experience, especially when working with marginalized communities. This study also reveals a host of future research opportunities for those interested in exploring: (1) identity in urban space/urban health, (2) livelihood experiences/strategies of people living in densely populated urban spaces, (3) issues of belonging and access to health care, (4) impacts of structural violence on the lives of migrant women sex workers, (6) ways that perceptions and representations are impacted in group settings, and (5) the use of ‘innovative methodologies’ as a viable tool in social science research.

Resulting from the technological revolution over the last few decades, many software startup ecosystems have emerged around the globe. Boosted by the Internet, the omnipresence of mobile devices, and the abundance of cloud-based services, software companies with scalable business models, known as startups, became all the hype. With tech entrepreneurs as their main agents, some of these ecosystems have existed for over 50 years, while others are newly born. This difference in evolution and maturity makes comparing tech hubs a challenge. Moreover, if they are to evolve towards fruitful and sustainable environments, nascent ecosystems need a clear vision of how to develop their community. This thesis presents a multiple-case study research in three different ecosystems, and it was divided in three phases. During the first phase, we analyzed the Israeli entrepreneurship ecosystem and, using grounded theory, created a conceptual generalized framework to map ecosystems. We also developed a methodology and a systematic interview protocol to be used to analyze any ecosystem. The second phase was performed in São Paulo, with the objective of refining and validating both the methodology and the conceptual framework. The second phase resulted in the discovery of how important it is to analyze ecosystem dynamics and evolution process, leading us to create a maturity model for software startup ecosystems. The maturity model was based on the conceptual model we created, mapping the most important factors that define an ecosystem. To validate and refine the Maturity Model created in the second phase, we ran a third case-study iteration in New York City. Based on the feedback from over a dozen experts, we generated the final model and a practical guide to determine an ecosystems maturity level. With this model, it is possible not only to compare different ecosystems, but also to identify gaps and propose customized practical actions that can yield meaningful improvements and lead ecosystems to the next level of development. / Resultado da revolução tecnológica das últimas décadas, vários ecossistemas de startups de software surgiram ao redor do globo. Acelerados pela Internet, pela onipresença dos dispositivos móveis e pela abundância de serviços de nuvem, empresas de software com modelos de negócio escalável, conhecidas como startups, se tornaram o assunto da moda. Com empreendedores de tecnologia como seus principais agentes, alguns desses ecossistemas já existem há mais de 50 anos, enquanto outros são apenas recém-nascidos. Essa diferença no grau de evolução e maturidade torna a comparação de aglomerados de tecnologia um desafio. Mais ainda, se alguns ecossistemas querem evoluir para um estágio próspero e sustentável, ecossitemas nascentes precisam de uma visão clara de como desenvolver suas comunidades. Esta tese apresenta nossa pesquisa baseada em um estudo de caso múltiplo em três diferentes ecossistemas, e foi dividade em três fases. Durante a primeira fase, nós analisamos o ecossistema empreendedor de Israel e, utilizando teoria fundamentada em dados, criamos um arcabouço conceitual que provê uma versão generalizada para mapear ecossistemas. Desenvolvemos, também, uma metodologia e um protocolo sistemático para entrevistas a serem usadas na análise de ecossistemas específicos. A segunda fase da pesquisa foi realizada em São Paulo, com o objetivo de refinar e validar a metodologia e o arcabouço conceitual. Esta fase resultou na descoberta de como é importante analisar a dinâmica e o processo de evolução dos ecossistemas, nos levando a criar um modelo de maturidade para ecossistemas de startups de software. O modelo de maturidade foi baseado no modelo conceitual que criamos, mapeando os fatores mais importantes que definem as características de um ecossistema. Para validar e refinar o modelo de maturidade criado na segunda fase, realizamos um terceiro estudo de caso em Nova Iorque que contou com o feedback de mais de uma dezena de especialistas. Geramos um modelo de maturidade final, um guia prático para determinar o nível de maturidade de cada ecossistema. Com esse modelo, é possível não somente comparar diferentes ecossistemas, como também identificar lacunas e propor ações práticas e personalizadas que podem resultar em melhorias significativas e levar ecossistemas ao próximo nível de desenvolvimento.

