Ao percorrer a trajetória do conceito de autoria na sociedade e, em particular, em diferentes áreas do conhecimento científico, verifica-se que este ganhou destaque durante a Modernidade e, a partir deste período, vem sofrendo alterações sucessivas. Em meio aos debates constantes sobre a -autoria? em diferentes áreas do conhecimento, é importante desenvolver pesquisas integrando o contexto da natureza social à representação documental. Trata-se de uma investigação exploratória e teórica, pautada nas pesquisas bibliográfica, documental, histórica e comparativa, que tem como objeto de estudo o conceito de autoria e de autor na representação documental, através dos códigos de catalogação adotados para a representação descritiva no Brasil, a saber: as Normas para catalogação de impressos, mais conhecidas como Código da Vaticana, o Código de catalogação anglo-americano (CCAA ou AACR) e Resource description and access (RDA). Como o autor é representado nos registros bibliográficos conforme as orientações pré-estabelecidas nos códigos de catalogação, reflexões acerca da autoria e sua forma de representação são fundamentais para se criar vínculos entre os registros bibliográficos, entre os documentos e para os usuários. Reflexões teóricas acerca de questões socioculturais e a representação documental buscam ir além da visão tecnicista e atribuir uma função social à representação descritiva, capaz de mobilizar uma sociedade do conhecimento, provendo acesso ao documento, respeitando as particularidades de seus usuários e, consequentemente, contribuindo para a representação, circulação, uso e produção de novos conhecimentos. / Analyzing the trajectory of the concept of authorship in society and, in particular, in different areas of scientific knowledge, one can conclude that it rose to prominence during Modernity and, from this period on, has been going through continuous change. Amidst constant debates about -authorship? in diverse areas of knowledge, it is important that research be carried out to integrate the context of social nature and documental representation. It is about an exploratory, theoretical investigation, based on bibliographic, documental, historical and comparative research whose object of study is the concept of authorship and of author in documental representation, by means of cataloguing codes adopted by descriptive representation in Brazil, namely: the Rules for the catalog of printed books, better known as Vatican code, the Anglo-American cataloguing rules (AACR) and Resource description and access (RDA). As the author is represented in the bibliographic records according to guidelines established in the cataloguing codes, reflections about authorship and its form of representation are instrumental for links to be created between bibliographic records, documents and users. Theoretical reflections about sociocultural issues and documental representation seek to go beyond the technicist view and assign a social function to the descriptive representation, thus being able of mobilizing a knowledge society by providing access to documents, respecting particularities of users and, consequently, contributing to the representation, circulation, use and production of new knowledge.

CPE un métier en tensions ? L'étude des représentations professionnelles de ce métier chez les Conseillers Principaux d’Education s'inscrit conceptuellement et méthodologiquement dans une discipline contributive aux Sciences de l'éducation: la Psychologie sociale. Cette recherche nous permet, dans une approche descriptive à visée compréhensive, de mieux appréhender ce métier polymorphe et d’alimenter par notre réflexion le champ des représentations professionnelles et leur relation aux représentations sociales, relation complexifiée dans ce domaine professionnel par le rapport hétérodoxie-orthodoxie. Questionné dans ses trois dimensions, informationnelle, attitudinale et champ de représentation, le métier de CPE renvoie à une action orientée vers l'élève et à une attitude positive à propos du métier versus mitigée à propos de la représentation du soi professionnel. Notre approche structurale nous permet de confirmer l'existence, dans ce « métier de l’humain » en co-construction au sein d'un collectif de travail (endogroupe versus exogroupe), d'éléments représentationnels communs : l'écoute auquel s'adjoint le conseil. La structure de cette représentation professionnelle s'ancre alors dans une dimension à la fois réflexive et pragmatique du métier, dans laquelle les CPE se positionnent en éducateur. Notre approche socio-dynamique révèle des prises de position divergentes, expressions de tendances attitudinales négatives versus positives et mitigées. Ces prises de position différenciées traduisent, par ailleurs, des tendances de pratique dévoilant de nombreuses oppositions : une représentation de la pratique renvoyant à un métier idéalisé et en tension (relationnel versus administratif) ; une représentation de la pratique renvoyant à un métier plus ou moins en lien avec la prescription (engagé versus mitigé) ; une représentation de la pratique renvoyant à un métier contraint (idéalisé versus non idéalisé). / CPE: a job under pressure? From a conceptual and methodological point of view, the study of the professional representations of this job among the Conseillers Principaux d’Education themselves is part of a discipline which contributes to the Sciences of Education: Social Psychology. This research allows us, in a descriptive approach aiming at understanding, to grasp this polymorphic job better and it provides food for thought about the scope of the professional representations as well as their links to the social representations, such links being made more complex in this professional field by the heterodoxy-orthodoxy ratio. This job is being questioned in its three dimensions: information, attitudes and field of representation, but being a CPE refers to a student-oriented action and to a positive attitude towards the job versus a half-hearted attitude towards the representation of professional self. Our structural approach allows us to confirm the existence, in this human-related job in co-construction within team-work (endogroup versus exogroup) of common representational elements: listening to students as well as advising them. The structure of this professional representation is then rooted in a dimension of the job which is at once reflexive and pragmatic and in which the CPE are regarded as teachers. Our socio-dynamic approach reveals differing stands which express negative trends concerning attitudes versus positive and mixed ones. Moreover, these diverse stands reveal trends of practice which underscore many oppositions: a representation of the practice referring to an idealized job under pressure (human relations versus administrative work); a representation of the practice referring to a job which is more or less related to instructions (commitment versus mixed feelings); a representation of the practice referring to a job under constraint (idealized versus non -idealized).