Dans le contexte de vieillissement de la population, un déclin potentiel du nombre des aidants familiaux et le déficit de care qui en résulte, la prise en charge des personnes âgées est restée un sujet presque invisible pour les politiques publiques et la recherche au Chili. Le gouvernement chilien a commencé à prêter attention au sujet, mais beaucoup reste à faire pour une bonne prise en charge. Cette thèse adopte le point de vue des aidant-e-s qui consacrent leur vie à aider un parent âgé en perte d’autonomie. Le care est abordée dans une perspective microsociologique en explorant la vie quotidienne et les dimensions qui façonnent l'intensité des expériences de ceux qui prennent en charge un parent âgé. Cette thèse aborde aussi le niveau des politiques du care, en décrivant et analysant comment le care aux personnes âgées est distribué au Chili et le rôle du gouvernement dans cette responsabilité. L'étude identifie les principales étapes de cette politique, ainsi que les défis à relever pour les gouvernements pour garantir une répartition plus équitable du care aux personnes âgées. Pour l’aspect macro, la thèse utilise des méthodes mixtes. Elle s'appuie sur l’analyse secondaire de données nationales disponibles, une revue de la littérature et des entretiens réalisés avec des informateurs clés. Pour étudier le care dans une perspective micro, cette thèse adopte une méthodologie qualitative en profondeur. La thèse souligne que la répartition sociale du care aux personnes âgées au Chili, en dépit des efforts déployés par le gouvernement pour le soutenir, continue de relever d’un régime de « familialisme par défaut ». Ceci signifie que la responsabilité est assumée presque exclusivement par les familles et par les femmes, avec des implications importantes pour les inégalités de genre et les inégalités sociales. La thèse explicite en quoi être aidant d'un proche âgé est une expérience complexe. L'intensité de cette expérience est en partie déterminée par les tâches spécifiques qu'ils accomplissent et le temps qu'ils consacrent aux care mais son intensité est aussi largement modulée par leur histoire personnelle, leurs relations avec les personnes âgées et leurs autres proches, par la façon dont ils perçoivent leur rôle d’aidants et leurs attentes en matière de care. L'intensité de l'expérience du care est alors le résultat d'une combinaison de facteurs objectifs, de contextes différents et de perspectives subjectives présidés par la dimension émotionnelle du care. / In the context of an ageing population, a potential decline of family caregivers and the resulting potential care deficit, elderly care has remained an almost invisible subject for public policy and research in Chile. The Chilean government has begun to pay attention to the issue of elderly care, but it is currently moving too slowly. This thesis unveils the voices of the carers who dedicate their lives to providing care to an elderly relative. It studies care from a micro perspective by exploring the daily lives of caregivers and the intensity of their care experience. This thesis also studies care from a macro perspective, describing and analysing how elderly care is distributed in Chile and the government’s role in this responsibility. The study identifies the major steps taken, as well as the challenges that lie ahead with a stronger governmental role and a fairer distribution of elderly care. To study care from a macro perspective, the thesis uses a mixed methods approach. It relies on large-scale surveys, on a literature review and interviews with key informants. To study care from a micro perspective this thesis adopts an in-depth qualitative methodology. The thesis finds that the Chilean social distribution of elderly care, despite all policy efforts to support elderly care, remains drawn towards a “familialism by default” care regime. This means that the social responsibility for elderly care is taken up almost exclusively by families, and by women therein, with important implications for gender and social inequality. The study also finds that caring for an elderly parent is a complex experience. The intensity of the care experience is partly determined by the specific tasks caregivers carry out and the amount of time they spend on care, and it is largely shaped by their personal history, their relationships with the elderly and their other relatives, from how they perceive their caring role and their expectations of care. The intensity of the care experience is then the result of a combination of objective factors, different contexts and subjective perspectives adjudicated by the emotional dimension of the care.

Comment les intervenants internationaux peuvent-ils (re)construire des institutions légitimes après un conflit intra-étatique ? En d’autres termes, quels facteurs déterminent le résultat du statebuilding post-conflit ? D’un côté, l’approche dominante, dite « technique », soutient que des ressources significatives (financières, humaines, politiques) permettent aux intervenants internationaux de construire les institutions voulues. Au Kosovo, les acteurs internationaux ont établi une administration internationale dotée de pouvoirs exécutifs et des ressources étendues et maintenues tout au long du processus. Or, le bilan du statebuilding est mitigé. D’un autre côté, le paradigme de la « paix libérale » affirme que la libéralisation (politique et économique) contribue au résultat limité des opérations post-conflit car elle est mal appliquée, illégitime voir dangereuse pour les sociétés sortant de conflits violents. Cette approche néglige aussi bien les facteurs internes que les variations dans les intentions internationales et se base, comme l’approche technique, sur un postulat implicite (erroné) de l’asymétrie porteuse de rapports de pouvoir qui favoriseraient les intervenants internationaux. En conséquence, ces approches ignorent la manière dont les acteurs locaux peuvent résister aux normes et objectifs internationaux.Pour expliquer les variations du résultat du statebuilding international, nous proposons un modèle théorique alternatif en modélisant une approche multicausale et séquentielle d’un jeu à deux niveaux. Notre thèse est la suivante. Les variations dans l’issue du statebuilding sont fonction des interactions stratégiques, elles-mêmes déterminées par les changements dans les préférences et les relations de puissance entre les intervenants internationaux et les élites politiques locales. Le statebuilding est étudié comme un processus interactif, mettant en relation potentiellement trois acteurs clés qui dominent le paysage politique post-conflit. Dans ces conditions, le statebuilding est un succès uniquement si les réformes internationales ne menacent pas le pouvoir politique des élites locales – pouvoir qui s’appuie sur deux piliers, le nationalisme et les pratiques informelles – et que les acteurs internationaux ont mobilisé suffisamment de ressources pour amener les élites locales à adopter et appliquer les réformes désirées.Or, le cas du Kosovo montre que les préférences des acteurs ne s’alignent que très rarement. Le statebuilding international a été instrumentalisé et miné par les préférences divergentes et contradictoires entre les principaux acteurs clés. Les acteurs internationaux ont voulu créer un Etat démocratique et multinational, mais ont privilégié la stabilité car ils ont été confrontés à des élites politiques locales – kosovar-albanaises et kosovar-serbes – préoccupées par le pouvoir et la domination de leur groupe sur autrui et par le maintien du leadership à l’intérieur de leur propre groupe. Entraînant ainsi une multiplication des autorités et à une fragmentation de la légitimité : deux systèmes politiques et sociaux persistent et empêchent la cohésion et le caractère multinational de l’Etat. L’intervention de l’UE a permis de changer le jeu en contribuant à apaiser la situation sur le terrain. Mais des tensions persistent, confortant le compromis. / How can international actors build legitimate institutions following intra-state conflict? In other words, what factors determine the outcome of post-conflict statebuilding? On the one hand, the dominant approach, termed "technical", argues that significant resources (financial, human and political) allow international actors to build the required institutions. In Kosovo, international actors have established an international administration with executive powers, extending and sustaining resources throughout process. However, the success of statebuilding generally is mixed. On the other hand, the so-called "liberal peace" paradigm affirms that liberalization (political and economic) is a contributing factor to the limited success of post-conflict operations because it is either misapplied, illegitimate or even dangerous for societies emerging from violent conflicts. The liberal peace approach neglects these facts and ignores variations in international intentions. It is based, as is the technical approach, on an implicit (erroneous) assumption of an asymmetry in power relationships in favor of international actors. The result is that, these approaches fail to acknowledge the possibility of local actors resisting international standards and objectives.To explain variations in the success of statebuilding, we present an alternative theoretical model where a multi-level, sequential approach is modeled to a two-level game. Our thesis is as follows: variations in the statebuilding success are the function of strategic interactions, themselves determined by changes both in preferences and the power relationships between international actors and domestic political elites. Statebuilding is seen here as an interactive process, potentially linking three key actors who dominate any post-conflict political landscape. In unique conditions, no statebuilding process or international reforms need pose a threat to the political power of local elites - power derived from two pillars, i.e. nationalism and informal practices. Rather, international actors mobilise sufficient resources to induce local elites to adopt and implement the desired reforms.However, the preferences of the actors are very rarely aligned. In the case of Kosovo, it has been shown that international statebuilding has been instrumentalized and undermined by divergent and contradictory preferences among key actors. The international actors’ desire was to create a democratic and multinational state, but they opted for stability instead because they had to deal with local political elites - Kosovar-Albanian and Kosovar-Serb. The latter were concerned about maintaining their power over, and domination of, their group over others as well as maintaining leadership within their own group. This has led to a multiplication of authorities and a fragmentation of legitimacy: two distinct political and social systems persist, preventing the development of a cohesive and multinational state. While EU intervention has brought about a game change and helped to calm the situation on the ground, tensions persist, reaffirming the compromise that has taken place.