Denna studie utfördes med syfte att studera hur andra generationens invandrare i Sverige upplever representationen i västerländska TV-serier och huruvida deras verklighetsbild kring landet överstämde med det fiktiva. Studien analyseras utifrån ett postkolonialt perspektiv med teorier som inkluderar Orientalism, representation och stereotyper. Frågeställningen grundade sig i huruvida dessa intervjupersoner kände sig representerade och om bilden av kulturen och landet var rättvist gestaltad samt hur de upplevde serierna kontra verkligheten. Metoden som användes för att besvara frågeställningen var kvalitativa intervjuer där resultatet visade att intervjupersonernas verklighet upplevelser inte stämde överens med vad som visats i serierna då mycket utav det som framställt var enligt deras tolkningar konstruerade stereotyper. / This study was conducted with the purpose of studying how the second generation of immigrants in Sweden experience the representation in western television series and how their reality image of the country overlooked the fictive. The study is analyzed based on postcolonial perspectives and theories that include representation, orientalism and stereotypes. The aim was based on whether or not these interviewees felt represented and if the image of the culture and the country were fairly visualized and how they experienced the series vs reality. The method used to answer the question was qualitative interviews where the results showed that the actual experiences of the interviewees did not match with what was shown in the series. Based on their interpretations a big part of the series was constructed by stereotypes.

This research aims to understand how black descriptive representation comes about and why black descriptive representation matters, at the state level. What distinguishes this research from previous works is its simultaneous analysis of different forms of descriptive representation at the subnational level, rather than in Congress or at the local level. This research argues black descriptive representation can take four different forms: dyadic, collective, parity and caucus. An important and understudied mechanism for black descriptive representation is the formation of state legislative black caucuses and their potential to influence policy and behavior. Subnational descriptive representation need not have negative tradeoffs for black substantive policy representation, as has been found with minority representation in Congress (Lublin 1997). Black representation is akin to a diamond, and looking at it from only one perspective is similar to judging a diamond only by its color, instead of also judging it by its hardness and fluorescence, as well as its clarity, shape, and size. In short, this work recognizes the multifaceted nature of black representation in the states. This research defines a theory of black descriptive representation as taking four different forms: dyadic, collective, parity, and caucus. Dyadic descriptive representation is the one-to-one relationship between a legislator and a voter, and heretofore it has received the most scholarly attention. This one-to-one relationship may occur between a minority citizen and their elected representation in Congress, in the state legislature, or in local government (Bobo and Gilliam 1990; Barreto, Segura, and Woods 2004), but this work focuses on dyadic descriptive representation in Congress. Although some argue that dyadic descriptive representation leads to better policy outcomes for blacks (Whitby 1997; Hutchings, McClerking, and Charles 2004), and encourages blacks to engage in politics (Gay 2001; Gay 2002; Tate 2003; Banducci, Donovan, and Karp 2004; Griffin and Keane 2006), others argue that dyadic descriptive representation is not only unnecessary to implement policies beneficial to blacks (Swain 1993), but also that it may actually lead to poorer policy outcomes for the group (Lublin 1997). That is, there is a tradeoff between increasing the number of black representatives (descriptive representation) and passing policies beneficial to the group (substantive representation). Collective descriptive representation is the relationship that an individual has with elected officials with whom they share a group identity. For blacks, collective descriptive representation may include the percentage of black lawmakers in the state legislature or Congress. An argument developed in this research is that collective descriptive representation in the state legislature, a topic rarely studied by scholars of race and ethnicity, may maximize both descriptive and substantive representation, and as a result, it may encourage black political behavior and lead to better policy outcomes for the group. Both parity and caucus descriptive representation are extensions of collective descriptive representation in the state legislature. Parity descriptive representation examines the extent to which the percentage of blacks in the state legislature is equal to a state's black population and is a measure of racial equity in electoral representation. Caucus descriptive representation is the formal organization of black lawmakers within a state legislature. Almost no published research has empirically studied legislative black caucuses in the states (for an exception see King-Meadows and Schaller 2006). Since the four forms of descriptive representation are distinct, the expectation is that they be caused by different factors. Moreover, this research builds on previous work by measuring and defining collective descriptive representation in all fifty states and is the first research to argue that state legislative black caucuses shape political behavior.