‘Tell me and I'll forget. Show me, and I may not remember. Involve me, and I'll understand.’ (Chinese proverb) Why is it that children in Year 6 have the ability to construct stories independently, yet at the start of Year 7 the same children have difficulties recalling this knowledge and understanding? Transfer from primary to secondary education has been widely debated for a number of decades. Despite this, Evans et al.’s (2010) evaluation of transition concluded that for over 20% of transferring children, the process remains problematic, leading to inconsistent progress, both academically and socially. Transition research has focused significantly on process and procedures, accumulating data from a wealth of stakeholders, but largely neglecting the voice of the child experiencing this process. My research centres on the child, documenting their learning journey through their transition from primary to secondary school. Galton et al (1999b) identify three elements supporting a child’s continuation of learning post- transfer: enthusiasm for learning; confidence in themselves as learners; and a sense of achievement and purpose. A significant contribution to these qualities is the socio- constructivist view that ‘talk drives learning.’ Clear differences in progress, learning and teaching are contained within the microsystems of classroom life. Therefore, to deepen understanding of contexts of transition it is essential to focus research on language and relationships within such systems. Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological framework (1979) provides a basis for an analysis of the contribution of microsystem relationships and sub- cultures to the social matrix of different and progressive classroom environments. My research used an exploratory multi-case study approach (Merriam, 1988a; Yin, 2009). Three distinct models of transfer were identified and examined in depth. Within each of these cases, the learning of a group of children was observed and key points discussed with them throughout the transition process. Therefore, my research explored transition in the broadest sense, through the child’s experiences. The research moved beyond myth and procedures in order to understand the tools a child needs to transfer into secondary school to ensure sustainable progress and enjoyment of learning. Each of the cases had their own model of transfer. The first, Case1, considered children transferring from the more ‘traditional’ primary school into a ‘secondary’ school. In the second, Case 2, children transferred within an ‘all-through’ school within the same building. The third, Case 3, operated within the experience of Case 2, but transferred from their primary setting into the all-through school (the same school as Case 2). The study expected Case 2 as being the best model of transfer and provider of seamless progression of learning for children in Years 6 and 7. However, each model had case-dependent issues that affect a child’s progress within the wider contexts of transition. As a result, the study acknowledged the impact of previous research and further considered this study’s impact on learning in meso and microsystems. Three main, associated arose across the case studies. The first considered teacher provision during the transition period identifying: • the importance of learning roles and relationships between the child and their teacher, and the child and their peers. • structures of accountability generated by Statutory Assessment Tests (SATs). Within a culture of test-based curriculum structures, the study discusses the impact on children’s learning within continual testing and reporting frameworks. It does not discourage the importance of developing basic skills, but considers the purpose of continually tracking and monitoring children throughout their transition period. The importance of standardised test scores is questioned, as these routines are not followed through post-SATs. • children encouraged to participate in new learning routines and contexts. However, the study identifies an absence of sufficient communication between schools that diminishes consistency of learning opportunities during transfer. In addition, the study highlights differing definitions of independent learning between individual school and classroom contexts. The second considered barriers to the continuous development of independent learning. It further identified the distorting influence of SATs, firstly on a child’s development of independent learning, and secondly, on differences of definition between primary and secondary contexts. It suggested that skills recognised in independent learning are situated within almost singular contexts of primary school. When transferring to secondary school, there is an increased challenge for children to transfer these skills into multifarious contexts. Finally, the study identified the differing challenges of language demands on a child’s continuous learning, specifically • inconsistencies of curriculum terminology between primary and destination schools. • differing language clusters that children develop during group work. I observed that these clusters were transferred within each independent learning activity, but were not recognised in the analysis of my secondary classroom observations. This raised the issue of teacher expectations, questioning whether on transfer teachers expect all children to be classified as ‘workers’, rather than consultant, leader, engineer or technician within group and learning activities. • the role of ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ learning relationships between effective partnerships of ‘novice’ and ‘expert’, concluding that weak novice-to-novice relationships affected the continuity of learning. Findings common across all three cases exposed wider implications for transition. These were compared to the ORACLE studies (Galton et al, 1999b; Hargreaves and Galton, 2002). Recommendations offered were to: • ensure the continuity of learning progression, • promote active participation in learning, • improve the quality of children’s work during the transition period.

Denna studie undersöker hur förskollärare tolkar begreppet matematikundervisning i en förskolekontext med avseende på pedagogisk planering och genomförande. Denna utgångspunkt för undersökning ger möglighet att studera begreppet undervisning som inte finns i förskolans läroplan idag men kommer införas i nästa revidering. Undersöknings fokuserar på hur matematikundervisning i förskolan förstås utifrån en förskollärares perspektiv, hur förskollärarna arbetar för att integrera matematiken i den dagliga verksamheten samt vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som finns med matematikundervisningen i förskolan.   Studien avänder en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer som forskningsverktyg. Genom individuella intervjuer med fyra förskollärare försöker studien besvara  hur förskollärare ser på ämnet i fokus. Det teoretiska ramverket för studien utgår från ett didaktiskt perspektiv där vi använt oss av de didaktiska frågorna (vad, hur och varför) för att skapa både frågeställningar, intervjufrågor samt sammanställa insamlad empiri och svara på studiens syfte och frågeställningar.     Studiens resultat visar att de intervjuade förskollärarna ser matematik i förskolan som mycket viktigt eftersom det är här förskollärarna lägger grunden som barnen sedan kan använda sig av i skolan. Förskollärarna tar även upp att de arbetar med undervisning i förskolan dagligen och att införandet av begreppet undervisning i förskolans läroplan inte kommer ha någon större påverkan på hur de planerar och genomför sin dagliga verksamhet. I studien har även framkommit hur förskollärarna arbetar för att integrera matematiken med hjälp av olika material och barnens intressen. Förskollärarna har även diskuterat möjligheter och utmaningar med matematikundervisning i förskolan.

Equality and diversity legislation across the UK and Australia has stimulated the health profession sector to make workplace equality and diversity policies transparent to service users (Wadham et al.2010; RCN 2016; GMC 2016; WGEA 2012). However, research literature has identified inequalities within the healthcare workplace as reported by health professions students. Specifically, research has identified issues concerning identities (gender, age, sexuality etc.) adversely interplaying with students' workplace learning experiences (Rees & Monrouxe 2011; Illing et al. 2013;Monrouxe, Rees, et al. 2014). Such negative learning experiences (i.e.discrimination, abuse) have been found to affect students' retention and success (Northall et al. 2016). Despite research shedding light on these issues, studies have typically explored individual identities and demographics and neglected how students' intersecting identities shape their learning experiences, retention and success. Furthermore, research has only offered recommendations for enhancing retention and success of students, rather than exploring the issues affecting retention and success in health professions education. This thesis explicitly explores what and how multiple intersecting personal and professional identities shape healthcare students' learning, retention and success in the context of gendered environments and professions (i.e. male- and female-dominated contexts). Underpinned by social constructionist, narrative and feminist methodologies (Kitzinger 1995; Hunting 2014), I conducted a large secondary analysis on 2255 workplace learning experiences from across the UK and Australia as well as multiple health professions. To follow on from the secondary analysis, I led a multi-site longitudinal audio diary study across two sites in the UK, to explore health professional students' workplace learning experiences in the context of male- and female-dominated environments. Multiple cross-sectional and longitudinal qualitative approaches were employed to explore the data, including thematic, narrative, positioning, and case-study analytic methods. Novel findings from my thesis highlight how participants narrated their intersecting personal and professional identities within male- and female-dominated contexts. I found how recurrent tensions and power imbalances between intersecting identities, learning experiences and environments across time led to an adverse impact on healthcare participants' thoughts and reflections about their learning, retention and success in the health professions. Sensitising the participants to tensions concerning how they negotiate their intersecting personal and professional identities are valuable for understanding and influencing their retention and success. Furthermore, findings from my thesis provide critical recommendations to enhancing healthcare students' workplace learning, retention and success in the health professions, through incorporating intersectionality into healthcare education curricula. The recommendations made in this thesis contribute to helping understand and support a diversifying healthcare workforce and shed light on potential issues around healthcare workforce shortages, which can be addressed through enhancing health professions' educational policies and practice.