Wet : a Project is a ficto-critical essay, a writer's diary, concerned with language, trauma, the body and image. A complement to Wet, it is greatly informed by Probyn's model of 'belonging' as a writing subject, and psychoanalytic theorisation such as Gibb's analysis of psychosomatic speech, Pines' and Anzieu's conceptualisations of the 'skin ego', Kristeva's account of sensation and its relation to language and Lacan's development of the ego in the mirror stage. In addition, it engages Herman's analysis of trauma and Scarry's account of pain, and their relationships to language, the body and subjectivity. Interspersed with autobiographical accounts, Wet : a Project explores the milieus, spaces and specific geographical sites in which trauma, language, forms of identity, desire, belonging and becoming, emerge or assert their visibility. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis (LL.M.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the LL.M. programme." Includes bibliographical references (l. [69]-75). Also available in print.

<p>This is a Minor Field Study (MFS) which is a scholarship financed by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). It was conducted in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa in 2007/2008. The purpose of this study is to understand the role of the political representative in the system of political representation and it will test the different theories of political representation based on interests or identity. This study is concerned with the function of the political representatives as they are the link between the system of representation and the electorate. Since the election system is designed for political representation based on interest and the voting in South Africa suggests voting based on identity/race the representatives must balance these different signals.</p>

<p>The purpose of the thesis has been to explore the use of hedge fund styles when constructing portfolios of hedge funds (i.e. funds of hedge funds). The central question is if the use of hedge fund styles can significantly explain and improve risk adjusted returns (characterized by Sharpe ratios). The study has been done in collaboration with Optimized Portfolio Management AB who desire further knowledge and evaluation of hedge fund styles for their fund of hedge funds.To be able to create successful ex ante portfolios we have explored various prediction models for both risk and return. Our findings indicate that return prediction is problematic using simple models such as regression since the risk exposure of the indices appear to change significantly over time. One can however using exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) achieve relatively promising estimations of future returns. Covariance matrix estimation seems to be more straightforward. We have achieved promising results using both traditional EWMA models as well as improved estimators using principal component analysis.Covariance prediction models were evaluated separately using a minimum-variance portfolio optimization technique and provided a significant risk reduction compared to the aggregated hedge fund universe (represented by a naively diversified portfolio). Combinations of risk and return prediction models were evaluated using traditional mean-variance portfolio construction methods, which were optimized for Sharpe ratios. These provided a significant increase in risk adjusted returns relative to the aggregated hedge fund universe. The allocation is however discouraging due to serious instability over time.Our findings indicate that there indeed is an advantage of taking hedge fund styles into consideration when constructing funds of hedge funds in a risk adjusted perspective. However, further research into return prediction needs to be done in order to stabilize portfolio allocation. An alternative seems to be tactical style allocation on a more fundamental analysis basis.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study is to map out and to analyze the spatial variation of female representation at the national level in established democracies. The aim is also to explain the variation in the female representation. The main questions that the paper tries to answer are:</p><p>1.How does women representation in established democratic parliaments vary?</p><p>2.Why does women representation in established democratic parliaments vary?</p><p>This study is a comparative and statistic study, i.e. a study that includes a bigger number of countries and where quantitative analysis methods are used in order to achieve comparative analyses. This study is both a descriptive and an explanatory study. The statistical method that is used in this study is mainly bivariat analysis and multivariat regression.</p><p>The results show that the variation in female representation in the established democracies is quite considerable. Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark and Netherlands feature high female representation at the national level during the period 1995-2005. The result also implies that the proportion of women in parliament increases during the current period. The result also shows that political institutions, socio-economic -and cultural factors, are important and necessary in order to explain the variation in female representation. The overall standards that can be discerned of the statistical analyses is that the proportion of women in parliament is higher in countries with a proportional electoral system, high number of parliament members, high socio-economic development (high HDI, GDI and GNP per capita) contemporary as the country introduced female suffrage in an early stage and have a more positive attitude toward female leadership.</p>

In this study, an improved bit-array representation method for structural topology optimization using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is proposed. The issue of representation degeneracy is fully addressed and the importance of structural connectivity in a design is further emphasized. To evaluate the constrained objective function, Deb's constraint handling approach is further developed to ensure that feasible individuals are always better than infeasible ones in the population to improve the efficiency of the GA. A hierarchical violation penalty method is proposed to drive the GA search towards the topologies with higher structural performance, less unusable material and fewer separate objects in the design domain in a hierarchical manner. Numerical results of structural topology optimization problems of minimum weight and minimum compliance designs show the success of this novel bit-array representation method and suggest that the GA performance can be significantly improved by handling the design connectivity properly. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)