Resulting from the technological revolution over the last few decades, many software startup ecosystems have emerged around the globe. Boosted by the Internet, the omnipresence of mobile devices, and the abundance of cloud-based services, software companies with scalable business models, known as startups, became all the hype. With tech entrepreneurs as their main agents, some of these ecosystems have existed for over 50 years, while others are newly born. This difference in evolution and maturity makes comparing tech hubs a challenge. Moreover, if they are to evolve towards fruitful and sustainable environments, nascent ecosystems need a clear vision of how to develop their community. This thesis presents a multiple-case study research in three different ecosystems, and it was divided in three phases. During the first phase, we analyzed the Israeli entrepreneurship ecosystem and, using grounded theory, created a conceptual generalized framework to map ecosystems. We also developed a methodology and a systematic interview protocol to be used to analyze any ecosystem. The second phase was performed in São Paulo, with the objective of refining and validating both the methodology and the conceptual framework. The second phase resulted in the discovery of how important it is to analyze ecosystem dynamics and evolution process, leading us to create a maturity model for software startup ecosystems. The maturity model was based on the conceptual model we created, mapping the most important factors that define an ecosystem. To validate and refine the Maturity Model created in the second phase, we ran a third case-study iteration in New York City. Based on the feedback from over a dozen experts, we generated the final model and a practical guide to determine an ecosystems maturity level. With this model, it is possible not only to compare different ecosystems, but also to identify gaps and propose customized practical actions that can yield meaningful improvements and lead ecosystems to the next level of development. / Resultado da revolução tecnológica das últimas décadas, vários ecossistemas de startups de software surgiram ao redor do globo. Acelerados pela Internet, pela onipresença dos dispositivos móveis e pela abundância de serviços de nuvem, empresas de software com modelos de negócio escalável, conhecidas como startups, se tornaram o assunto da moda. Com empreendedores de tecnologia como seus principais agentes, alguns desses ecossistemas já existem há mais de 50 anos, enquanto outros são apenas recém-nascidos. Essa diferença no grau de evolução e maturidade torna a comparação de aglomerados de tecnologia um desafio. Mais ainda, se alguns ecossistemas querem evoluir para um estágio próspero e sustentável, ecossitemas nascentes precisam de uma visão clara de como desenvolver suas comunidades. Esta tese apresenta nossa pesquisa baseada em um estudo de caso múltiplo em três diferentes ecossistemas, e foi dividade em três fases. Durante a primeira fase, nós analisamos o ecossistema empreendedor de Israel e, utilizando teoria fundamentada em dados, criamos um arcabouço conceitual que provê uma versão generalizada para mapear ecossistemas. Desenvolvemos, também, uma metodologia e um protocolo sistemático para entrevistas a serem usadas na análise de ecossistemas específicos. A segunda fase da pesquisa foi realizada em São Paulo, com o objetivo de refinar e validar a metodologia e o arcabouço conceitual. Esta fase resultou na descoberta de como é importante analisar a dinâmica e o processo de evolução dos ecossistemas, nos levando a criar um modelo de maturidade para ecossistemas de startups de software. O modelo de maturidade foi baseado no modelo conceitual que criamos, mapeando os fatores mais importantes que definem as características de um ecossistema. Para validar e refinar o modelo de maturidade criado na segunda fase, realizamos um terceiro estudo de caso em Nova Iorque que contou com o feedback de mais de uma dezena de especialistas. Geramos um modelo de maturidade final, um guia prático para determinar o nível de maturidade de cada ecossistema. Com esse modelo, é possível não somente comparar diferentes ecossistemas, como também identificar lacunas e propor ações práticas e personalizadas que podem resultar em melhorias significativas e levar ecossistemas ao próximo nível de desenvolvimento.

Para este trabalho realizou-se um estudo de caso em uma creche visando a identificar novas categorias de análise de cultura organizacional e motivação de voluntários em organizações de Terceiro Setor. O Terceiro Setor é concebido como o conjunto de organizações sem fins lucrativos, autogerenciadas, integrantes da sociedade civil, com finalidade pública ou coletiva. Foram revistas as teorias de motivação de Abraham Maslow, David McClelland e Joseph Nuttin, a partir das quais se desenvolveu um modelo complexo para o estudo deste fenômeno, que contempla necessidades fisiológicas, tendências e schematas, além dos próprios motivos. Os motivos são concebidos como projetos de ação baseados em relações exigidas entre indivíduo e ambiente. Após a revisão das teorias de cultura organizacional de Hofstede, Schein e Fleury, adotou-se o modelo de cultura organizacional de Fleury, acrescido da análise de ethos e visão de mundo (oriundas dos trabalhos de Clifford Geertz) de movimentos políticos, religiosos ou sociais subjacentes à organização. O estudo de caso contou com o recurso de triangulação de dados, a partir de múltiplas técnicas de pesquisa: observação participante, análise de documentos, história de vida e descrição de atividades. Na análise do movimento religioso subjacente à creche, encontra-se uma proposta de ethos e visão de mundo do Espiritismo depreendidos da leitura da obra de Allan Kardec e da revisão bibliográfica de estudos antropológicos em organizações espíritas brasileiras. A análise da história da organização mostrou existir um conflito entre um projeto de promoção social, idealizado pelo fundador, e uma obra social preocupada com o desenvolvimento pessoal e a oportunidade de realização de atividades humanitárias pelo voluntário, própria do movimento espírita, assim como convênio com o poder público municipal, que descaracterizou as atividades de creche como espaço de ação voluntária. Observou-se que os voluntários de um dos territórios da creche associam seus motivos não apenas às tendências a estabelecer contatos interpessoais afetuosos como também à consistência interna, com a construção de uma auto-imagem mais valorizada, e justificada por muitos dos schematas estudados. Observou-se também que o trabalho voluntário é, paradoxalmente, fonte de prazer, de desligamento de problemas oriundos de outros espaços de experiência e de sofrimento. Há, ainda, o desenvolvimento de alguns mecanismos de defesa individuais e coletivos para atenuar os efeitos desses aspectos negativos. O estudo corrobora a tese que advoga a necessidade de conhecimento mais substancial da cultura das organizações de Terceiro Setor, antes de se propor a adoção de técnicas de gestão oriundas do meio empresarial. / A kindergarten case study was done in order to identify new analysis categories from organizational culture and volunteer motivation for ?third sector? organizations. Third sector is defined as the cluster of non-profitable, self governed, civil society organizations, with public or collective goals. Abraham Maslow, David McClelland and Joseph Nuttin?s theories of motivation were revised. They were the base for a complex theoretical model that comprehends physiological necessities, tendencies and schemata, besides the motives, for the motivation study. Motives are action projects based upon required relationship between the individual and the environment. Hofstede, Schein and Fleury?s theories of organizational culture were reviewed. This study adopted Fleury?s model of organizational culture increased with the analysis of ethos and world-view (from Clifford Geertz studies), from political, religious or social movements subjacent to the organization. Case study was done using data triangulation techniques dealing with information obtained by participant observation, document analysis, life history and activities description. Allan Kardec?s books and articles were used to build the ethos and world view of Brazilian Spiritism, besides the review of anthropological studies of spirit Brazilian organizations. Spiritism is the religious movement related to the kindergarten?s volunteers. Organization?s history analysis revealed a conflict between the founder?s social promotion project and the conception beheld by the spiritist volunteers that is worried with the personal development and generating opportunities of humanitarian service. It showed an alliance with municipal public power that putted away the volunteer workforce from the kindergarten?s activities. The volunteers from one of the influence territories of the organization affirmed the association between gratification and the tendency to realize interpersonal affective contacts and the tendency to internal consistency, with a valorized self-image. There is a connection between the schemata identified and this internal consistency. Volunteer work is paradoxically a source of pleasure, distance from outsider problems and pain. It was observed some individual and collective defense mechanisms to protect volunteers from pain effects. This study corroborates the thesis that defends the necessity of third sector organization?s substantive cultural knowledge before the proposal of management techniques from enterprises.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Sylvia Cristina Silva de Azevedo.pdf: 288743 bytes, checksum: 2fb3e22ee2e2dbd442152f3dec4f8281 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Cancer is one of the most serious diseases in the humanity due to several factors. Psychological issues involving this disease, aggressive surgical procedures that determine aesthetic compromising of the patient, the development of side effects by the use of chemotherapy drugs and familiar involvement are the principal aspects that surround this disease with fear and prejudice. A great number of people have traumatic experiences, including sickened of family members or close friends, which are relived by the illness of their pets. In accordance with the principles of a qualitative research, 43 owners of dogs diagnosed with malignant neoplasias were interviewed, representative of the service routine of the Service of Oncology of the Veterinary Hospital of Small Animals of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. The selection was based on the fact that their pets had been submitted to surgery or chemotherapy. The objective of this qualitative-quantitative work done by the use of a semi-structured interview was to evaluate the perception of the owners about the cancer disease of their dogs, as well as their convictions after the treatment provided for the animals and to establish correlations between results, and, as specific objective, to verify how owners evaluate the quality of life of theirs animals after oncological treatment and the possible relationships between owners fears and adherence to the proposed treatments. The profile of the interviewed owners was composed predominantly of women older than 30 years old, educational level between high school and college education, and family income of four to ten minimum wages. The interviewed owners used the most varied synonymies to define the word cancer and they had the knowledge that the disease is not contagious. More than half of the owners had cases of cancer between members of the family and only eight of them had previously experience with the disease in pets. The most frequent fears related to the oncological treatment were related to the anaesthesia and age of the animal during the surgery as well as the side effects by the use of chemotherapy drugs. The majority of the interviewed owners related an improvement in the quality of life of theirs dogs after the therapy. All owners declared that they would treat another animal that became ill of cancer and also they would recommend the treatment to sick animals of friends and family members, and many of them did not show wish of acquiring another pet. / O C?ncer ? uma das mais graves mol?stias existentes na humanidade por in?meros aspectos. As quest?es psicol?gicas que envolvem a doen?a, os procedimentos cir?rgicos agressivos que comprometem esteticamente o indiv?duo doente, os efeitos colaterais desenvolvidos pela utiliza??o dos medicamentos quimioter?picos e o envolvimento familiar s?o os principais aspectos que cercam a doen?a de temor e preconceitos. Um grande n?mero de pessoas possui experi?ncias traumatizantes como o adoecer de parentes e amigos pr?ximos, as quais s?o revividas com o adoecimento de seus animais de estima??o. De acordo com os princ?pios de uma pesquisa qualitativa, foram entrevistados 43 propriet?rios de c?es com diagn?stico de neoplasia maligna, representativos da rotina de atendimento do Servi?o de Oncologia do Hospital Veterin?rio de Pequenos Animais do Instituto de Veterin?ria da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, cuja sele??o foi baseada no fato de terem sido submetidos ? cirurgia e ou quimioterapia. Este estudo qualitativo-quantitativo, realizado atrav?s de uma entrevista semi-estruturada, teve como principal objetivo avaliar a percep??o da doen?a c?ncer dos animais pelos seus propriet?rios, assim como suas convic??es ap?s os tratamentos institu?dos nos animais e estabelecer correla??es entre resultados, e como objetivo espec?fico, verificar como eles avaliam a qualidade de vida de seus animais ap?s o tratamento oncol?gico e as poss?veis rela??es entre os receios dos propriet?rios e a ades?o aos tratamentos propostos. O perfil dos entrevistados que aderiram ao tratamento de seus c?es foi composto principalmente por mulheres com idade superior a 30 anos, grau de escolaridade compreendido entre ensino m?dio e superior e renda familiar de quatro a 10 sal?rios m?nimos, e utilizaram as mais variadas sinon?mias para definir a palavra c?ncer e tinham o conhecimento de que a doen?a n?o ? contagiosa. Mais da metade dos propriet?rios possu?a casos de c?ncer na fam?lia e apenas oito tinham experi?ncia anterior com a doen?a em animais de estima??o. Os temores relacionados ao tratamento oncol?gico mais freq?entes foram a anestesia e a idade do animal na cirurgia e os efeitos colaterais na quimioterapia. Grande parte deles considerou melhor a qualidade de vida de seus animais ap?s o in?cio dos tratamentos institu?dos. Todos os propriet?rios declararam que tratariam outro animal que adoecesse de c?ncer e recomendariam o tratamento aos animais adoecidos de amigos e parentes, e muitos n?o demonstraram vontade de adquirir outro animal de estima??o.